Salat al khawf the fear prayer in islam

SALAT AL-KHAWF
(the fear prayer)
(All images contained within this document are designed in a manner
that is not intended to recreate the creation of Allah!)
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful!
THE CONCEPT OF SALAT AL-KHAWF:
Salat Al-Khawf, which translates into English as the “Fear”
prayer, is performed during times of imminent danger, typically
when the Muslims are engaged in warfare with an enemy. However,
Salat Al-Khawf can also be performed due to other imminent
dangers, such as when one is fearful of an attack from a wild
animal.
The vast majority of the scholars are of the belief that it
is permissible to perform Salat Al-Khawf during times of

imminent danger because it is the Sunnah of the Prophet
(P.B.U.H.). Subsequently, since the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) performed
Salat Al-Khawf as a fear prayer, it can be deduced that it is
also permissible for the Muslim Ummah (community of Muslims
around the globe). Moreover, the strongest evidence for the
permissibility to perform Salat Al-Khawf is the fact that there
exists no statement from the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) abolishing the
the prayer. Nevertheless, Abu Yusuf, the companion of Imam Abu
Haneefah belonged to a small minority that considered it
specific to the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) and his companions and not
for the Muslim Ummah in general.
THE INCEPTION OF SALAT AL-KHAWF:
The inception of Salat Al-Khawf stems from an incident
which occurred in the area of Usfan, a well-known place near
Makkah. After noticing that the Muslims were exposed when
performing the Zuhr salat, the idolaters conspired that the
ideal time to carry out an attack would be during the
performance of the Asr salat, which was the most beloved prayer
to the believers. However, the Angel Jibril (P.B.U.H.) foiled
their unscrupulous plan by revealing their intention to the
Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.), before the Asr salat had commenced.
This fact is evident from a hadith collected by Imam Muslim
wherein Jabir reportedly said: “We went out with the Messenger

of Allah (P.B.U.H.) to fight some people from Juhaynah, and they
fought us fiercely. When we prayed Zuhr, the mushrikeen said:
‘If we had attacked them then, we would have finished them off.’
Jibreel (P.B.U.H.) informed the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
about that, and the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) told us about
it. He said: They said: ‘There will come to them a prayer that
is dearer to them than their children.’ When the time for Asr
came, we formed two rows, and the mushrikeen were between us and
the qiblah ... Then he stated that the Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) led them in offering the fear prayer.” Furthermore,
the revelation delivered to the Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.) by
the Angel Jibril (P.B.U.H.) was Surah Al-Nisa of the Quran
(4:102). The verse in question reads as follows: “When you, O
Muhammad, are with them, leading their Salah (prayer in the
state of war), let one party of them stand up to pray with you;
armed with their weapons. After they finish their prostrations,
let them withdraw to the rear and let the other party who have
not yet prayed come forward to pray with you; and let them also
be on their guard, armed with their weapons. The unbelievers
wish to see you neglect your arms and your baggage, so that they
could suddenly attack, to overpower you all in one stroke.
However, there is no blame on you if you lay aside your arms
because of heavy rain or because you are sick, but you should

still be on your guard. Allah has prepared a humiliating
punishment for the unbelievers.”
CONDITIONS FOR PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF:
The main prerequisite which must be established before
Salat Al-Khawf can be performed is the existence of a fear
resulting from an imminent danger that is life-threatening. The
adversary can either be human, animal, or machine, as in the
case of militarized robots, drones, etc. Nevertheless, when the
enemy is human or an agent thereof and it can be reasonably
proven that there are aggressive designs against Islam, such as
concerted efforts to eject the Muslims from their legally
acquired property via military campaigns, an organized refusal
to pay zakat, etc., then Salat Al-Khawf can be performed;
because, the basic conditions for offensive/defensive jihad have
been established. Lastly, it is also important to note that
Salat Al-Khawf is a special prayer that is only performed during
a legally-sanctioned military engagement (jihad), which must be
pronounced by the leader of the Muslims when addressing a human
threat.
Qiblah:
As with all fard salat, observing the qiblah is an
essential condition for the validity of the prayer. This fact is
evident from Surah Al-Baqarah (2:144) of the Quran which reads:

“...Turn then thy face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque;
wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction...” However,
if there is a mitigating circumstance which prevents one from
praying in the direction of the qiblah, the prayer will still be
valid; as with the case of a person in a state of intense fear,
such as one who is either fleeing from an enemy or a wild
animal. In this instance, one is permitted to perform their
salat in whichever direction is convenient. This fact is also
evident from Surah Al-Baqarah (2:239) of the Quran which reads:
“...And when ye are again in safety, remember Allah, as He hath
taught you...”
Qiblah for Salat Al-Khawf:
Regarding the qiblah for Salat Al-Khawf, if the enemy is
positioned in a direction other than the qiblah, the leader/Imam

should divide the army into two groups. One group should pray
with the Imam while the other stands, on guard defending the
Muslim soldiers from a potential attack from the enemy.
However, if the enemy is in the direction of the qiblah, the
Imam should arrange the Muslim soldiers into two rows.
The reason why none of the soldiers are made to stand guard in
this instance is because the enemy will easily be seen when
attacking from the direction of the qiblah; i.e., there is

little chance of a sneak attack because the Muslims are looking
in that direction during the salat.
Azan (adhan):
As with any fard salat, the azan and iqamah should be
called whenever possible. This fact is evident from a hadith
collected by Tirmidhi wherein Malik ibn al-Huwayrith reportedly
said: “I came to the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) with a cousin
of mine, and he said, ‘When you travel, give the call to prayer
(adhan), then the call immediately before the prayer (iqamah),
then let the older of you lead you in prayer.’” However, if it
becomes certain that performing the azan and iqamah will place
the Muslim army in danger, the azan and iqamah should not be
called, since they are not required for the salat to be valid.
Rather, performing the azan and iqamah are strongly recommended.
Consequently, the scholars of the Standing Committee opined:
“The adhan is fard kifayah (a communal obligation) in a town,

and the same applies to the iqamah. If a person starts to pray
without the adhan or iqamah, whether out of forgetfulness or
ignorance, or for some other reason, the prayer is still valid.
Ghusl/wudu:
As with all fard salat, one must be in a state of
ritualistic purity in order to perform the prescribed prayer.
Therefore, if the individual performing Salat Al-Khawf has
experienced any discharge from the front or back passage (or
stoma) such urine, feces, wind, (except for wind emitted from a
woman’s front passage), lost sanity or consciousness, touched
their private parts/had sexual intercourse, or eaten the meat of
a camel, they will be regarded as ritualistically impure. As
such wudu should be performed, or ghusl in the case of the
individual who engaged in sexual intercourse/masturbation or has
experienced nocturnal emission. However, if using water creates
a health risk due to the potential of attack from the enemy or a

medical injury, then one can perform tayammum as an alternative.
Therefore, one can simply say, “bismillah” and strike the palms
of their hands upon clean earth and then wipe the entire face
with them. Thereafter, rub the palm of the left over the right
hand and vice versa. This fact is evident from a hadith
collected by Bukhari wherein Abdur Rahman bin Abza reported: “A
man came to Umar bin Al-Khattab and said, ‘I became Junub but no
water was available.’ Ammar bin Yasir said to Umar, ‘Do you
remember that you and I (became Junub while both of us) were
together on a journey and you didn’t pray but I rolled myself on
the ground and prayed? I informed the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) about
it and he said, ‘It would have been sufficient for you to do
like this. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) then stroked lightly the earth
with his hands and then blew off the dust and passed his hands
over his face and hands.’”
PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF:
Salat Al-Khawf is performed instead of the established five
daily fard salat when there is an imminent fear of attack from
an enemy. It is sufficient for the Muslim army to perform Salat
Al-Khawf with as little as three people; i.e., the Imam leading
one muqtadi (follower in salat) in congregation while the other
stands guard. Furthermore, it is imperative for those soldiers
whom are standing guard against the enemy to be in close

proximity to those soldiers (muqtadis) whom are praying Salat
Al-Khawf with the Imam.
The performance of Salat Al-Khawf is described a number of
ways in the ahadith. Some scholars maintain that Salat Al-Khawf
is to be performed exactly as the narration implies; whereas,
others declare that the different renditions are a mercy from
Allah which enables the believers to adopt whichever narration
addresses their situation. Likewise, Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal is
reported to have said: “There are six or seven proven ahadith
concerning the fear prayer; whichever of them a person does, it
is permissible.”
THE NUMBER OF RAKAT TO BE PERFORMED DURING SALAT AL-KHAWF:
According to Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir for Surah Al-Nisa, under
“The Description of the Fear Prayer,” Salat Al-Khawf can at
times consist of four rakat, as with Asr, three rakat, as in the

case of Maghrib, and sometimes two rakat, as with Fajr and Salat
Al-Qasr (salat while traveling). However, since the reports
depicting Salat Al-Khawf were performed during travel, the
ruling of combining specific salat and minimizing the number of
rakat due to traveling applies. Thus, zuhr and Asr will be
combined, as well as, Maghrib and Isha. Moreover, the four rakat
of zuhr and Isha will be reduced to two rakat; whereas, the
rakat of Fajr, Asr, and Maghrib will remain the same, unless
mitigating circumstances (imminent danger) justifies reducing
there number of rakat.
It is therefore important to note that Ibn Hajar al-
Asqalani (Shafi’i Madhab) allegedly said, “None of the
narrations mention the Maghrib salat. As such, there is
consensus that even when performing Salat Al-Khawf, Maghrib is
not to be shortened.” Nevertheless, if there is a mitigating
reason, a combined Maghrib and Isha during Salat Al-Khawf can be
reduced to a single rakah with only the nodding of the head
while either on foot or riding.
Lastly, Salat Al-Khawf is generally performed in
congregation; however, in instances where the battle is raging,
this may not be possible. Therefore, if the Muslims find
themselves in this predicament, Salat Al-Khawf can be performed
individually while either facing the qiblah or otherwise.

PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF AS A RESIDENT OR TRAVELLER:
There are at least 10 instances wherein the Prophet
Muhammed (P.B.U.H.) allegedly performed Salat Al-Khawf. Six is
the smallest number of times mentioned; whereas, Ibn al-Arabi
(maliki madhab) was quoted as saying: “The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
prayed Salat Al-Khawf 14 times. Nevertheless, it is important to
note that in all of the instances wherein the Prophet Muhammed
(P.B.U.H.) actually performed Salat Al-Khawf, he did so while
travelling. As a result, scholars such as Abu Yusuf opined that
Salat Al-Khawf should only be performed while the Muslims are
travelling. This point of view is based on what has been derived
from the Prophet Muhammed’s (P.B.U.H.) example and evidence from
the Quran. The verse cited as evidence is from Surah Al-Nisa
(4:101), which reads as follows: “When you travel in the earth,
there is no blame on you if you shorten your prayers, especially
when you fear that the unbelievers may attack you, since the
unbelievers are your open enemies.” Furthermore, it is also
worth mentioning that the Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.) did not
perform Salat Al-Khawf during the Battle of the Trench
(Khandaq), despite the fact that he was a resident in Medina
where the battle occurred and lasted for several weeks.
Nevertheless, it can be argued that it is lawful to perform
Salat Al-Khawf while a resident; because, Surah Al-Nisa (4:101)
of the Quran refers to a general situation; i.e., that Salat Al-

Khawf will usually occur during jihad which often involves
travel, either towards an enemy or via hijrah (migration).
Therefore, special mention has been made in Surah Al-Nisa
(4:101) of the Quran regarding the specific accommodations for
salat due to traveling and its dangers during jihad. Hence, the
implicit meaning should not be deduced that Salat Al-Khawf
cannot be performed when one is a resident; because, the
prerequisite for Salat Al-Khawf is fear, and not travel. Lastly,
the strongest explanation for Salat Al-Khawf not being performed
at the Battle of Khandaq is the fact that it was not likely
revealed at that time.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SALAT AL-KHAWF:
The Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.) is reported to have led his
companions in offering Salat Al-Khawf on a number of occasions,
in various ways. The variance in the performance of Salat Al-
Khawf was due primarily to the location of the enemy in relation
to the qiblah (direction of prayer) and the severity of the
threat they presented to the Muslims.
 If the enemy is positioned in a direction other than
the qiblah, the leader/Imam should divide the army
into two groups. One group should pray with the Imam
while the other stands, on guard defending the Muslim
soldiers from a potential attack from the enemy.

