![• Early Development The female usually releases about one million eggs. About 0.75 million eggs can be stocked in
750 litres of water. After fertilization, the eggs undergo cleavage (pl,I,B) transformed into blastnla stage (pU,e) next
day. The eggs are spherical, white lmd visible 9 the naked ye and are found fl oating. The diameter of th· eggs vati s
from 180 t.o 200 u. n the lihil'd day; auticularia larva (plI} p1 .TI, A wu wrmed. 'fha allfioularias ar-e fed on the
micl'oalga Isochry is galbans and a mixed cultlrB dominated by the specie$ of diastQma haetoceros sp. and
Skelctonema sp. The aulicularia actively fe d 011 h;o.chl"J'sis galbana. The mou h region exhibited COTlRt:ant
pulsadn~ movements and !,he yellowish· green CQncentr~t.ion of thE! fe d in the tomach is s n in circular roM mant,
As days paSScon tll llUl;CU] ana becom more and mQ're transpllren fl11d th lateral proj ctions bacome mar
prominent. On each 'id of the ItTVIl there-are four tu tera' pro) ctions and at the ti p of each projecti on lh ra is a
roun.d /itrlctur . The pte~ral and ana! bands have a number of pigment s'pots, The length of a"uricu1aria at thi stagll
vanes from 660 01050 u. Soml) of h aricu1aria are SID nerin size. A few of the auricularia are tran formed into
do)io)aria stag on (pi.U,B) Qn th~tenth day. Th doliolaria aM·barl'lll-sh'lped with nv hllt~ds and with two tenta,dell
proj ling-out. the posterior portion is slightly tapering . On o.ach side the'l'e ar five round structures with ossicle-
distinc at the posterior end. The doliolaria move fast in the forward direction. Their length vali6l3 from 420 1'.0 570 u.
On he thir~ nth day, SQID ofth doliolaria l'ansform into p ntactula stage (pUi,c); Tho hody ()fp ntactula i' tubular "fth
five t ntaclp.!1 at the anteriol' end and WIth one short stu$PY tube-fooL at the postc. :or end. The cloacal opening
is"distinct. The colour is greenish brown. The length varies from 330 to 750 u. By 18th day, the tubefeet and tentacles
become more distinct and a number of tables are seen projecting from the skin. The tentacles have a web in hetween
them. At the postelior end, two long tubefeet are Sell[l. The spires'of tb tables are projecting fr om the skin, The't
otowi !iI .and ub feet also have tabl.es, The length of the pe.cimel'l~ varies f.ronl5fiO t(l720 u. Thep ,ntactu1a hllv the
habit of moving to the edg'e of the tank andremalojust below the surface of water. Soon they settle down at the bottom
of the tank. The seed (pl. II,D) produced is transferred after two months.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/seacucumberaquaculture-220731181617-2da31abd/85/Sea-cucumber-Reproductive-biology-and-Aquaculture-9-320.jpg)
Sea cucumber Reproductive biology and Aquaculture
- 1. Sea cucumber breeding biology and Aquaculture & nutrional importance By B. Bhaskar
- 2. Introduction • Phylum: Echinodermata & Class: Holothuroidea,.order: Aspidochirotida; family: Holothuriidae; genus Holothuria: species: H. Scabra; common name golden sand fish. • Seacucumbers were first decribed by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. • Holothuroids classified based on exyternal morphology, as tentacles(minute calcareous elements in dermis(spicules or sclerites). Number& Shape of tentacles are imp factors. • Dendrochirotida(10), Aspidochirotida(18-30), Apodida(12-25), Molpadida(15)& Elasipodida have 10-20 tentacles. • Shape of ossicles rods, perforated plates, buttons, tables, rosettes, cups, anchors, wheels and C-shaped. • DNA nucleotide sequences can now be used to identify seacucumber species& infer their phylogenetic relationships. Mitochondrial genomic DNA(mtDNA), which evolves at high rate without recombination, is considered as potential marker & Mitochondrial gene (COI, 16 S RNA)for the identification of the species. • More than 1400 sea cucumbers constituting 160 genera are found in benthic environments from intertidal to deepest oceanic trenches, of this more than 70 seacucumbers species commercially exploited worldwide.
- 3. Digestion methods for dermal ossicles • To clearly observe the dermal ossicles, digestion of the body wall is needed. • Common method for dissolving body wall in 5-10% NAOH, or 10% NaCLO (liquid household bleach) solution until ossicles are liberated. Then ossicles are rinsed in distilled water changing several time. • Another method, treating body wall with protease lysis solution(10mmol L-1 Tris-HCl, PH=8; 10mmol L-1 EDTA, PH =8; 0.4% SDS; 0.2 mg ml-1 protease K) at 50 degree Centigrade until the ossicles are precipitated.
