Sdlc models
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The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
Sdlc models
- 1. “Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC)” Submitted by:- Aditi Kothari Institute Of Management StudiesInstitute Of Management Studies Marketing Management Year 2014-2016 Guided by:- Prof. Deepak Srivastava
- 2. 1) SDLC MODEL 2) WATERFALL MODEL 4) V-SHAPED SDLC MODEL 5) STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING MODEL 6) RAD 7) INCREAMENTAL SDLC MODEL 8) SPIRAL SDLC MODEL
- 4. SDLC MODEL A framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a software development project.
- 5. WATERFALL MODEL Requirements – defines needed information, function, behavior, performance and interfaces. Design – data structures, software architecture, interface representations, algorithmic details. Implementation – source code, database, user documentation, testing. Test - test the project on completion whether it is able to perform certain task properly. Installation – install the application on the required system. Maintenance – maintain the application in future.
- 6. WATERFALL STRENGTHS • Easy to understand, easy to use • Provides structure to inexperienced staff • Milestones are well understood • Sets requirements stability • Good for management control (plan, staff, track) • Works well when quality is more important than cost or schedule
- 7. WATERFALL DEFICIENCIES • All requirements must be known upfront • Deliverables created for each phase are considered frozen – inhibits flexibility • Can give a false impression of progress • Does not reflect problem-solving nature of software development – iterations of phases • Integration is one big bang at the end • Little opportunity for customer to preview the system (until it may be too late)
- 8. WHEN TO USE THE WATERFALL MODEL • Requirements are very well known • Product definition is stable • Technology is understood • New version of an existing product • Porting an existing product to a new platform.
- 9. V-SHAPED SDLC MODEL • A variant of the Waterfall that emphasizes the verification and validation of the product. • Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development
- 10. Project and Requirements Planning – allocate resources Product Requirements and Specification Analysis – complete specification of the software system Architecture or High-Level Design – defines how software functions fulfill the design Detailed Design – develop algorithms for each architectural component Production, operation and maintenance – provide for enhancement and corrections System and acceptance testing – check the entire software system in its environment Integration and Testing – check that modules interconnect correctly Unit testing – check that each module acts as expected Coding – transform algorithms into software V-SHAPED STEPS
- 11. V-SHAPED STRENGTHS • Emphasize planning for verification and validation of the product in early stages of product development • Each deliverable must be testable • Project management can track progress by milestones • Easy to use
- 12. V-SHAPED WEAKNESSES • Does not easily handle concurrent events • Does not handle iterations or phases • Does not easily handle dynamic changes in requirements • Does not contain risk analysis activities
- 13. WHEN TO USE THE V-SHAPED MODEL • Excellent choice for systems requiring high reliability – hospital patient control applications • All requirements are known up-front • When it can be modified to handle changing requirements beyond analysis phase • Solution and technology are known
- 14. STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING MODEL • Developers build a prototype during the requirements phase • Prototype is evaluated by end users • Users give corrective feedback • Developers further refine the prototype • When the user is satisfied, the prototype code is brought up to the standards needed for a final product.
- 15. STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING STEPS • A preliminary project plan is developed • An partial high-level paper model is created • The model is source for a partial requirements specification • A prototype is built with basic and critical attributes • The designer builds the database user interface algorithmic functions • The designer demonstrates the prototype, the user evaluates for problems and suggests improvements. • This loop continues until the user is satisfied
- 16. STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING STRENGTHS • Customers can “see” the system requirements as they are being gathered • Developers learn from customers • A more accurate end product • Unexpected requirements accommodated • Allows for flexible design and development • Steady, visible signs of progress produced • Interaction with the prototype stimulates awareness of additional needed functionality
- 17. STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING WEAKNESSES • Tendency to abandon structured program development for “code-and-fix” development • Bad reputation for “quick-and-dirty” methods • Overall maintainability may be overlooked • The customer may want the prototype delivered. • Process may continue forever (scope creep)
- 18. WHEN TO USE STRUCTURED EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING • Requirements are unstable or have to be clarified • As the requirements clarification stage of a waterfall model • Develop user interfaces • Short-lived demonstrations • New, original development • With the analysis and design portions of object- oriented development.
- 19. RAPID APPLICATION MODEL (RAD) • Requirements planning phase (a workshop utilizing structured discussion of business problems) • User description phase – automated tools capture information from users • Construction phase – productivity tools, such as code generators, screen generators, etc. inside a time-box. (“Do until done”) • Cutover phase -- installation of the system, user acceptance testing and user training
- 20. RAD STRENGTHS • Reduced cycle time and improved productivity with fewer people means lower costs • Time-box approach mitigates cost and schedule risk • Customer involved throughout the complete cycle minimizes risk of not achieving customer satisfaction and business needs • Focus moves from documentation to code (WYSIWYG). • Uses modeling concepts to capture information about business, data, and processes.
- 21. RAD WEAKNESSES • Accelerated development process must give quick responses to the user • Risk of never achieving closure • Hard to use with legacy systems • Requires a system that can be modularized • Developers and customers must be committed to rapid-fire activities in an abbreviated time frame.
- 22. WHEN TO USE RAD • Reasonably well-known requirements • User involved throughout the life cycle • Project can be time-boxed • Functionality delivered in increments • High performance not required • Low technical risks • System can be modularized
- 23. INCREMENTAL SDLC MODEL Construct a partial implementation of a total system Then slowly add increased functionality The incremental model prioritizes requirements of the system and then implements them in groups. Each subsequent release of the system adds function to the previous release, until all designed functionality has been implemented.
- 24. INCREMENTAL MODEL STRENGTHS • Develop high-risk or major functions first • Each release delivers an operational product • Customer can respond to each build • Uses “divide and conquer” breakdown of tasks • Lowers initial delivery cost • Initial product delivery is faster • Customers get important functionality early • Risk of changing requirements is reduced
- 25. INCREMENTAL MODEL WEAKNESSES • Requires good planning and design • Requires early definition of a complete and fully functional system to allow for the definition of increments • Well-defined module interfaces are required (some will be developed long before others) • Total cost of the complete system is not lower
- 26. WHEN TO USE THE INCREMENTAL MODEL • Risk, funding, schedule, program complexity, or need for early realization of benefits. • Most of the requirements are known up-front but are expected to evolve over time • A need to get basic functionality to the market early • On projects which have lengthy development schedules • On a project with new technology
- 27. SPIRAL SDLC MODEL • Adds risk analysis, and 4gl RAD prototyping to the waterfall model • Each cycle involves the same sequence of steps as the waterfall process model
- 28. SPIRAL MODEL STRENGTHS • Provides early indication of insurmountable risks, without much cost • Users see the system early because of rapid prototyping tools • Critical high-risk functions are developed first • The design does not have to be perfect • Users can be closely tied to all lifecycle steps • Early and frequent feedback from users • Cumulative costs assessed frequently
- 29. SPIRAL MODEL WEAKNESSES • Time spent for evaluating risks too large for small or low- risk projects • Time spent planning, resetting objectives, doing risk analysis and prototyping may be excessive • The model is complex • Risk assessment expertise is required • Spiral may continue indefinitely • Developers must be reassigned during non-development phase activities • May be hard to define objective, verifiable milestones that indicate readiness to proceed through the next iteration
- 30. WHEN TO USE SPIRAL MODEL • When creation of a prototype is appropriate • When costs and risk evaluation is important • For medium to high-risk projects • Long-term project commitment unwise because of potential changes to economic priorities • Users are unsure of their needs • Requirements are complex • New product line • Significant changes are expected (research and exploration)
- 31. THANK YOU