 If the enemy is in the direction of the qiblah, the
Imam should arrange the Muslim soldiers into two rows.
Therefore, the individual acting as the Imam leading the Muslims
in Salat Al-Khawf should choose the method of the prayer which
adequately addresses the severity of their situation. In
addition to performing Salat Al-Khawf, the Imam must also ensure
that the Muslims are simultaneously on the defense against an
unscrupulous enemy who would attack them whilst knowing full
well that they are engaged in prayer.
PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF AS A TRAVELLER:
Method 1:
Another method of performing Salat Al-Khawf involves the
Imam Performing two complete rakat with all of the Muslim

soldiers together. The enemy in this scenario is positioned in
between the Muslims and the direction of the qiblah. Therefore,
the Muslim army will be facing their enemy while they are
performing Salat Al-Khawf. As such, the Imam should arrange all
of the soldiers into two rows facing the enemy. Both rows of
soldiers should share in the responsibility of guarding against
the enemy. In this version of Salat Al-Khawf, both rows of
soldiers should follow the Imam in every one of his actions
until he performs sujud, in which case one row of soldiers will
make their sajdah (prostration) along with him while the other
row of soldiers stands guard. Then, once the first row completes
their sujud and assumes the role of standing guard, the second
row will then perform their sujud. Furthermore, after the first
rakah is completed, the two rows of soldiers will swap places.
Those soldiers standing in the first row will move to the second
row and vice versa. Then the Imam will repeat the process from
the first rakah during the second rakah with the two rows of
soldiers. Thereafter, the Imam will lead both rows of soldiers
in tasleem to conclude the salat. In this scenario, both rows of
soldiers will share in the reward of praying on the first row
behind the Imam.
(1st
rakah) The Muslim soldiers should be arranged into two
rows facing the direction of the qiblah. They all follow the

Imam in performing takbiratul-ihram to commence the salat. Both
groups should now join the Imam in the qiyam of the first rakah.
While standing in the qiyam position, The Imam and the muqtadis
should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a
Surah from the Quran.
Next, the Imam should lead all of the soldiers into ruku.

After performing ruku with the Imam, both rows of soldiers
should rise up into I’tidal (standing again after ruku). In this
position both arms should be positioned against the sides of
one’s body.
However, after rising up into i’tidal (standing again after
ruku), only the first row of solders should perform sujud along
with the Imam. Moreover, the second row of soldiers should
remain standing on guard in i’tidal until the first row of
soldiers completes their sujud along with the Imam and then
rises into qiyam for the second rakah.

After the first row of soldiers rises with the Imam from sujud
into the standing of qiyam for their second rakah, the second
row of soldiers should now perform their sujud while the first
row of soldiers stands guard.
After completing sujud, the second row of soldiers should now
stand in qiyam, joining the Imam and the first row for the
second rakah of this version of Salat Al-Khawf.

(2nd
rakah) Next, the second row of soldiers in the rear
should now move forward to the position of the first row, while
the first row of soldiers takes their place in the rear standing
in the second row.
In this version of Salat Al-Khawf, both rows of soldiers will
share in the excellence of praying in the first row behind the
Imam.
The Imam should again lead both rows of soldiers in
performing the takbir and qiyam to commence the second rakah.

While standing in qiyam, the Imam and the muqtadis should recite
Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah from
the Quran. Thereafter, the Imam should lead both rows of
soldiers into ruku.
After performing ruku, the Imam should lead both rows of
soldiers in rising up into i’tidal. However, only the first row
of solders (whom were originally position in the second row)
should perform sujud along with the Imam.

The second row of soldiers should remain standing on guard in
I’tidal until the first row of soldiers completes their sujud
along with the Imam. Next, after the first row of soldiers
completes their sujud and tashahhud with the Imam, they should
then sit on guard against the enemy in the jalsa position.
The second row of soldiers should now perform their sujud and
tashahhud.

Both rows of soldiers should now be seated in the jalsa position
behind the Imam.
After the second row of soldiers completes their tashahhud, the
Imam should then lead both rows of soldiers in performing the
tasleem to complete this version of Salat Al-Khawf.
In this scenario, the Imam will perform two complete rakat with
both rows of soldiers all together.

The evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by Imam
Muslim wherein Jabir reportedly said: “I observed Prayer of Fear
with the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.). We drew ourselves up in
two rows, one row behind him with the enemy between us and the
Qiblah. The Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) said: ‘Allah is Most
Great,’ and we all said it (Allah Akbar). He (P.B.U.H.) then
bowed and we all bowed. He (P.B.U.H.) then raised his head from
bowing; we all raised (our heads). He (P.B.U.H.) then went down
in prostration along with the row close to him, and the rear row
faced the enemy; then when the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
completed the prostration, and then stood up. The row near to
him (P.B.U.H.) also did it; then went down the rear row in
prostration; then they stood up; then the rear row went to the
front and the front row went to the rear. Then the Messenger of
Allah (P.B.U.H.) bowed down and we all bowed. He (P.B.U.H.) then
raised his head from bowing and we also raised (our heads). He
(P.B.U.H.) and the row close to him which had been in the rear
then went down in prostration in the first rakah, whereas the
rear row faced the enemy. When the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
and the rear row close to him had finished the prostration, the
rear row went down and prostrated; then the Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) pronounced the salutation (tasleem) and we also
pronounced the salutation. (Jabir said we did this) as your
guards behave with their chiefs.”

Method 2:
Another version of Salat Al-Khawf involves two rakat being
performed while the enemy is positioned in a direction other
than the qiblah. The Imam will arrange the soldiers into two
groups. One group should be positioned behind the Imam in salat
while the other group of soldiers stands guard against the
enemy.
The first group of Muslim soldiers should perform one
complete rakah with the Imam. Then, after the first rakah is
performed, the Imam will remain standing in qiyam to begin the
second rakah, but he will prolong his standing in qiyam while
the first group of soldiers switches places with the second
group of soldiers standing guard. The second group of soldiers
in this scenario will likewise perform one complete rakah with
the Imam who will then perform the tasleem alone. The second
group of soldiers will then perform one complete rakat
individually followed by the tasleem for a total of two rakat.
Then the second group will then relieve the first group of
soldiers from their guard duties so that they can complete their
second rakah individually. The first group of soldiers will then
perform the tasleem alone. In this scenario, all parties will
perform two rakats. The Imam will perform one complete rakah
with each group, and each group will perform one complete rakah

individually. Lastly, all parties (Imam and both groups) will
perform the tashahhud and tasleem individually.
(1st
rakah for the Imam, and 1st
rakah for the first group)
The Imam and the first group of soldiers should perform the
opening takbir-ihram and enter qiyam. While standing in the
qiyam position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers should
recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah
from the Quran.
The Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam, ruku, and
sujud) with the first group of soldiers. After completing qiyam,
the Imam should then lead the first group of soldiers into ruku.

After completing ruku by rising up into i’tidal (standing from
ruku), the Imam should then lead the first group of soldiers
into sujud.
After performing the two prostrations of sujud, the Imam and the
first group of soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa
position.

The Imam should now stand after performing one rakah into the
qiyam of the second rakah. However, the first group of soldiers
should leave their position behind the Imam and relieve the
second group of soldiers whom are standing guard against the
enemy.
(2nd
rakah for the second group)
The Imam and the second group of soldiers should perform the

takbir to commence the rakah and perform qiyam. While standing
in the qiyam position, the Imam and the second group of soldiers
sujud) with the second group of soldiers. After completing
qiyam, the Imam should then lead the second group of soldiers
into ruku.

ruku), the Imam should then lead the second group of soldiers
into sujud.
position.

While in jalsa, the Imam should perform an individual tashahhud
and tasleem to conclude his salat.
However, the second group should stand in qiyam to perform their
second and final rakah individually (with no Imam).

(2nd
rakah for the first group, which is also their 1st
individual rakah) The second group of soldiers should pronounce
the takbir to commence their individual rakah and perform qiyam.
While standing in the qiyam position, the second group of
soldiers should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah or
section of a Surah from the Quran individually.
After completing qiyam, the second group of soldiers should
individually enter ruku.
ruku), the second group of soldiers should individually enter
sujud.

After performing the two prostrations of sujud individually, the
second group of soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa
position and perform the tashahhud individually.
After completing an individual tashahhud, the second group of
soldiers should perform the tasleem individually to conclude
their salat.

The second group will have performed two complete rakat; one
rakah with the Imam and one rakah individually.
The second group of soldiers should now relieve the first
group of soldiers so that they can perform their final rakah
individually. The second group of soldiers will take their
position standing guard against the enemy.

(2nd
rakah for the first group, which is also their 1st
individual rakah) The first group of soldiers should pronounce
While standing in the qiyam position, the first group of
section of a Surah from the Quran individually.
After completing qiyam, the first group of soldiers should
individually perform ruku.

ruku), the first group of soldiers should individually enter
sujud.
first group of soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa position
and perform the tashahhud individually.
After completing an individual tashahhud, the first group of
their salat.

The first group of soldiers will have performed two complete
rakat; one rakah with the Imam and one rakah individually.
The evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by
Bukhari wherein Ibn Umar allegedly said: “The Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) prayed one rakah with one group while the other group
faced the enemy, [At that point, those who had prayed] took the
place of their companions facing the enemy and the second group
came and prayed one rakah with the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) and then
he made the taslim. Then each group made (the remaining) one
rakah.” Further evidence is found in the Muwatta of Imam Malik
which reads: “Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi that
Abdullah ibn Umar, when asked about the fear prayer said, ‘The
Imam and a group of people go forward and the Imam prays a rakah
with them, while another group, who have not yet prayed,
position themselves between him and the enemy. When those who
are with him have prayed a rakah they draw back to where those

who have not prayed are, and do not say the taslim. Then those
who have not prayed come forward and pray a rakah with him. Then
the Imam leaves, as he has now prayed two rakas. Everyone else
in the two groups stands and prays a rakah by himself after the
Imam has left. In this way each of the two groups will have
prayed two rakas. If the fear is greater than that, then the men
pray standing on their feet or mounted, either facing the qiblah
or otherwise.’ Malik said that Nafi said, ‘I do not believe that
Abdullah ibn Umar related it from anyone other than the
Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.).’”
Method 3:
One method of performing Salat Al-Khawf during a two rakat
prayer involves one group of soldiers praying with the Imam
while the other group of soldiers stands guard in close
proximity to those performing salat. The enemy in this instance
is positioned in a direction other than the qiblah. After the
Imam leads the first group of soldiers in one complete rakah, he
will stand in qiyam to begin his second rakah; however, he will
simply prolong his qiyam and will wait in this position until
the first group performs one complete rakah and tasleem
individually. Thereafter, the first group of soldiers will
approach the second group of soldiers whom are standing guard
and notify them that they are being relieved. The first group

will now stand guard against the enemy. The second group of
soldiers should now join the Imam in qiyam to begin their first
rakah (the imam’s second). After performing one complete rakah
with the second group of soldiers, the Imam will remain seated
in jalsa after performing a prolonged tashahhud. The Imam should
wait in this position for them to perform another complete rakah
individually. Once the second group completes their tashahhud,
they should sit in jalsa and perform the tasleem along with the
Imam to complete this version of Salat Al-Khawf. In this
scenario, each group of soldiers performs one complete rakah
along with the Imam and one complete rakah individually.
(1st
rakah) The Imam and the first group of soldiers should
perform the opening takbir-ihram and enter qiyam.
The Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam, ruku, sujud,
tashahhud) with the first group of soldiers. While standing in
the qiyam position. The Imam and the first group of soldiers

Surah from the Quran. After completing qiyam, the Imam should
now lead the first group of soldiers into ruku.
After completing ruku, the Imam should lead the first group of
soldiers into i’tidal (standing again after ruku). The Imam
should then lead the first group of soldiers into sujud.

before standing in qiyam.
After standing from the sujud of the first rakah, the first
group of soldiers should now perform a second complete rakah
(qiyam, ruku, and sujud) on their own, and then perform the
tasleem. The Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam.
(1st rakah individually) The first group of soldiers should
stand in qiyam and say takbir to start their first rakah
individually. While standing in the qiyam position, the first
group of soldiers should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another
Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran. After completing
qiyam, the first group should now enter ruku individually, while
the Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam.

The Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam while he waits
for the first group of soldiers to complete their second rakah
and perform the tasleem.
After the first group of soldiers completes the qiyam of
their second rakah individually, they should now enter ruku
while the Imam remains standing in his prolonged qiyam.

After the first group of soldiers completes the ruku of
their second rakah, they should rise up into i’tidal (standing
again after ruku). The second group should now enter sujud while
the Imam remains standing in qiyam.
After the first group of completes the two prostrations of
sujud, they should briefly sit in jalsa before performing the
tashahhud. The Imam still remains standing in qiyam.

After completing the tashahhud, the second group should now
perform the tasleem on their own without the Imam. The first
group of soldiers in this instance will have completed two
complete rakat; one with the Imam and one individually.
The first group of soldiers stationed behind the Imam
should now leave the first row and take their position at the
rear standing guard against the enemy.
Those soldiers standing guard should not abandon their posts
until the first group completes their salat by pronouncing the

tasleem, and then notifies them that they are being relieved.
The Imam is still standing in a prolonged qiyam waiting to be
joined by the second group of soldiers. After the first group of
soldiers officially assumes their role as guards, the second
group of soldiers whom have not yet prayed should now move
forward and join the Imam in his second rakat (for qiyam, ruku,
and sujud) in order to perform their first complete rakah.
The Imam will remain standing so that the second group of
soldiers can join him in this qiyam position. After being joined
by the second group of soldiers, the Imam will perform a
complete rakah (qiyam, ruku, sujud) with them. The second group
of soldiers should now say the takbir to start their salat.
While standing in the qiyam position. The Imam and the muqtadis
now lead the second group of soldiers into ruku.

After completing ruku, the Imam should lead the first group of
soldiers into i’tidal (standing again after ruku). Thereafter,
the Imam should lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.
When the Imam completes the second prostration of sujud, he
should sit in the jalsa position and perform a prolonged
tashahhud. The tashahhud performed by the Imam should be
prolonged in order to allow the second group of soldiers that
just joined him to complete their second rakah (qiyam, ruku,
sujud, tashahhud) individually.

(1st
individual rakah) The second group of soldiers should
now pronounce the takbir and perform qiyam individually while
the Imam remains seated in jalsa performing a prolonged
tashahhud. While standing in the qiyam position the second group
Surah from the Quran individually.

After completing qiyam individually, the second group of
soldiers should now enter ruku while the Imam sits in jalsa
performing a prolonged tashahhud.
After performing ruku, the second group of soldiers should now
rise up into i’tidal (standing again after ruku). Thereafter,
the second group of soldiers should then perform sujud while the
Imam remains seated in jalsa performing a prolonged tashahhud.

After performing sujud, the second group of soldiers should now
sit in jalsa and perform the tashahhud along with the Imam.
The Imam will then pronounce the tasleem, and the second group
of soldiers will pronounce their tasleem along with him.
In this scenario, both groups of soldiers will have completed
two complete rakat; one with the Imam and one individually.

The evidence for this ruling is Surah Al-Nisa (4:102) of
the Quran which reads: “When you, O Muhammad, are with them,
leading their Salah (prayer in the state of war), let one party
of them stand up to pray with you armed with their weapons.
After they finish their prostrations, let them withdraw to the
rear and let the other party who have not yet prayed come
forward to pray with you; and let them also be on their guard,
armed with their weapons. The unbelievers wish to see you
neglect your arms and your baggage, so that they could suddenly
attack to overpower you all in one stroke. However, there is no
blame on you if you lay aside your arms because of heavy rain or
because you are sick, but you should still be on your guard.
Allah has prepared a humiliating punishment for the
unbelievers.” Moreover, a hadith collected by Bukhari reports
that Saleh ibn Khawat relates from Saleh ibn Abu Khaithimah,
concerning those who witnessed the Fear Prayer (Salat Al-Khawf)
that was performed in the battle of Dhat-ur-Riqa in the company
of Allah’s Messenger (P.B.U.H.): “One batch lined up behind him
(P.B.U.H.) while another batch (lined up) facing the enemy. The
Prophet (P.B.U.H.) led the batch that was with him in one rakah,
and he stayed in the standing posture (qiyam) while that batch
completed their (two rakat) prayer by themselves and went away,
lining in the face of the enemy, while the other batch came and
he (i.e. the Prophet) offered his remaining rakah with them, and

then, kept on sitting till they completed their prayer by
themselves, and he then finished his prayer with tasleem along
with them.’”
Method 4:
enemy being in a direction other than the qiblah. In this
scenario, the soldiers are divided into two groups. One group of
soldiers should stand guard against the enemy while the other
group joins the Imam in salat. The Imam prays two rakat with the
first group. Thereafter, the first group performs the tasleem to
conclude their salat. Then the Imam should stand in qiyam for
his third rakah. The first group of soldiers should now notify
the second group that they are being relieved of guard duty. The
second group of soldiers should then join the Imam in his third
and fourth rakah, which will be their first and second rakah.
After the Imam completes his two remaining rakat for a total of
four rakat, he should then tasleem to conclude the salat. The
second group should also perform the tasleem along with him
since they will have completed their two complete rakat. In this
scenario, both groups of soldiers will perform only two rakat
while the Imam performs four.
(1st
The Imam and the first group of soldiers should pronounce the

opening takbir-ihram to commence this version of Salat Al-Khawf
and perform the standing of qiyam. While standing in the qiyam
position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers should recite
the Quran.
the Imam and the first group should now perform ruku.

into sujud.
At the completion of sujud, the Imam and the first group of
soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa position before
standing in qiyam for the second rakah.

The Imam should now lead the first group of soldiers into the
standing of qiyam for the second rakah of the salat.
(2nd
rakah for the Imam, and 2nd
rakah for the first group of
soldiers) The Imam and the first group of soldiers should
pronounce the takbir to commence this rakah of Salat Al-Khawf
position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers should recite
the Quran.
In this rakah, the Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam,
ruku, sujud, and tashahhud) with the first group of soldiers.
After completing qiyam, the Imam and the first group should now
perform ruku.

into sujud.
performing the tashahhud.

After completing the tashahhud, the Imam should stand in qiyam
for his third rakah. However, the first group of soldiers should
perform the tasleem in order to conclude the salat.
In this scanerio, the first group of soldiers will only perform
two rakat for this method of Salat Al-Khawf.

After completing their salat with the Imam, the first group
of soldiers should now relieve those soldiers standing guard
against the enemy.
The Imam will now perform two complete rakat with the second
group of soldiers.
(3rd
The Imam and the second group of soldiers should pronounce the
takbir to commence this rakah of Salat Al-Khawf and perform the
standing of qiyam. While standing in the qiyam position, the
Imam will recite only Surah Al-Fatihah; whereas, the second
Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran.

ruku, and sujud) with the second group of soldiers. After
completing qiyam, the Imam and the second group should now
perform ruku.

into sujud.
At the completion of sujud, the Imam and the second group of
standing in qiyam for the fourth rakah.

The Imam and the second group of soldier should now stand for
the qiyam of the final rakah.
(4th
The Imam and the second group of soldiers should pronounce the
takbir to commence this rakah of Salat Al-Khawf and perform the
standing of qiyam. While standing in the qiyam position, the
Imam will recite only Surah Al-Fatihah; whereas, the second
Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran. In this rakah, the
Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam, ruku, and sujud)
with the second group of soldiers. After completing qiyam, the
Imam and the second group should now perform ruku.

into sujud.
At the completion of sujud, the Imam and the second group of

While still seated in jalsa with the second group of the
soldiers, the Imam should now pronounce the tasleem, and the
second group should also pronounce their tasleem along with him.
In this scenario, the Imam completed four complete rakat while
the second group of soldiers completed only two complete rakat.
Bukhari wherein Jabir reportedly said: “We were with the Prophet

(P.B.U.H.) during the campaign of Zhat al-Riqa and the salah was
made, and he prayed two rakat with one group and then they
withdrew, and he led the other group in two rakat. The Prophet
prayed four rakat and the people prayed two rakat.”
Method 5:
enemy being positioned in a direction other than the qiblah. In
this scenario, the soldiers are divided into two groups. One
group of soldiers should stand guard against the enemy while the
other group joins the Imam in salat. The Imam will pray two
complete rakat fard with the first group of soldiers.
Thereafter, the Imam and the first group of soldiers will
perform the tasleem to conclude their salat. Then the Imam
should stand in qiyam to perform two more rakat (as nafl since
he already completed the salat with tasleem) with the second
group. {It is therefore permissible for one who is making a nafl
salat to lead others in fard salat.} The first group of soldiers
should now notify the second group that they are being relieved
of guard duty. The second group of soldiers should then join the
Imam in order to perform two complete rakat, which will be their
first and second rakah. After the Imam completes two complete
rakat with the second group of soldiers he should then perform
the tasleem to conclude the salat. The second group should also

perform the tasleem along with him. In this scenario, both
groups of soldiers will perform only two rakat while the Imam
performs four (2 fard and 2 nafl).
(1st
rakah fard for the Imam, and 1st
rakah fard for the
first group) The Imam and the first group of soldiers should
pronounce the opening takbir-ihram to commence this version of
Salat Al-Khawf and perform the standing of qiyam. While standing
in the qiyam position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers
the Imam and the first group should now perform ruku.

The Imam should now lead the first group of soldiers into the
standing of qiyam for the second rakah of the salat.
(2nd
rakah fard for the Imam, and 2nd
rakah fard for the
first group of soldiers) The Imam and the first group of
soldiers should pronounce the takbir to commence this rakah of
Salat Al-Khawf and perform the standing of qiyam. While standing
in the qiyam position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers

ruku, sujud, and tashahhud) with the first group of soldiers.
After completing qiyam, the Imam and the first group should now
perform ruku.
into sujud.

After completing the tashahhud, the Imam and the first group of
soldiers should perform the tasleem in order to conclude the
salat.

In this scanerio, the Imam and the first group of soldiers will
perform two rakat for this method of Salat Al-Khawf.
After completing their salat with the Imam, the first group
of soldiers should now relieve those soldiers standing guard
against the enemy.
The Imam will now perform two complete rakat with the second
group of soldiers.
(1st nafl rakah for the Imam, and 1st
fard rakah for the
second group) The Imam and the second group of soldiers should
position, the Imam will recite only Surah Al-Fatihah; whereas,
the second group of soldiers should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and
another Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran.

