The document discusses and compares EventMachine and Fibers in Ruby for asynchronous programming as well as Node.js. EventMachine provides an asynchronous programming model but with a low-level and callback-based API, while Fibers allow for a coroutine-based approach through continuation passing style. Em-synchrony is a library that brings fiber-awareness to EventMachine to untangle evented code and allow mixing of synchronous and asynchronous patterns.