Scientific_foundation_of_health_Module 4.pptx
- 1. Avoiding risks and harmful habits Behaviors that undermine or harm current or future health. Habitual in nature leading to addiction in certain cases.---- contributors to global burden of disease. • Produce pleasurable effects: sensory pleasure – alliesthesia (external stimulus perceived as pleasant if maintains or improves internal homeostasis, perceived as unpleasant if threatens internal homeostasis) The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis • Thrill-seeking behaviour. • Stress reduction, coping mechanisms: avoidance – negative reinforcement. Coping mechanisms are behaviors that aim to avoid stress or unpleasant emotions. These behaviors can be positive (adaptive) or negative (maladaptive) • Developmental state seen as window of vulnerability, risk-taking behaviour. • Problematic family relationships.
- 2. Recovering from addictions • Admit There Is A Problem. The hardest part to recovery is admitting you have an addiction. • Reflect On Your Addiction. • Seek Professional Support. • Appreciate The Benefits of Sobriety. Sobriety refers to the physiological and psychological state of being unaffected by the presence of an intoxicant • Evidence-Based Care. • Identify Your Triggers. • Change Your Environment. • Exercise
- 3. Addiction is Mental Disorder • Substance Use Disorder Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex condition in which there is uncontrolled use of a substance, despite harmful consequences. such as alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs. The most severe SUDs are sometimes called addictions. ADDICTION- Addiction is a chronic disorder with biological, psychological, social and environmental factors influencing its development and maintenance. • Addiction occurs when the act of using a substance takes over these circuits and increases the urge to consume more and more of the substance
- 4. Types of Addictions • Alcoholism/Tobacco • Drugs-Opium, Marijuana, Cocaine, Cannabis-The dried leaves and flowering tops of the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. Cannabis contains active chemicals called cannabinoids that cause drug-like effects all through the body, including the central nervous system and the immune system. Marijuana- a drug, illegal in many countries, that is made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant. Marijuana produces a pleasant feeling of being relaxed if smoked or eaten. • Internet/browsing addiction • Cell phone addiction • Video gaming • Pornography • Sedatives/Anxiolytics/inhalants • Hyper obesity/Morbid obesity
- 5. • Genes affect the degree of reward that individuals experience when initially using a substance (e.g., drugs) or engaging in certain behaviours (e.g., gambling), as well as the way the body processes alcohol or other drugs. • Heightened desire to re-experience use of the substance or behaviour, potentially influenced by psycho- logical(e.g., stress, history of trauma), social (e.g., family or friends & use of a substance), and environ- mental factors (e.g., accessibility of a substance, low cost) can lead to regular use/exposure, with chronic use/exposure leading to brain changes • All addictions are part of mental disorders! Reasons for taking drugs • To feel good - feeling of pleasure • To feel better — relieve stress, forget problems, or feel numb • To do better — improve performance or thinking • Curiosity and peer pressure or experimenting
- 6. Symptoms of substance use disorder • Risky use: substance is used in risky settings; continued use despite known problems • Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug. • It’s causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm. • Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn’t do, such as stealing. • Driving or doing other risky activities when you’re under the influence of the drug.
- 7. Consequences • Brain changes include alterations in cortical (pre-frontal cortex) and sub- cortical (limbic system) regions involving the neuro-circuitry of reward, motivation, memory, impulse control and judgment. • This can lead to dramatic increases in cravings for a drug or activity, as well as impairments in the ability to successfully regulate this impulse, despite the knowledge and experience of many consequences related to the addictive behaviour.
- 8. Complications • Getting a communicable disease. • Other health problems. Drug addiction can lead to a range of both short-term and long-term mental and physical health problems. These depend on what drug is taken. • While driving more likely do other dangerous activities while under the influence causing accidents. • People who are addicted to drugs die by suicide. • Family problems. Behavioral changes may cause marital or family conflict. • Work issues. Decline in performance at work, absenteeism and eventual loss of employment. • Problems at school. Academic performance and motivation to excel in school. • Legal issues. While buying or possessing illegal drugs, stealing to support the drug addiction, driving while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. • Financial problems.
- 9. How to recover from addictions • Treating Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) • The first step is recognition of the problem • A formal assessment of symptoms: Medical professional • Multiple types of treatment: A combination of medication and individual or group therapy is most effective. • Treatment approaches that address an individual’s specific situation and any co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and social problems is optimal for leading to sustained recovery.
- 10. Treating substance use disorder – Acute detoxification,-Detoxification seeks to minimize the physical harm caused by the abuse of substances. – Prevention and management of withdrawal – Cessation (or rarely, reduction) of use:a ceasing or stopping – Maintenance of abstinence:Those in the treatment group are given the choice of aiming for abstinence or for controlled drinking and sign a contract. Thereafter, they are trained to observe their own drinking behaviour
- 11. What works • Cognitive behavioural therapy: CBT can help addicted patients overcome substance abuse by teaching them to recognize and avoid destructive thoughts and behaviours. • Motivational interviewing: This therapy technique involves structured conversations that help patients in- crease their motivation to overcome substance abuse. • Contingency management. Provide tangible incentives ( rewards that can be seen and quantified)to encourage patients to stay off drugs • Psychodrama and group therapies • Alcoholic Anonymous and Narcotic anonymous • Rehab centers and Therapeutic Communities and other tertiary care centers
- 12. • Health Hazards • Health issues: Cardiovascular, digestive and renal impairment, strokes, HIV/Aids,Cancer, Hepatitis B and C, Lungs, Fetal Alcohol Syndromes, etc. • Mental health issues: Anxiety, depression, Schizophrenias( false belief, seeing or hearing things that doesn’t exist), organic mental disorder due to substance abuse, cognitive dysfunction, personality disorder, etc • Social health issues: Stigma(looking mental disorder people in a negative way), disrupted families, anti-social behaviours, higher crime records and law & order problems.
- 13. • 13 principles of effective drug addiction treatment - Assignment • Addiction is a complex, but treatable, disease that affects brain function and behavior • No single treatment is appropriate for everyone. • Treatment needs to be readily available. • Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug abuse. • Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical. • Counseling: individual and/or group —and other behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of drug abuse treatment Medications are an important element of treatment for many patients, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies. • An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed continually and modified as necessary to ensure it meets his or her changing needs. • Many drug-addicted individuals also have other mental disorders. • Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug abuse. • Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective. • Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously, as lapses during treatment do occur. • Treatment programs should assess patients for the presence of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, as well as provide targeted risk-reduction counseling to help patients modify or change behaviors that place them at risk of contracting or spreading infectious diseases.