The Imam and the second group of soldier should now stand for
the qiyam of the final rakah.
(2nd
rakah nafl for the Imam, and 2nd
rakah fard for the
second group) The Imam and the second group of soldiers should
position, the Imam will recite only Surah Al-Fatihah; whereas,
the second group of soldiers should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and
another Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran. In this
rakah, the Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam, ruku,
and sujud) with the second group of soldiers. After completing
qiyam, the Imam and the second group should now perform ruku.

second group should also pronounce their tasleem along with him.
In this scenario, the Imam completed two complete nafl rakat
while the second group of soldiers completed two complete fard
rakat.

This fact is evident from a hadith collected by Nasa’I
wherein Jabir reportedly said: “The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) prayed
two rakat with one group of his companions and then another two
rakat with another group and then he made the taslim.” Moreover,
another hadith from An-Nasa’i reports: “The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
prayed the salat AL-Khawf with us, and he prayed two rakat with
some of his companions, and then the others came and took their
places and he prayed two rakat with them, and he made the
taslim. So, the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) prayed four rakat and the
people prayed two rakat each.”
Method 6:
enemy being positioned in a direction other than the qiblah. As
such, one group of Muslim soldiers should pray with the Imam
while the other group stands guard against the enemy in close
proximity to those performing salat. The Imam will then perform
one complete rakah with the first group of soldiers while the
second group of soldiers stands guard. Those standing guard do
not pray, rather they stand there defending those Muslim
soldiers performing salat. After completing the sujud of the
first rakah, the Imam will then stand in qiyam for the second
rakah while the first group of soldiers performs the tashahhud
and tasleem on their own to complete this version of Salat Al-

Khawf with only one rakah. Afterwards, the first group of
soldiers will switch places with the second group of soldiers
standing guard. The second group of soldiers will now join the
Imam and stand with him in the qiyam of his second rakah; which
will be their first rakah. They will then complete the entire
rakah (ruku, sujud, and tashahhud) with the Imam and perform the
tasleem along with him; thus, performing only one complete rakah
of a two rakat salat. In this scenario, each group of soldiers
only performs one complete rakat with the Imam.
(1st
rakah with the first group) The first group of soldiers
should perform the opening Takbiratul-ihram with the Imam and
stand for qiyam.

After completing ruku, the Imam should now lead the first group
of soldiers into i’tidal (standing from ruku). Thereafter, the
Imam should then lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.
At the completion of sujud, the first group of soldiers should
now sit in the jalsa position and perform the tashahhud by
individually.

As the first group of soldiers remains seated in jalsa
performing their tashahhud after completing only one rakah of
salat, the Imam should now stand in qiyam. After standing for
the qiyam of the second rakah, the Imam will prolong this qiyam
in order to allow the first group of soldiers to complete the
tashahhud and tasleem on their own.

After performing the tasleem, the first group of soldiers should
now leave their station behind the Imam and notify the second
group of soldiers that they are being relieved of their guard
duty. The second group of soldiers should now join the Imam in
qiyam to begin their first rakah.
(2nd
rakah for the Imam and 1st
The Imam will now lead the second group of soldiers in the qiyam
position. This will be the Imam’s second rakah and the first
rakah for the second group of soldiers.

After completing ruku, the Imam should now lead the second group
of soldiers into i’tidal (rising from ruku). Thereafter, the
Imam should lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.

When the Imam completes the second prostration of sujud, he
should sit in the jalsa position and perform the tashahhud along
with the second group of soldiers.
second group will pronounce their tasleem along with him.

In this scenario, the Imam completes two rakat. However, both
groups of soldiers will only complete one rakah of a two rakat
salat. Nevertheless, both groups of soldiers share the reward
obtained from performing salat in the first row behind the Imam.
The evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by An-
Nasa’i wherein Ibn Abbas reportedly said: “The Prophet
(P.B.U.H.) prayed at Zhi-qard, and he arranged the people into
two rows, one row behind him and one row guarding against the
enemy. The group behind him prayed one rakah (with him) and then
left the place to the other group. The other group then came and
prayed one rakah (with the Prophet), and (neither group) made up
a rakah.”
PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF AS A RESIDENT:
Method 1:
Another method of Salat Al-Khawf involves the Imam
performing four rakat, as in the case of the Asr salat. The
enemy in this scenario is positioned between the Muslim army and
the direction of the qiblah. Therefore, the Muslim army will be
facing their enemy while they are performing Salat Al-Khawf. As
such, the Imam should arrange all of the soldiers into two rows
facing the enemy. Both rows of soldiers should share in the
responsibility of guarding against the enemy. In this version of
Salat Al-Khawf, both rows of soldiers should follow the Imam in

every one of his actions until he performs sujud, in which case
one row of soldiers will make their sajdah (prostration) along
with him while the other row of soldiers stands guard in I’tidal
(rising from ruku). Then, once the first row completes their
sujud and assumes the role of standing guard in qiyam, the
second row will then perform their sujud. Thereafter, the second
row should move to the first row and vice versa. (2nd
rakah)
Next, both rows of soldiers should again follow the Imam in
every one of his actions until he performs sujud, in which case
the first row of soldiers will make their sajdah (prostration)
along with him while the second row of soldiers stands guard in
I’tidal. Then, once the first row completes their sujud with the
Imam, they should also perform the first tashahhud along with
him. Then they should assume the role of standing guard in qiyam
while the second row of soldiers performs their sujud and
tashahhud individually. Thereafter, the second row should move
to the first row and vice versa. (3rd
rakah) Then for the third
rakah, both rows of soldiers should follow the Imam in every one
of his actions until he performs sujud, in which case the first
row of soldiers will make their sajdah (prostration) along with
him while the second row of soldiers stands guard in I’tidal.
Then, once the first row completes their sujud and assumes the
role of standing guard in qiyam, the second row will then
perform their sujud. Thereafter, the second row should move to

the first row and vice versa. Lastly, for the fourth rakah, both
rows of soldiers should again follow the Imam in every one of
his actions until he performs sujud, in which case the first row
of soldiers will make their sajdah (prostration) along with him
while the second row of soldiers stands guard in I’tidal. Then,
once the first row completes their sujud with the Imam, they
should also perform the second tashahhud and tasleem along with
him. Then they should assume the role of standing guard in jalsa
while the second row of soldiers performs their sujud,
tashahhud, and tasleem individually. In this instance, both rows
share the reward of praying on the first row.
(1st
rakah) The Muslim soldiers should be arranged into two
rows facing the direction of the qiblah.

Both rows of soldiers should follow the Imam in performing
takbiratul-ihram to commence the salat. Therefore, both rows of
soldiers should join the Imam in the qiyam of the first rakah.
While standing in the qiyam position, the Imam and the muqtadis
(both rows of soldiers following him in salat) should recite
Surah Al-Fatihah along with another Surah or section of a Surah
from the Quran. Next, the Imam should lead all of the soldiers
into ruku.
position both arms should be positioned against the side of
one’s body.

Next, after the Imam pronounces the takbir to complete the
position, only the first row of solders should perform sujud
along with him. Moreover, the second row of soldiers should
remain standing on guard in I’tidal until the first row of
soldiers completes their sujud with the Imam.
Next, after the first row of soldiers rises with the Imam from
sujud into the standing of qiyam, the second row of soldiers
should then perform their sujud individually while the first row
stands guard.

After completing sujud, the second row of soldiers should now
rise into the standing of qiyam with the Imam and the first row.
Thereafter, the second row of soldiers should now swap places
with the first row while standing in qiyam.

(2nd
rakah) Both rows of soldiers should again follow the
Imam in performing the takbir to commence the second rakah.
Thereafter, both groups of soldiers should then join the Imam in
the qiyam of the first rakah. While standing in the qiyam
position, the Imam and the muqtadis (both rows of soldiers
following him in salat) should again recite Surah Al-Fatihah
along with another Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran.

Next, after the Imam should complete ruku with both rows by
rising up into I’tidal.
However, after performing ruku with the Imam, only the first row
of solders should perform sujud and tashahhud along with him.

The second row remains standing on guard in I’tidal until the
first row of soldiers completes their sujud and first tashahhud
along with the Imam. The arms of those soldiers standing guard
in the second row engaged in the I’tidal position should be
positioned against the sides of their body.

While the second row of soldiers stands guard, the first row of
soldiers should complete their first tashahhud along with the
Imam. Thereafter, the first row of soldiers should rise with the
Imam into the standing of qiyam for the third rakah.
The first row of soldiers should now stand guard until the
second row completes their sujud and first tashahhud
individually.

After the second row of soldiers completes sujud they should
then sit in jalsa and complete their first tashahhud
individually.
Next, after completing the first tashahhud individually, the
second row of soldiers should then stand for the third rakah.
Thereafter, the second row of soldiers should again swap places
with the first row of soldiers.

(3rd
Imam in performing the takbir to commence the third rakah.
Thereafter, both groups of soldiers should then join the Imam in
the qiyam of the third rakah. However, while standing in the
qiyam position, the Imam and the muqtadis (both rows of soldiers
following him in salat) should recite only Surah Al-Fatihah from
the Quran. (No additional Surah or section of a Surah should be
recited in the third and fourth rakah of salat)

position both arms should be positioned against the sides of
one’s body.
Next, after the Imam pronounces the takbir to complete the
position, only the first row of solders should perform sujud

along with him. Moreover, the second row of soldiers should
remain standing on guard in I’tidal until the first row of
soldiers completes their sujud with the Imam.
Next, the first row of soldiers should rise with the Imam from
sujud into the standing of qiyam.
The second row of soldiers should then perform their sujud
individually while the first row of soldiers stands guard.

After completing sujud, the second row of soldiers should then
rise into the standing of qiyam along with the Imam and the
first row of soldiers.
Thereafter, the second row of soldiers should now swap places
with the first row while standing in qiyam.

(4th
Imam in performing the takbir to commence the fourth and final
rakah. Thereafter, both rows of soldiers should then join the
Imam in the qiyam of the first rakah. While standing in the
qiyam position, the Imam and the muqtadis (both rows of soldiers
following him in salat) should again recite only Surah Al-
Fatihah.

Then, after completing ruku by rising up into I’tidal with the
Imam, the first row of solders should perform sujud and the
final tashahhud along with the Imam.
The second row remains standing on guard in I’tidal until the
first row of soldiers completes their sujud and final tashahhud
along with the Imam. The arms of those soldiers standing guard

in the second row engaged in the I’tidal position should be
positioned against the sides of their body.
While the second row of soldiers stands guard, the first row of
soldiers should complete their final tashahhud along with the
Imam and remain seated in jalsa. Thereafter, the first row of
soldiers should stand guard against the enemy while seated in
the jalsa position while the second row of soldiers performs
their sujud individually.

Thereafter, the second row of soldiers should perform their
second and final tashahhud individually.
Next, after the second row of soldiers completes their second
and final tashahhud, the Imam should then perform the tasleem.
The soldiers will all join the Imam in performing the tasleem to
complete this version of Salat Al-Khawf altogether.
In this scenario, both rows of soldiers will perform four
complete rakat.

