Scaling Hadoop at LinkedIn
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LinkedIn leverages the Apache Hadoop ecosystem for its big data analytics. Steady growth of the member base at LinkedIn along with their social activities results in exponential growth of the analytics infrastructure. Innovations in analytics tooling lead to heavier workloads on the clusters, which generate more data, which in turn encourage innovations in tooling and more workloads. Thus, the infrastructure remains under constant growth pressure. Heterogeneous environments embodied via a variety of hardware and diverse workloads make the task even more challenging. This talk will tell the story of how we doubled our Hadoop infrastructure twice in the past two years. • We will outline our main use cases and historical rates of cluster growth in multiple dimensions. • We will focus on optimizations, configuration improvements, performance monitoring and architectural decisions we undertook to allow the infrastructure to keep pace with business needs. • The topics include improvements in HDFS NameNode performance, and fine tuning of block report processing, the block balancer, and the namespace checkpointer. • We will reveal a study on the optimal storage device for HDFS persistent journals (SATA vs. SAS vs. SSD vs. RAID). • We will also describe Satellite Cluster project which allowed us to double the objects stored on one logical cluster by splitting an HDFS cluster into two partitions without the use of federation and practically no code changes. • Finally, we will take a peek at our future goals, requirements, and growth perspectives. SPEAKERS Konstantin Shvachko, Sr Staff Software Engineer, LinkedIn Erik Krogen, Senior Software Engineer, LinkedIn
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Scaling Hadoop at LinkedIn
- 1. Scaling Hadoop at LinkedIn Konstantin V Shvachko Sr. Staff Software Engineer Zhe Zhang Engineering Manager Erik Krogen Senior Software Engineer
- 2. Continuous Scalability as a Service LINKEDIN RUNS ITS BIG DATA ANALYTICS ON HADOOP 1 More Members More Social Activity More Data & Analytics
- 3. Hadoop Infrastructure ECOSYSTEM OF TOOLS FOR LINKEDIN ANALYTICS • Hadoop Core • Storage: HDFS • Compute: YARN and MapReduce • • – workflow scheduler • Dali – data abstraction and access layer for Hadoop • ETL: • Dr. Elephant – artificially intelligent, polite, but uncompromising bot • – distributed SQL engine for interactive analytic 2 TensorFlow
- 4. More Data Growth Spiral THE INFRASTRUCTURE IS UNDER CONSTANT GROWTH PRESSURE 3 More ComputeMore Nodes
- 5. Cluster Growth 2015 - 2017 THE INFRASTRUCTURE IS UNDER CONSTANT GROWTH PRESSURE 4 0 1 2 3 4 DEC 2015 DEC 2016 DEC 2017 Space Used (PB) Objects(Millions) Tasks(Millions/Day)
- 6. HDFS Cluster STANDARD HDFS ARCHITECTURE • HDFS metadata is decoupled from data • NameNode keeps the directory tree in RAM • Thousands of DataNodes store data blocks • HDFS clients request metadata from active NameNode and stream data to/from DataNodes DataNodes Active NameNode Standby NameNode JournalNodes 5
- 8. Homogeneous Hardware ELUSIVE STARTING POINT OF A CLUSTER 7
- 9. Heterogeneous Hardware PERIODIC CLUSTER EXPANSION ADDS A VARIETY OF HARDWARE 8
- 10. Balancer MAINTAINS EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF DATA AMONG DATANODES • DataNodes should be filled uniformly by % used space • Locality principle: more data => more tasks => more data generated • Balancer iterates until the balancing target is achieved • Each iteration moves some blocks from overutilized to underutilized nodes • Highly multithreaded. Spawns many dispatcher threads. In a thread: • getBlocks() returns a list of blocks of total size S to move out of sourceDN • Choose targetDN • Schedule transfers from sourceDN to targetDN 9
- 11. Balancer Optimizations BALANCER STARTUP CAUSES JOB TIMEOUT • Problem 1. At the start of each Balancer iteration threads hit NameNode at once • Increase RPC CallQueue length => user jobs timeout • Solution. Disperse Balancer calls at startup over 10 sec period. Restricts the number of RPC calls from Balancer to NameNode to 20 calls per second • Problem 2. Inefficient block iterator in getBlocks() • NameNode iterates blocks from a randomly selected startBlock index. • Scans all blocks from the beginning, instead of jumping to startBlock position. • 4x reduction in exec time for getBlocks() from 40ms down to 9ms • Result: Balancer overhead on NameNode performance is negligible HDFS-11384 HDFS-11634 10