- 4. Identifying processed products • Sea cucumbers are typically eviscerated, boiled& Dried to be commercialized as beche-de-mer. • Cooked& dried sea cucumbers are dark gray to dark brown& have pointed protrusions in rows along the body. • PCR can be used to identify frozen or dried sea cucumbers& found certain products. • PCR-RFLP & FINS methods are also useful to detect the fraudulent labeling of sea cucumber products.
- 5. Anatomy: Digestive system: • Digestive system: • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine (Anterior intestine, middle intestine, posterior intestine), cloaca & anus.
- 6. Life stages and few species of seacucumbers
- 7. Brood stock conditioning and spawning
- 9. • Early Development The female usually releases about one million eggs. About 0.75 million eggs can be stocked in 750 litres of water. After fertilization, the eggs undergo cleavage (pl,I,B) transformed into blastnla stage (pU,e) next day. The eggs are spherical, white lmd visible 9 the naked ye and are found fl oating. The diameter of th· eggs vati s from 180 t.o 200 u. n the lihil'd day; auticularia larva (plI} p1 .TI, A wu wrmed. 'fha allfioularias ar-e fed on the micl'oalga Isochry is galbans and a mixed cultlrB dominated by the specie$ of diastQma haetoceros sp. and Skelctonema sp. The aulicularia actively fe d 011 h;o.chl"J'sis galbana. The mou h region exhibited COTlRt:ant pulsadn~ movements and !,he yellowish· green CQncentr~t.ion of thE! fe d in the tomach is s n in circular roM mant, As days paSScon tll llUl;CU] ana becom more and mQ're transpllren fl11d th lateral proj ctions bacome mar prominent. On each 'id of the ItTVIl there-are four tu tera' pro) ctions and at the ti p of each projecti on lh ra is a roun.d /itrlctur . The pte~ral and ana! bands have a number of pigment s'pots, The length of a"uricu1aria at thi stagll vanes from 660 01050 u. Soml) of h aricu1aria are SID nerin size. A few of the auricularia are tran formed into do)io)aria stag on (pi.U,B) Qn th~tenth day. Th doliolaria aM·barl'lll-sh'lped with nv hllt~ds and with two tenta,dell proj ling-out. the posterior portion is slightly tapering . On o.ach side the'l'e ar five round structures with ossicle- distinc at the posterior end. The doliolaria move fast in the forward direction. Their length vali6l3 from 420 1'.0 570 u. On he thir~ nth day, SQID ofth doliolaria l'ansform into p ntactula stage (pUi,c); Tho hody ()fp ntactula i' tubular "fth five t ntaclp.!1 at the anteriol' end and WIth one short stu$PY tube-fooL at the postc. :or end. The cloacal opening is"distinct. The colour is greenish brown. The length varies from 330 to 750 u. By 18th day, the tubefeet and tentacles become more distinct and a number of tables are seen projecting from the skin. The tentacles have a web in hetween them. At the postelior end, two long tubefeet are Sell[l. The spires'of tb tables are projecting fr om the skin, The't otowi !iI .and ub feet also have tabl.es, The length of the pe.cimel'l~ varies f.ronl5fiO t(l720 u. Thep ,ntactu1a hllv the habit of moving to the edg'e of the tank andremalojust below the surface of water. Soon they settle down at the bottom of the tank. The seed (pl. II,D) produced is transferred after two months.
- 10. Sandfish H. Scabra life cycle
- 11. Larval rearing and Development
- 12. settlement
- 13. Nursery phase
- 14. Pre-grow out phase in happas
- 15. Sea ranching
- 17. Sea pen farming
- 19. Pond farming
- 21. CO-Culture
- 23. Nutrional and medicinal value of seacucumber A. Jopinicus Major/minor nutrients Percentage/elements Proteins 34-60% Fat/lipids 3.5% Carbohydrates 2.1-3.8% Water/moisture 91% Minerals Ca,mg, Iron,Mn, Zn, CU, Molybdenum, Se& other trace elements Dermal connective tissue cells contain abundant collagenous fibres, proteolglycans, glycoproteins, amorphous interstitial substances.
- 25. • Thanks researchers & supporting staff worked on this this Seacucumbers ranching world wide. B