The evidence for this ruling is a hadith from the
collection of Abu Dawud wherein Abu Ayyash Az-Zuraqi reportedly
said: “We were with the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) in the
area of Usfan (a well-known place near Makkah), when the
idolaters met us under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid, and
they were between us and the Qiblah. The Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) led us in Zuhr prayer, and the idolaters said, ‘They
were busy with something during which we had a chance to attack
them.’ They then said, ‘Next, there will be a prayer (Asr) that
is dearer to them than their children and themselves.’ However,
Jibril (P.B.U.H.) came down with these Ayat between the prayers
of Zuhr and Asr, ‘(When you, O Messenger Muhammad) are among
them, and lead them in Salah.’ When the time for prayer came,
the Messenger of Allah commanded Muslims to hold their weapons
and he made us stand in two lines behind him. When he bowed, we
all bowed behind him. When he raised his head, we all raised our
heads. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) then prostrated with the line that
was behind him while the rest stood in guard. When they finished
with the prostration and stood up, the rest sat and performed
prostration, while those who performed it stood up in guard
after the two lines exchanged position. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
then bowed and they all bowed after him; then they raised their
heads after he raised his head. Then the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
performed prostration with the line that was behind him, while

the rest stood in guard. When those who made prostration sat,
the rest prostrated. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) then performed the
Tasleem and ended the prayer. The Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
performed this prayer twice, once in Usfan and once in the land
of Banu Sulaym.’”
Method 2:
Another version of Salat Al-Khawf involves four rakat being
performed as a resident while the enemy is positioned in a
direction other than the qiblah. The Imam will arrange the
soldiers into two groups. One group should be positioned behind
the Imam in salat while the other group of soldiers stands guard
against the enemy.
The first group of Muslim soldiers should perform two
complete rakah with the Imam. After the second rakah, the Imam
will remain standing in qiyam to begin the third rakah, but he
will prolong his standing in qiyam while the first group of
soldiers switches places with the second group of soldiers
standing guard. The second group of soldiers in this scenario
will likewise perform two complete rakah with the Imam who will
then perform the tasleem alone (The Imam’s 4th
and the second
group’s 2nd
). The second group will then perform two complete
rakat individually followed by the tasleem for a total of four
rakat. Then the second group of soldiers will relieve the first

group of soldiers from their guard duties so that they can
complete their third and fourth rakah individually. The first
group will then perform the tasleem alone. In this scenario, all
parties will perform four rakats. The Imam will perform two
complete rakat with each group, and each group will perform two
complete rakat and tasleem individually.
(1st
opening takbir-ihram and enter qiyam. While standing in the
qiyam position, the Imam and the first group of soldiers should
recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah
from the Quran.

into sujud.

position.
After briefly sitting in jalsa, the Imam and the first group
should stand to perform the second rakah.
(2nd
takbir and enter qiyam. While standing in the qiyam position,
the Imam and the first group of soldiers should recite Surah Al-
Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah from the Quran.

and tashahhud) with the first group of soldiers. After
completing qiyam, the Imam should then lead the first group of
soldiers into ruku.
After completing ruku by rising up into i’tidal, the Imam should
then lead the first group of soldiers into sujud.

and perform the first tashahhud of the salat.
The Imam should now stand after performing two rakah into the
qiyam of the third rakah. However, the first group of soldiers
should now leave their position behind the Imam and relieve the

second group of soldiers whom are standing guard against the
enemy.
(3rd
in the qiyam position, the Imam should only recite Surah Al-
Fatihah while the second group of soldiers recites Surah Al-

sujud) with the second group of soldiers. After completing
into ruku.
then lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.

position.
After briefly sitting in jalsa, the Imam should then lead the
second group of soldiers into the standing of qiyam.
(4th
in the qiyam position, the Imam should only recite Surah Al-
Fatihah while the second group of soldiers recites Surah Al-

and tashahhud) with the second group of soldiers. After
completing qiyam, the Imam should then lead the second group of
soldiers into ruku.

then lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.
position.

While in jalsa, the Imam should perform an individual tashahhud
and tasleem to conclude his salat.
However, the second group should stand in qiyam to perform their
third and fourth rakah individually (with no Imam).

(3rd
rakah for the second group, which is also their 1st
soldiers should recite only Surah Al-Fatihah from the Quran
individually. After completing qiyam, the second group of
soldiers should individually enter ruku.
ruku), the second group of soldiers should individually enter
sujud.

second group of soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa.
After briefly sitting in jalsa, the second group of soldiers
should stand in qiyam to perform their fourth rakah.
(4th
rakah for the second group, which is also their 2nd

individually. After completing qiyam, the second group of
soldiers should individually enter ruku.
After completing ruku by rising up into i’tidal, the second
group of soldiers should individually enter sujud.

second group of soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa and
perform the second tashahhud individually.
After completing an individual tashahhud, the second group of
their salat.
The second group will have performed four complete rakat; two
rakah with the Imam and two rakah individually.

The second group of soldiers should now relieve the first
group of soldiers so that they can perform their final two rakah
individually. The second group of soldiers will take their
position standing guard against the enemy.
(3rd rakah for the first group, which is also their 1st

individually. Then, after completing qiyam, the first group of
soldiers should individually perform ruku.
After completing ruku by rising up into i’tidal, the first group
of soldiers should individually enter sujud.

and then stand again into qiyam to perform the final rakah.
(4th
rakah for the first group, which is also their 2nd

and perform the tashahhud individually.
After completing an individual tashahhud, the first group of
their salat.
The first group of soldiers will have performed four complete
rakat; two rakat with the Imam and two rakat individually.

Bukhari wherein Ibn Umar allegedly said: “The Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) prayed one rakah with one group while the other group
faced the enemy, [At that point, those who had prayed] took the
place of their companions facing the enemy and the second group
came and prayed one rakah with the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) and then
he made the taslim. Then each group made (the remaining) one
rakah.” Further evidence is found in the Muwatta of Imam Malik
which reads: “Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi that
Abdullah ibn Umar, when asked about the fear prayer said, ‘The
Imam and a group of people go forward and the Imam prays a rakah
with them, while another group, who have not yet prayed,
position themselves between him and the enemy. When those who
are with him have prayed a rakah they draw back to where those
who have not prayed are, and do not say the taslim. Then those
who have not prayed come forward and pray a rakah with him. Then
the Imam leaves, as he has now prayed two rakas. Everyone else
in the two groups stands and prays a rakah by himself after the
Imam has left. In this way each of the two groups will have
prayed two rakas. If the fear is greater than that, then the men
pray standing on their feet or mounted, either facing the qiblah
or otherwise.’ Malik said that Nafi said, ‘I do not believe that
Abdullah ibn Umar related it from anyone other than the

Method 3:
One method of performing Salat Al-Khawf as a resident
during a four rakat prayer involves one group of soldiers
praying with the Imam while another group of soldiers stands
guard in close proximity to those performing salat. The enemy in
this instance is positioned in a direction other than the
qiblah. After the Imam leads the first group of soldiers in two
complete rakah, he will stand in qiyam to begin his third rakah;
however, he will simply prolong his qiyam and will wait in this
position until the first group performs two complete rakat and
tasleem individually. Thereafter, the first group of soldiers
should approach the second group of soldiers whom are standing
guard and notify them that they are being relieved. The first
group will now stand guard against the enemy. The second group
of soldiers should now join the Imam in qiyam to begin their
first rakah (the imam’s third). After performing two complete
rakah with the second group of soldiers, the Imam will remain
seated in jalsa after performing a prolonged tashahhud. The Imam
should wait in this position for the second group of soldiers to
perform two complete rakat individually. Once the second group
completes their tashahhud, they should perform the tasleem along
with the Imam to complete this version of Salat Al-Khawf. In
this scenario, each group of soldiers performs two complete
rakah along with the Imam and two complete rakah individually.

(1st
rakah with the first group) The Imam and the first
group of soldiers should perform the opening takbir-ihram and
enter qiyam.
sujud) with the first group of soldiers. While standing in the
qiyam position. The Imam and the muqtadis should recite Surah
Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah from the
Quran. After completing qiyam, the Imam should then lead the
first group of soldiers into ruku.

After completing ruku, the Imam should then lead the first group
of soldiers into i’tidal (standing again after ruku). The Imam
should then lead the first group of soldiers into sujud.
before standing in qiyam.

After completing jalsa, the Imam and the first group should
pronounce the takbir and stand in qiyam to begin the second
rakah of the salat.
(2nd rakah with the first group) After the first group of
soldiers follows the Imam in pronouncing the takbir and standing
in qiyam, they should recite Surah Al-Fatihah and another Surah
or section of a Surah from the Quran. After completing qiyam,

of soldiers into i’tidal (standing again after ruku). Next, the
Imam should then lead the first group of soldiers into sujud.
and recite the first tashahhud together.

After completing the tashahhud, the Imam and the first group
should pronounce the takbir and stand in qiyam to begin the
third rakah of the salat.
However, the Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam while he
waits for the first group of soldiers to individually complete
their third and fourth rakah and perform the tasleem.
(1st
individual rakah) The first group of soldiers should
pronounce the takbir and complete the qiyam of their third rakah
individually. They should only recite surah Al-Fatihah of the
Quran. Thereafter, they should then enter ruku while the Imam
remains standing in his prolonged qiyam.

After the first group of soldiers completes the ruku of their
third rakah, they should rise up into i’tidal (standing again
after ruku). The second group should then enter sujud while the
Imam remains standing in qiyam.
After the first group of soldiers completes the two prostrations
of sujud, they should briefly sit in jalsa before standing in
the qiyam of the fourth rakah. The Imam should still remain
standing in his prolonged qiyam.

(2nd
individual rakah) The first group of soldiers should
pronounce the takbir and complete the qiyam of their fourth
rakah individually.
They should only recite surah Al-Fatihah of the Quran.
Thereafter, they should then enter ruku while the Imam remains

After the first group of soldiers completes the ruku of their
fourth rakah, they should rise up into i’tidal (standing again
after ruku). The second group should then enter sujud while the
Imam remains standing in qiyam.
After the first group of soldiers completes the two prostrations
of sujud, they should briefly sit in jalsa before performing the
second tashahhud individually. The Imam should still remain

After completing the tashahhud, the second group should now
perform the tasleem on their own without the Imam. The first
group of soldiers in this instance will have completed four
complete rakat; two with the Imam and two individually.
The first group of soldiers stationed behind the Imam
should now leave the first row and take their position at the
rear standing guard against the enemy. Those soldiers standing
guard should not abandon their posts until the first group

completes their salat by pronouncing the tasleem, and then
notifies them that they are being relieved. The Imam is still
standing in a prolonged qiyam waiting to be joined by the second
group of soldiers. After the first group of soldiers officially
assumes their role as guards, the second group of soldiers whom
have not yet prayed should now move forward and join the Imam in
his third rakat (for qiyam, ruku, and sujud) in order to perform
their first complete rakah.
The Imam will remain standing so that the second group of
soldiers can join him in this qiyam position. After being joined
by the second group of soldiers, the Imam will perform a
complete rakah (qiyam, ruku, sujud) with them.
(3rd
for the second group) The
second group of soldiers should now say the takbir to commence
the salat along with the Imam. While standing in the qiyam

position, the Imam should only recite Surah Al-fatihah from the
Quran, while the second group of soldiers recites Surah Al-
After completing qiyam, the Imam should now lead the second
group of soldiers into ruku.
After completing ruku, the Imam should then lead the second
group of soldiers into i’tidal. Thereafter, the Imam should lead
the second group of soldiers into sujud.

After completing the second prostration of sujud, the Imam
should then lead the second group of soldiers into a brief
sitting in the jalsa position before standing in qiyam.
After performing a brief sitting in the jalsa position, the Imam
should now lead the second group of soldiers into qiyam.