- 13. POP QUIZ What do Hadoop clusters and particle colliders have in common? Hadoop Large Hadron Particle Collider 12
- 14. POP QUIZ What do Hadoop clusters and particle colliders have in common? Hadoop Large Hadron Particle Collider Improbable events happen all the time! 13
- 15. Optimization of Block Report Processing DATANODES REPORT BLOCKS TO THE NAMENODE VIA BLOCK REPORTS • DataNodes send periodic block reports to the NameNode (6 hours) • Block report lists all the block replicas on the DataNode • The list contains block id, generation stamp and length for each replica • Found a rare race condition in processing block reports on the NameNode • Race with repeated reports from the same node • The error recovers itself on the next successful report after six hours • HDFS-10301, fixed the bug and simplified the processing logic • Block reports are expensive as they hold the global lock for a long time • Designed segmented block report proposal HDFS-11313 14
- 17. Upgrade to Hadoop 2.7 COMMUNITY RELEASE PROCESS • Motivation: chose 2.7 as the most stable branch compared to 2.8, 2.9, 3.0 • The team contributed majority of commits to 2.7 since 2.7.3 • Release process • Worked with the community to lead release • Apache Hadoop release v 2.7.4 (Aug 2017) • Testing, performance benchmarks • Community testing: automated and manual testing tools • Apache BigTop integration and testing • Performance testing with Dynamometer • Benchmarks: TestDFSIO, Slive, GridMix 16
- 18. Upgrade to Hadoop 2.7 INTEGRATION INTO LINKEDIN ENVIRONMENT • Comprehensive testing plan • Rolling upgrade • Balancer • OrgQueue • Per-component testing • Pig, Hive, Spark, Presto • Azkaban, Dr. Elephant, Gobblin • Production Jobs 17 • What went wrong? • DDOS of InGraphs with new metrics • Introduced new metrics turned ON by default • Large scale required to cause the issue
- 20. Small File Problem “Keeping the mice away from the elephants” 19
- 21. Small File Problem • “Small file” is less than one block • Each requires at least two objects: block & inode • Small files bloat the memory usage of NameNode & lead to numerous RPC calls to NameNode • Block-to-inode ratio steadily decreasing; now at 1.11 • 90% of our files are small! 20
- 22. Satellite Cluster Project IDENTIFY THE MICE: SYSTEM LOGS Data Volume • Realization: many of these small files were logs (YARN, MR, Spark…) • Average size of log files: 100KB! • Only accessed by framework/system daemons • NodeManager • MapReduce / Spark AppMaster • MapReduce / Spark History Server • Dr. Elephant Logs 0.07% Objects Logs 43.5% 21
- 23. Satellite Cluster Project GIVE THE MICE THEIR OWN CLUSTER • Two separate clusters, one ~100x more nodes than the other • Operational challenge: how to bootstrap? > 100M files to copy • Write new logs to new cluster • Custom FileSystem presents combined read view of both clusters’ files • Log retention policy eventually deletes all files on old cluster * Additional details in appendix 22
- 24. Satellite Cluster Project ARCHITECTURE Primary Cluster Satellite Cluster Log Files Bulk data transfer stays internal to the primary cluster Same namespace capacity (one active NameNode) but much cheaper due to smaller data capacity (fewer DataNodes) 23
- 26. Dynamometer • Realistic performance benchmark & stress test for HDFS • Open sourced on LinkedIn GitHub, hope to contribute to Apache • Evaluate scalability limits • Provide confidence before new feature/config deployment 25
- 27. Dynamometer SIMULATED HDFS CLUSTER RUNS ON YARN • Real NameNode, fake DataNodes to run on ~5% the hardware • Replay real traces from production cluster audit logs Dynamometer Driver DataNode DataNode DataNode DataNode • • • YARN Node • • • YARN Node NameNode Dynamometer Infrastructure Application Workload MapReduce Job Host YARN Cluster Simulated Client Simulated Client Simulated ClientSimulated Client 26
- 29. Nonfair Locking • NameNode uses a global read-write lock which supports two modes: • Fair: locks are acquired in FIFO order (HDFS default) • Nonfair: locks can be acquired out of order • Nonfair locking discriminates writes, but benefits reads via increased read parallelism • NameNode operations are > 95% reads 28