(4th
rakah for the Imam and 2nd
for the second group) The
Imam should now lead the second group of soldiers in pronouncing
the takbir to commence the rakat. While standing in the qiyam
position, the Imam should only recite Surah Al-fatihah from the
Quran, while the second group of soldiers recites Surah Al-
After completing qiyam, the Imam should then lead the second
group of soldiers into ruku.

After completing ruku, the Imam should then lead the second
group of soldiers into i’tidal. Thereafter, the Imam should lead
the second group of soldiers into sujud.
After completing the second prostration of sujud, the Imam
should then lead the second group of soldiers into a brief
sitting in the jalsa position. While sitting in jalsa, the Imam
will remain seated in a prolonged tahsahhud. However, after
completing their first tashahhud, the second group of soldiers
should stand stand in qiyam to begin their third rakah.

(3rd
rakah for the second group and their 1st
individual) The
second group of soldiers should now pronounce the takbir and
perform qiyam individually while the Imam remains seated in
jalsa performing a prolonged tashahhud. While standing in the
qiyam position the second group of soldiers should now recite
Surah Al-Fatihah only from the Quran individually.
soldiers should now enter ruku while the Imam remains seated in
jalsa performing a prolonged tashahhud.

After performing sujud, the second group of soldiers should
briefly sit in jalsa before standing in qiyam.
(4th
rakah for the second group and their 2nd
individual) The
second group of soldiers should now pronounce the takbir and

perform qiyam individually while the Imam remains seated in
jalsa performing a prolonged tashahhud. While standing in the
qiyam position the second group of soldiers should now recite
Surah Al-Fatihah only from the Quran individually.
soldiers should now enter ruku while the Imam remains seated in
jalsa performing a prolonged tashahhud.

After performing sujud, the second group of soldiers should
briefly sit in jalsa and then perform the second tashahhud along
with the Imam.

The Imam will then pronounce the tasleem, and the second group
of soldiers will pronounce their tasleem along with him.
In this scenario, both groups of soldiers will have completed
two complete rakat; one with the Imam and one individually.
The evidence for this ruling is Surah Al-Nisa (4:102) of
the Quran which reads: “When you, O Muhammad, are with them,
leading their Salah (prayer in the state of war), let one party
of them stand up to pray with you armed with their weapons.
After they finish their prostrations, let them withdraw to the
rear and let the other party who have not yet prayed come
forward to pray with you; and let them also be on their guard,
armed with their weapons. The unbelievers wish to see you
neglect your arms and your baggage, so that they could suddenly

attack to overpower you all in one stroke. However, there is no
blame on you if you lay aside your arms because of heavy rain or
because you are sick, but you should still be on your guard.
Allah has prepared a humiliating punishment for the
unbelievers.” Moreover, a hadith collected by Bukhari reports
that Saleh ibn Khawat relates from Saleh ibn Abu Khaithimah,
concerning those who witnessed the Fear Prayer (Salat Al-Khawf)
that was performed in the battle of Dhat-ur-Riqa in the company
of Allah’s Messenger (P.B.U.H.): “One batch lined up behind him
(P.B.U.H.) while another batch (lined up) facing the enemy. The
Prophet (P.B.U.H.) led the batch that was with him in one rakah,
and he stayed in the standing posture (qiyam) while that batch
completed their (two rakat) prayer by themselves and went away,
lining in the face of the enemy, while the other batch came and
he (i.e. the Prophet) offered his remaining rakah with them, and
then, kept on sitting till they completed their prayer by
themselves, and he then finished his prayer with tasleem along
with them.’”
Method 4:
Another method of performing Salat Al-Khawf as a resident
involves the enemy being positioned in a direction other than
the qiblah. As such, one group of soldiers should pray with the
Imam while the other group stands guard against the enemy in

close proximity to those performing salat. The Imam will perform
one complete rakah with the first group while the second group
of soldiers stands guard. Those standing guard do not pray,
rather they stand there defending those Muslims performing
salat. After completing the sujud of the first rakah, the Imam
will stand in qiyam for the second rakah while the first group
of soldiers performs another rakah individually to complete the
salat with only one rakah behind the Imam and one rakah
individually. Afterwards, the first group of soldiers will
switch places with the second group of soldiers standing guard.
The second group of soldiers will now join the Imam and stand
with him in the qiyam of his second rakah; which will be their
first rakah. They will then complete the entire rakah with the
Imam. However, they will not perform the tasleem along with him;
rather, they will stand and perform another complete rakah
individually. Thus, the second group of soldiers will perform
only one complete rakah with the Imam and one rakah
individually. In this scenario, each group of soldiers only
performs one complete rakat with the Imam.
(1st
rakah with the Imam and the first group of soldiers)
The first group of soldiers should perform the opening
Takbiratul-ihram along with the Imam and stand with him for
qiyam.

While standing in the qiyam position, the Imam and the first
qiyam, the Imam should then lead the first group of soldiers
into ruku.
of soldiers into i’tidal (standing from ruku). Thereafter, the
Imam should then lead the second group of soldiers into sujud.

soldiers should briefly sit in jalsa before standing in qiyam
for the second rakah.
However, the Imam should prolong his qiyam while the first group
of soldiers performs one complete rakah individually.

(1st
rakah individually and second overall rakah) The first
group of soldiers should perform the Takbir and stand in qiyam
while the Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam.
section of a Surah from the Quran. After completing qiyam, the
first group of soldiers should then enter into ruku while the
Imam remains standing in a prolonged qiyam.

Next, after completing ruku, the first group of soldiers should
then rise up into I’tidal while the Imam remains standing in his
prolonged qiyam.
Thereafter, the first group of soldiers should then enter sujud
while the Imam remains standing in his prolonged qiyam.
At the completion of sujud, the first group of soldiers should
then sit in the jalsa position and perform the tashahhud.

As the first group of soldiers remains seated in jalsa
performing their tashahhud, the Imam should continue to remain
standing in qiyam. Then, after completing the tashahhud, the
first group of soldiers should now complete this version of
Salat Al-Khawf by performing the tasleem individually.

After performing the tasleem, the first group of soldiers should
then leave their position behind the Imam and notify the second
group of soldiers that they are being relieved of their guard
duty. The second group of soldiers should now join the Imam in
qiyam to begin their first rakah.
(2nd
The Imam will now lead the second group of soldiers in the qiyam
position. This will be the Imam’s second rakah and the first
rakah for the second group of soldiers.

While standing in the qiyam position. The Imam and the second
into ruku.
After completing ruku, the Imam should now lead the second group
of soldiers into i’tidal (rising from ruku with both arms down
by the sides of the body).

Thereafter, the Imam should lead the second group of soldiers
into sujud.
Then, after the Imam and the second group of soldiers complete
the second prostration of sujud, they should sit briefly in the
jalsa position.

Next, after completing sujud, the second group of soldiers
should stand in qiyam to complete their second rakah
individually while the Imam remains seated in a prolonged
tashahhud.
(2nd
overall rakat and 1st
individual rakah for the second
group) The second group of soldiers should now stand in the
qiyam position while the Imam remains seated in jalsa performing
a prolonged tashahhud. This will be the first individual rakah
for the second group of soldiers.
Then, after completing qiyam, the second group of soldiers
should now enter ruku while the Imam remains seated in jalsa

Next, the second group of soldiers should complete ruku by
rising up into I’tidal while the Imam remains seated in jalsa
Thereafter, the second group of soldiers should enter sujud
while the Imam remains seated in jalsa performing a prolonged
tashahhud.

Next, after performing the two prostrations of sujud, the second
group of soldiers should then join the Imam in the sitting of
jalsa and perform the tashahhud.
soldiers, the Imam should now pronounce the tasleem and the
second group of soldiers should also pronounce the tasleem along
with him.

In this scenario, the Imam completes two rakat. However, both
groups of soldiers will only complete one rakah with the Imam
while the second rakah is performed individually. Nevertheless,
both groups share the reward obtained from the first row behind
the Imam.
The evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by An-
Nasa’i wherein Ibn Abbas reportedly said: “The Prophet
(P.B.U.H.) prayed at Zhi-qard, and he arranged the people into
two rows, one row behind him and one row guarding against the
enemy. The group behind him prayed one rakah (with him) and then
left the place to the other group. The other group then came and
prayed one rakah (with the Prophet), and (neither group) made up
a rakah.”
ADDITIONAL METHODS OF OFFERING SALATUL KHAUF:
Method 1: In this scenario, the enemy is positioned in a
direction other than the qiblah. Both of the groups begin the

prayer with the Imam, and then one group would guard against the
enemy while the other group would pray one rakah with the Imam;
after which they would face the enemy while the other group
would come and pray one rakah by themselves (individually) while
the Imam is standing. Then, they would join him in what is the
Imam’s and their second rakah. At that point, the group which
had gone to face the enemy would come and pray one rakah (their
second) individually while the others would be sitting (in salah
waiting for them to sit in their second rakah), after which the
Imam would make the taslim and both groups would make the taslim
together (behind the Imam).
(1st
rakah) Both group of soldiers should perform the
opening Takbiratul-ihram with the Imam. One group should stand
with the Imam for qiyam while the other group stands guard
against an attack from the enemy.

While standing in the qiyam position, The Imam and the muqtadis
should recite Al-Fatihah and another Surah or section of a Surah
from the Quran. The Imam will perform one complete rakah (qiyam,
ruku, sujud, tashahhud) with the first group of soldiers. After
completing qiyam, the Imam and the first group should now
perform ruku.
After completing ruku, the Imam should lead the first group into
i’tidal (rising up from ruku). Thereafter, the Imam should lead
the first group of soldiers into sujud.

soldiers should briefly sit in the jalsa position.
The Imam should now pronounce the takbir and stand for the qiyam
of the second rakah while the first group of soldiers swaps
places with those soldiers standing guard.

(1st
individual rakah for the second group of soldiers) The
Imam remains standing in qiyam while the second group of
soldiers (those whom have not yet prayed) joins him.
However, they will perform one complete rakah own their own
without him. As such, the second group of soldiers should
pronounce the takbir to commence the rakah. While standing in
the qiyam position, second group of soldiers should recite Al-
After completing qiyam, the second group should now enter ruku
while the Imam remains standing in qiyam.

After rising up from ruku into i’tidal, the second group of
soldiers should perform sujud while the Imam remains standing in
qiyam.
After prostrating in sujud, the second group should briefly sit
in jalsa while the Imam remains standing in qiyam.

The second group should now join the Imam by standing with him
in qiyam.
This is the second rakah for both the Imam and the second group
of soldiers. The first group of soldiers whom initially
performed one rakah with the Imam and relieved the second group
will actually remain standing guard against the enemy while the
Imam performs one complete rakah with the second group of
soldiers (their second rakah, but first with the Imam).
The second group of soldiers should pronounce the takbir to
commence the second rakah and join the Imam in performing qiyam.
Then, after completing qiyam, the Imam and the second group of
soldiers should now perform ruku together.

After performing ruku, the Imam and the second group of soldiers
should rise up into i’tidal and then perform sujud together.
After performing sujud, the Imam and the second group of
soldiers should now sit briefly in jalsa. Thereafter, they
should perform the tashahhud together.

While performing the tashahhud together, the Imam and the second
group of soldiers should prolong their tashahhud and remain
seated in the jalsa position.
The first group of soldiers (whom have actually performed only
one rakah) will now leave their position as guards and join the
Imam and the second group of soldiers in order to perform their
second rakah.
The Imam and the second group of soldiers seated in jalsa will
stand guard (in the jalsa position) while the first group of
solders performs their second rakah own their own.

(2nd
rakah for the first group) The Imam and the second
group of soldiers remain seated in jalsa while the first group
performs qiyam. The first group of soldiers should pronounce the
takbir in qiyam in order to commence the rakah. Surah Al-Fatihah
should be recited along with another Surah or section of a
Surah.
After completing qiyam, the first group of soldiers should now
enter ruku while the Imam and the second group of soldiers
remain seated in jalsa.

After completing ruku by rising up in i’tidal, the first group
of soldiers should now enter sujud while the Imam and the second
group of soldiers remain seated in jalsa.
After completing sujud, the first group should now enter sit
briefly in jalsa and join the Imam and the second group in

After the first group of soldiers completes their tashahhud,
both groups of soldiers should now perform the tasleem along
with the Imam.
In this instance all parties complete two rakat of Salat Al-
Khawf.
The evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by Abu
Dawud wherein Abu Huraira reportedly said: “I prayed Salat Al-
khawf with the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) during the year of
the Battle of Najd. He stood to pray Asr and one group stood
with him while the other group was faced the enemy with their
backs toward the qiblah. When he made the takbir, all the people
made the takbir that is, those with him and those facing the

enemy. Then, he (P.B.U.H.) performed one rakah and the group
with him also performed their ruku and sujjud with him while the
others were still facing the enemy. Next, the group which was
with the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) went to face the enemy while the
other group came and prayed one rakah and the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
kept standing [in prayer] as he was. Then, he (P.B.U.H.)
performed the ruku and the new group performed the ruku with him
and he performed the sajdah and they performed the sajdah with
him. After this, the group which had gone to face the enemy came
and prayed one rakah while the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) and those with
him were sitting [in prayer]. Finally, the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
made taslim and both groups made the taslim with him. The
Prophet (P.B.U.H.) prayed two rakat and both groups prayed two
rakat.”
MAGHRIB:
According to Fiqh-Us-Sunnah, Volume 2, Page 108, under the
heading, How to pray Maghrib during times of fear, “The sunset
prayer is not to be shortened and there is no hadith which
states how it is to be prayed during times of fear. Therefore,
the scholars differ over how it is to be performed. The Hanafi
and Maliki Schools of Thought say that the Imam is to pray two
rakat with the first group and then one rakah with the second
group. Ash-Shaf’i and Ahmad Ibn Hanbal say it is permissible for

the Imam to pray one rakah with the first group and then two
rakat with the second group as it has been related that 'Ali
performed it in that manner. Allah knows best!
PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF WITH WEAPONS IN HAND:
Due to the threat posed by an enemy that would attack the
Muslims while knowing full well that they are engaged in prayer,
the Muslim army should strategically perform Salat Al-Khawf with
their weapons in hand. Nevertheless, to avoid undue hardship,
Allah permits the Muslims to put aside their arms when they are
suffering from illness and are confronted with obstacles such
inclement weather.

The evidence for this ruling is Surah Al-Nisa of the Quran
(4:102). The verse in question reads as follows: “When you, O
Muhammad, are with them, leading their Salah (prayer in the
state of war), let one party of them stand up to pray with you;
armed with their weapons. After they finish their prostrations,
let them withdraw to the rear and let the other party who have
not yet prayed come forward to pray with you; and let them also
be on their guard, armed with their weapons. The unbelievers
wish to see you neglect your arms and your baggage, so that they
could suddenly attack, to overpower you all in one stroke.
However, there is no blame on you if you lay aside your arms
because of heavy rain or because you are sick, but you should
still be on your guard. Allah has prepared a humiliating
punishment for the unbelievers.”

PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF WHILE EITHER RIDING OR ON FOOT:
The Muslim soldiers are even permitted to perform Salat Al-
Khawf while either on foot or while riding when danger is
imminent. Consequently, in this situation, one is even allowed
to walk and fight while performing Salat Al-Khawf.

The evidence for the permissibility to perform salat while
either on foot or riding is Surah Al-Baqarah (2:239) of the
Quran which reads: “If ye fear (an enemy) pray on foot or riding
(as may be most convenient) but when ye are in security
celebrate Allah's praises in the manner He has taught you which
ye knew not (before).”
Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir for Surah Al-Nisa (4:102) under the
heading, “The Description of The Fear Prayer,” reports that a
number of scholars maintain that when one is performing Salat
Al-Khawf while either riding or on foot, they are permitted to
pray only one rakah. This fact is evident from a hadith
collected by Imam Muslim wherein Ibn Abbas narrated: “By the
words of your Prophet (P.B.U.H.), Allah has ordained the prayer
of four rakat while residing, two rakat while traveling, and one
rakah during fear.” This is also the view of Ahmad bin Hanbal.
Likewise, Abu Asim Al-Abadi mentioned that Muhammad bin Nasr Al-
Marwazi said the Fajr prayer also becomes one rakah during fear.
This is also the opinion of Ibn Hazm. Lastly, Ishaq bin Rahwayh
is reported to have said, “When a battle is raging, one rakah
during which you nod your head (not able to perform ruku or
sujud due to being occupied with combat) is sufficient for
you...”

PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF WHEN THE ENEMY IS POSITIONED IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE QIBLAH:
If the enemy is in the direction of the qiblah, then the
Imam/leader of the Muslims should form them into two rows and
start leading all of them in prayer; bowing with all of them and
standing up with all of them. Then when the Imam/leader
prostrates the first row only should prostrate with him and the
second row should remain standing, keeping guard. When he stands
up, the first row should stand with him and the back row should
prostrate. Then when they stand up, the back row should move
forward and the front row should move backward, then he should
lead them all in the second rakah, standing and bowing with all
of them, then when he prostrates the row which moved forward,
which was in the back during the first rakah, should prostrate

with him, then when he sits to recite the tashahhud the back row
should prostrate. When they sit to recite the tashahhud the
Imam/leader of the Muslims should say the tasleem with all of
them. This method of Salat Al-Khawf should only be done when the
enemy is in the direction of the qiblah. The evidence for this
ruling is a hadith collected by Muslim wherein Jabir ibn Abd-
Allah reportedly said: “I was present during the fear prayer
with the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.). We formed two rows, one
row behind the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.), and the enemy was
between us and the qiblah. The Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
said takbeer and we all said takbeer. Then he bowed and we all
bowed. Then he (P.B.U.H.) raised his head from bowing and we all
raised our heads. Then he (P.B.U.H.) and the row that was
directly behind him went down in prostration, and the back row
remained standing, facing the enemy. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
had finished prostrating, the row that was directly behind him
stood up, and the back row went down in prostration and then
stood up. Then the back row went forward and the front row moved
back. Then the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) bowed and we all bowed, then
he raised his head from bowing and we all raised our heads. Then
he (P.B.U.H.) and the row that was directly behind him, that had
been in the back during the first rakah, went down in
prostration, and the back row remained standing, facing the
enemy. When the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) and the row that was directly

behind him had finished prostrating, the back row went down in
prostration. Then the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) said the tasleem and we
all did likewise.”
PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF WHEN THE ENEMY IS POSITIONED IN A
DIRECTION OTHER THAN THE QIBLAH:
If the Muslims are engaged in battle with the enemy in a
direction other than the qiblah, the leader/Imam should divide
the army into two groups. One segment of the Muslim army should
pray with the leader/Imam while the remaining group of Muslim
soldiers faces the enemy. This strategy of having one segment of
the Muslim soldiers stand guard serves to protect against a
sneak attack from the enemy.
When performing Salat al-Khawf in this instance, the
leader/Imam should lead the first group in praying one rakah;

then when he stands up for the second rakah after performing
ruku and sujud, they (The Followers in Prayer [Muqtadis]) should
complete the prayer by themselves, i.e., they should intend to
pray alone and complete the prayer by themselves, whilst the
leader/Imam remains standing. Then when they have completed the
prayer by themselves, they should go and stand where the second
group was positioned, facing the enemy; and the second group of
soldiers should come and join the leader/Imam in the second
rakah. At this time, the leader/Imam should make the second
rakah longer than the first, in order to allow the second group
adequate time to catch up with him. Therefore, the second group
of soldiers should join the leader/Imam and he should lead them
in the remaining rakah; then he should sit in the jalsa position
and recite the tashahhud. When the leader/Imam sits to recite
the tashahhud, this group (the second group of soldiers) should
get up immediately after prostrating and complete the remaining
rakah; then catch up with the leader/Imam for the tashahhud,
after which he should lead them in saying the tasleem. This
version is in accordance with the apparent meaning of Surah Al-
Nisa (4:102) of the Quran which reads: “When you (O Muhammed)
are among them, and lead them in As‑Salah (the prayer), let one
party of them stand up [in salah (prayer)] with you taking their
arms with them; when they finish their prostrations, let them
take their positions in the rear and let the other party come up

which have not yet prayed, and let them pray with you taking all
the precautions and bearing arms.” Further evidence is found in
a hadith collected by Bukhari wherein Malik narrated from Yazeed
ibn Ruman, from Salih ibn Khawwat from one who saw the Messenger
of Allah (P.B.U.H.) on the day of Dhaat al-Riqaa when he offered
the fear prayer, “One group formed rows with him (P.B.U.H.), and
another group faced the enemy. He (P.B.U.H.) led those who were
with him in praying one rakah, then he remained standing and
they completed the prayer by themselves. Then they moved away
and faced the enemy, and the other group came. He (P.B.U.H.) led
them in praying the remaining rakah, then he remained sitting
and they completed the prayer by themselves, then he said the
tasleem with them. Malik said: This is best that I have heard
concerning the fear prayer.”
WHEN THE FEAR IS INTENSE, AND THE IMAM IS UNABLE TO FORM THE
MUSLIM ARMY INTO ROWS TO LEAD THEM IN PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF
IN CONGREGATION:
In instances wherein the Muslim army is engaged in active
combat with an enemy, and the Imam/leader is unable to organize
the soldiers for Salat Al-Khawf in congregation, each Muslim in
this scenario should perform Salat Al-Khawf individually as he
is fighting. The Muslim soldier should perform Salat Al-Khawf
individually regardless of whether he is walking on foot,

riding, facing the qiblah or otherwise. Moreover, the Muslim
soldier should only gesture with his head for bowing in ruku and
prostrating in sujud by making the gesturing with the head for
the prostration of sujud slightly lower than that of the gesture
for ruku.
This fact is evident from Surah Al-Baqarah of the Quran which
reads: “If you are in danger, pray on foot or while riding...”
Furthermore, Al-Sa’di reportedly said (p. 109): “on foot’ means
walking; ‘riding’ means on horseback or camelback or any other
kind of mount. In this case it is not necessary to face towards
the qiblah. This condition of the prayer is exempt because of
fear.” Further evidence for this ruling is a hadith collected by

Bukhari wherein Naafi reported that Abd-Allah ibn Umar described
the fear prayer saying: “If the fear was more intense than that,
then they prayed on foot, standing on their feet, or riding,
facing the qiblah or not facing the qiblah.’ Naafi’ said: ‘I do
not think that Abd-Allah ibn Umar narrated that except from the
Lastly, another hadith from the collection of Bukhari that
was narrated by Ibn Umar reports that the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
said: “If they are more than that, then let them pray standing
and riding.” Likewise, Al-Hafiz allegedly said: “If they are
more than that” refers to the enemy; meaning, that if fear is
intense and the enemy is so vast in number that it is feared
that the Muslims will be divided, in this instance, it is
permissible to pray by omitting those essential components of
the prayer that one is unable to perform. Therefore, one can
move from standing (qiyam) to bowing (ruku) and from bowing
(ruku) to prostrating (sujud), by means of gestures etc.
It is reported in al-Muntaqa Sharh al-Muwatta of Abu al-
Walid al-Baji, the Andalusian Maliki Qadi: “If the fear was more
intense than that” means: a case of fear in which it is not
possible to stand in one spot or to form rows. So they prayed on
foot. That is because fear is of two types: one of which is when
it is possible to stand still and form rows, but there is the

fear that the enemy may attack whilst the Muslims are busy with
the prayer. The second type of fear is that in which it is not
possible to stand in one spot or form rows, such as when under
attack by the enemy. In this case each person should pray as
best he can, on foot or riding.”
COMPLYING WITH THE PROPHETIC TRADITION OF PERFORMING SALAT AL-
KHAWF IN MODERN TIMES:
If it becomes necessary to perform Salat Al-Khawf in modern
times, the Muslim army should adhere to those methods that are
detailed in the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.).
However, if the Muslim army is unable to perform Salat Al-Khawf
in those ways that were observed from the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) due
to the intensity of combat with the enemy, they should attempt
to followed as much of the Sunnah as possible. This fact is from