- 30. Dynamometer EXAMPLE: PREDICTION OF FAIR VS NONFAIR NAMENODE LOCKING PERFORMANCE RequestWaitTime Requests Per Second Dynamometer (Fair) Production (Fair) Dynamometer (Unfair) Production (Unfair) Dynamometer predictions closely mirror observations post-deployment 29
- 31. Nonfair Locking IN ACTION Nonfair locking deployed RPCQueueTimeAvgTime 30
- 33. Optimal Journaling Device BENCHMARK METHODOLOGY • Persistent state of NameNode • Latest checkpoint FSImage. Periodic 8 hour intervals • Journal EditsLog – latest updates to the namespace • Journal IO workload • Sequential writes of 1KB chunks, no reads • Flush and sync to disk after every write • NNThroughputBenchmark tuned for efficient use of CPU • Ensure throughput is bottlenecked mostly by IOs while NameNode is journaling • Operations: mkdir, create, rename 32
- 34. Optimal Journaling Device HARDWARE RAID CONTROLLER WITH MEMORY CACHE 33 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 mkdirs create rename ops/sec SATA-HD SAS-HD SSD SW-RAID HW-RAID
- 35. Optimal Journaling Device SUMMARY • SATA vs SAS vs SSD vs software RAID vs hardware RAID • SAS is 15-25% better than SATA • SSD is on par with SATA • SW-RAID doesn’t improve performance compared to single SATA drive • HW-RAID provides 2x performance gain vs SATA drives 34
- 37. Open Source Community KEEPING INTERNAL BRANCH IN SYNC WITH UPSTREAM • The commit rule: • Backport to all upstream branches before internal • Ensures future upgrades will have all historical changes • Release management: 2.7.4, 2.7.5, 2.7.6 • Open sourcing of OrgQueue with Hortonworks • 2.9+ GPU support with Microsoft • StandbyNode reads with Uber & PayPal 36
- 38. Next Steps
- 39. What’s Next? 2X GROWTH IN 2018 IS IMMINENT • Stage I. Consistent reads from standby • Optimize for reads: 95% of all operations • Consistent reading is a coordination problem • Stage II. Eliminate NameNode’s global lock • Implement namespace as a KV-store • Stage III. Partitioned namespace • Linear scaling to accommodate increases RPC load HDFS-12943 HDFS-10419 38
- 40. Consistent Reads from Standby Node ARCHITECTURE DataNodes Active NameNode Standby NameNodes JournalNodes Read/Write Read Only• Stale Read Problem • Standby Node syncs edits from Active NameNode via Quorum Journal Manager • Standby state is always behind the Active • Consistent Reads Requirements • Read your own writes • Third-party communication 39 HDFS-12943
- 41. Thank You! Konstantin V Shvachko Zhe Zhang Erik Krogen Sr. Staff Software Engineer Senior Software Engineer Engineering Manager 40
- 42. Appendix
- 43. Satellite Cluster Project IMPLEMENTATION mapreduce.job.hdfs-servers = hdfs://li-satellite-02.grid.linkedin.com:9000 mapreduce.jobhistory.intermediate-done-dir = hdfs://li-satellite-02.grid.linkedin.com:9000/system/mr-history/intermediate mapreduce.jobhistory.done-dir = hdfs://li-satellite-02.grid.linkedin.com:9000/system/mr-history/finished yarn.nodemanager.remote-app-log-dir = hdfs://li-satellite-02.grid.linkedin.com:9000/system/app-logs spark.eventLog.dir = hdfs://li-satellite-02.grid.linkedin.com:9000/system/spark-history • Two clusters li-satellite-01 (thousands of nodes), li-satellite-02 (32 nodes) • FailoverFileSystem – transparent view of /system directory during migration • Access li-satellite-02 first. If not there go to li-satellite-01. listStatus() merges from both • Configuration change for Hadoop-owned services/frameworks: • NodeManager, MapReduce / Spark AppMaster & History Server, Azkaban, Dr. Elephant 42
- 44. Satellite Cluster Project CHALLENGES • Copy >100 million existing files (< 100TB) from li-satellite-01 to li-satellite-02 • Can take > 12 hours, but saturated NameNode before copying a single byte • Solution: FailoverFileSystem created new history files on li-satellite-02 • Removed /system from li-satellite-01 after log retention period passed • Very large block reports • 32 DataNodes each holds 9 million block replicas (vs 200K on normal cluster) • Takes forever to process on NameNode; long lock hold times • Solution: Virtual partitioning of each drive into 10 storages • With 6 drives, block report split into 60 storages per DataNode • 150K blocks per storage – good report size 43