Surah Al-Taghabun (64:16) of the Quran which reads: “So keep
your duty to Allah and fear Him as much as you can.” Likewise,
Muhammed ibn Abd al-karim al-Khattabi reportedly said: “The
Prophet (P.B.U.H.) prayed on different situations in different
ways. Hence he chose the way that best maintained the normal
form of Salah while still defending the Muslims against the
enemy.”
WHEN THE MUSLIM ARMY IS UNABLE TO PERFORM SALAT AL-KHAWF DUE TO
BEING UNDER ATTACK BY THE ENEMY:
In those instances wherein the Muslim army is unable to
perform Salat Al-Khawf even by indication, whether individually
or following the Imam due to being under constant attack by the
enemy, it is advisable that the prayer be delayed until it is
safe for them to perform it. In fact, the prayer should be
delayed even if its timeframe expires and it has to be performed
as belated. An example of this type of scenario is the incident
which occurred at the Battle of the Trench (Khandaq). The
evidence for this opinion is a hadith collected by Bukhari
wherein Jabir ibn Abdullah narrated: “On the day of Al-khandaq
(the battle of trench.) Umar ibn Al-Khattab came cursing the
disbelievers of Quraysh after the sun had set and said, ‘O
Allah's Apostle (P.B.U.H.) I could not offer the Asr prayer till
the sun had set.’ The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) said, ‘By Allah! I,

too, have not prayed.’ So we turned towards Buthan, and the
Prophet (P.B.U.H.) performed ablution and we too performed
ablution and offered the Asr prayer after the sun had set, and
then he offered the Maghrib prayer.”
It is also worth mentioning that as a result of being
preoccupied with combat, it is likely that Salat Al-Khawf was
not performed during the Battle of the Trench because the
opportunity to do so did not present itself. In fact, the
Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H.) and Umar ibn Al-Khattab could not
pray their beloved Asr salat until after the sun had set; i.e.,
when they were under the safety of darkness; as evident from the
above mention hadith.
NARRATIONS PERTAINING TO SALAT AL-KHAWF:
A hadith from the collection of Abu Dawud that was narrated
by Abu Ayyash Az-Zuraqi reports: “We were with the Messenger of
Allah (P.B.U.H.) in the area of Usfan (a well-known place near
Makkah), when the idolaters met us under the command of Khalid
bin Al-Walid, and they were between us and the Qiblah. The
Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) led us in Zuhr prayer, and the
idolaters said, ‘They were busy with something during which we
had a chance to attack them.’ They then said, ‘Next, there will
be a prayer (Asr) that is dearer to them than their children and
themselves.’ However, Jibril (P.B.U.H.) came down with these

Ayat between the prayers of Zuhr and Asr, ‘(When you, O
Messenger Muhammad) are among them, and lead them in Salah.’
When the time for prayer came, the Messenger of Allah commanded
Muslims to hold their weapons and he made us stand in two lines
behind him. When he bowed, we all bowed behind him. When he
raised his head, we all raised our heads. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.)
then prostrated with the line that was behind him while the rest
stood in guard. When they finished with the prostration and
stood up, the rest sat and performed prostration, while those
who performed it stood up in guard after the two lines exchanged
position. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) then bowed and they all bowed
after him; then they raised their heads after he raised his
head. Then the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) performed prostration with the
line that was behind him, while the rest stood in guard. When
those who made prostration sat, the rest prostrated. The Prophet
(P.B.U.H.) then performed the Tasleem and ended the prayer. The
Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) performed this prayer twice, once
in Usfan and once in the land of Banu Sulaym.’”
A hadith from the Muwatta of Imam Malik reports: “Yahya
related from Malik from Yahya ibn Said from al-Qasim ibn
Muhammad from Salih ibn Khawwat that Sahl ibn Abi Hathma related
to him: ‘The form of the prayer of fear was that the Imam stood
with a group of his companions, while another group faced the

enemy. The Imam prayed one rakah with them, including the
prostration, and then stood. He remained standing while they
completed the remaining rakah by themselves. They then said the
tasleem, left, and formed up opposite the enemy while the Imam
remained standing. Then the others who had not prayed came
forward and said the takbir behind the Imam and he prayed one
rakah with them, including the prostration. He then said the
taslim, while they stood up and prayed the remaining rakah. Then
they said the tasleem.’”
Lastly, according to Islam21c.com, “This is the description
given in Surah an-Nisa; therefore, scholars such as Imam Ahmed
prefer this option. Imam Malik had also originally chosen this
option however he has two views; namely, the latter one being
that the Imam does not remain waiting after the second rakah. He
completes the Salah. The second group then complete the salah
themselves. Imam Malik’s latter view is based on his narration
from Yahya ibn Saeed from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad from Salih ibn
Khawwat from Sahl ibn Abi Hathma. His first view is based on his
narration from Yazeed ibn Ruman from Salih ibn Khawwat from
someone who prayed salat al-khawf with the Prophet at That ar-
Riqa’. This is the narration of al-Bukhari and Muslim.”
Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn Abbas allegedly said, “Once
the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) led the Fear prayer and the people stood

behind him. He (P.B.U.H.) said Allahu-Akbar and the people said
the same. He (P.B.U.H.) bowed and some of them bowed. Then he
(P.B.U.H.) prostrated and they also prostrated. Then he
(P.B.U.H.) stood for the second rakah and those who had prayed
the first rakah left and guarded their brothers. The second
party joined him (P.B.U.H.) and performed bowing and prostration
with him (P.B.U.H.). All the people were in prayer, but they
were guarding one another during the prayer.”
A hadith in the collection of An Nasa’i that was narrated
by Jabir bin Abdullah reports: “The Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) led them in the Fear prayer. A group of them stood
before him and a group behind him. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) led
those who were behind him with one rakah and two prostrations.
They then moved to the position of those who did not pray, while
the others stood in their place, and the Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) performed one rakah and two prostrations and then
said the Salam. Therefore, the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) prayed two
rakat while they prayed one.”
A hadith in the collection of Bukhari reports that Ibn Abi
Hatim narrated that Salim said that his father said, “(When you,
O Messenger Muhammad) are among them, and lead them in Salah
refers to the Fear prayer. The Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) led
one group and prayed one rakah, while the second group faced the

enemy. Then the second group that faced the enemy came and
Allah's Messenger (P.B.U.H.) led them, praying one rakah, and
then said the Salam (taslim). Each of the two groups then stood
up and prayed one more rakah each (while the other group stood
in guard).”
A hadith in the collection of Imam Muslim that was narrated
by Jabir reports: “We went out with the Messenger of Allah
(P.B.U.H.) to fight some people from Juhaynah, and they fought
us fiercely. When we prayed Zuhr, the mushrikeen said: ‘If we
had attacked them then, we would have finished them off.’
Jibreel (P.B.U.H.) informed the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.)
about that, and the Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) told us about
it. He (P.B.U.H.) said: They said: ‘There will come to them a
prayer that is dearer to them than their children. When the time
for Asr came, we formed two rows, and the mushrikeen were
between us and the qiblah ...’ Then he stated that the Messenger
of Allah (P.B.U.H.) led them in offering the fear prayer.’”
Further evidence is found in a hadith collected by Bukhari
wherein Salih Khawwat or Sahl bin Abi Hathmah concerning those
who witnessed the Fear Prayer that was performed in the battle
of Dhat-ur-Riqa in the company of Allah’s Messenger (P.B.U.H.):
“One batch lined up behind him while another batch (lined up)
facing the enemy. The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) led the batch that was
with him in one rakah, and he stayed in the standing posture

while that batch completed their (two rakat) prayer by
themselves and went away, lining in the face of the enemy, while
the other batch came and he (i.e. the Prophet) offered his
remaining rakah with them, and then, kept on sitting till they
completed their prayer by themselves, and he then finished his
prayer with tasleem along with them.”
DHIKR TO ALLAH AFTER PERFORMING SALAT AL-KHAWF:

After completing Salat Al-Khawf, it is recommended that one
seek Allah’s blessings by performing dhikr. Moreover, although
dhikr is encouraged after completing the five obligatory daily
salat, during instances such as jihad wherein the pillars of the
salat are generally diminished, performing dhikr at this time is
ideal. The evidence for this directive is the hadith of Imam
Muslim wherein Abu Hurayrah reportedly said: “The Messenger of
Allah(P.B.U.H.) said, ‘Whoever glorifies Allah (says Subhaan
Allah) thirty-three times immediately after each prayer, and
praises Allah (says Al-hamdu Lillaah) thirty-three times, and
magnifies Allah (says Allahu akbar) thirty-three times, this
makes ninety-nine, then to complete one hundred says Laa ilaaha
ill-Allah wahdahu laa shareeka lahu, lahu’l-mulk wa lahu’l-hamd
wa huwa‘ala kulli shay’in qadeer (There is no god except Allah
Alone, with no partner, His is the power and His is the praise,
and Heis Able to do all things) – his sins will be forgiven even
if they are like the foam of the sea.’”
The evidence for the diagram listed above is a hadith
collected by Imam Muslim wherein Kab bin Ujrah (RA) reportedly
said: “The Messenger of Allah (P.B.U.H.) said, ‘There are some
words, the reciters of which will never be disappointed. These
are: Tasbih [saying Subhan-Allah (Allah is free from
imperfection)], thirty-three times, Tahmid [saying Al-hamdu

lillah (praise be to Allah)] thirty-three times, and Takbir
[saying Allahu Akbar (Allah is The Greatest)] thirty-four times;
and these should be recited after the conclusion of every
prescribed prayer.’”
COMMON DHIKR COUNTING METHOD:
In the above diagram, begin the counting by using the tip
of the thumb to count the finger tips and lines of the joints;

starting with the tip of the thumb against the tip of the pinky
finger. (It is strongly encouraged to perform the act of worship
on the right hand)
Begin counting tasbeeh by using the tip of the index finger
to count the first three lines of the thumb, beginning with the
top line. 2nd, take the tip of the thumb and count the first
three lines on all fingers beginning with the top line of the
index finger. 3rd, continue the count, this time start with the

top line of the pinky finger and continue until finished
counting the index finger. 4th,continue the count, this time
start by taking the tip of the index finger to count the first
three lines of the thumb, beginning with the top line (the lines
of the thumb is counted a total of 9 times).
With regard to this matter, Shaykh Assim Al-Hakeem states:
“There is no explicit statement with regard to the exact manner
in which the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) performed dhikr with his right
hand; i.e., the manner of counting on the finger joints, other
than the number of times for saying each. All what is known is
that one should make dhikr on the right hand with their fingers,
as this is the Sunnah.”
SOUTH CAROLINA MUSLIM
https://sites.google.com/site/scmuslim/

Salat al khawf the fear prayer in islam

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Salat al khawf the fear prayer in islam