Securing data and preventing data breaches
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The document discusses various database security threats and best practices for securing MariaDB and MySQL deployments. It describes common attacks like SQL injection, denial of service attacks, and provides recommendations for defense including using database firewalls, limiting user privileges, encrypting sensitive data, and auditing. MariaDB MaxScale is highlighted as a way to implement features like connection pooling, query filtering, and data masking to enhance security.
![How to Protect from SQL Injection
● Whitelist input parameters and queries
○ SELECT * from userinfo where userid = ?
○ If user id is a valid number between 1 and 100, look
for values [1,100]
○ If userid is an alphanumeric string, look for values
[a-zA-Z0-9]*$
○ Queries that match certain regular expressions
● Limitation
○ For free-form text fields, not easy to map to a subset
■ i.e., an input parameter for description of an item
○ As application and database evolves, whitelist needs
to be kept up to date
● Blacklist keywords and queries
○ DROP, DELETE, INSERT, GRANT
○ All Select queries with wildcard in FROM clause
○ All queries with “1=1” in WHERE clause
○ Queries that match certain regular expression
● Limitation
○ DBAs wanting to do valid operations may be
blocked from doing such operations
○ For certain search field, blacklisted keywords
such as DROP (drop clothe), GRANT (‘The boy
named Grant’) are actually valid input parameter
values](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018roadshowsecuringmariadb-180202234734/85/Securing-data-and-preventing-data-breaches-21-320.jpg)
![[Connection Service1]
type=service
router=readconnroute
servers=server1
user=maxuser
passwd=maxpwd
filters=MyDBFirewall
[MyDBFirewall]
type=filter
module=dbfwfilter
rules=/home/user/myrules.txt
Query Blocking Example](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2018roadshowsecuringmariadb-180202234734/85/Securing-data-and-preventing-data-breaches-23-320.jpg)
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Securing data and preventing data breaches
- 3. “The majority of the HTTP attacks were made to PHPMyadmin, a popular MySQL and MariaDB remote management system. Many web content management systems, not to mention WordPress, rely on these these databases. Vulnerable WordPress plugins were also frequently attacked. Mind you, this was on a system that even in honeypot mode hadn't emitted a single packet towards the outside world.” ZDNet - Jan 23rd 2018
- 4. Threats Viruses Hacker attacks Software spoofing Defense • Do not allow TCP connections to MariaDB from the Internet at large. • Configure MariaDB to listen on a network interface that is only accessible from the host where your application runs. • Design your physical network to connect the app to MariaDB • Use bind-address to bind to a specific network interface • Use your OS’s firewall • Keep your OS patched The Internet
- 5. Threats Denial of Service Attacks created by overloading application SQL query injection attacks Defense • Do not run your application on your MariaDB Server. • Do not install unnecessary packages on your MariaDB Server. • An overloaded application can use so much memory that MariaDB could slow or even be killed by the OS. This is an effective DDoS attack vector. • A compromised application or service can have many serious side effects – Discovery of MariaDB credentials – Direct access to data – Privilege escalation Applications
- 6. Threats • Disgruntled employees • Mistakes and human error Defense • Limit users who have: – SSH access to your MariaDB server. – Sudo privileges on your MariaDB server. • Set the secure_file_priv option to ensure that users with the FILE privilege cannot write or read MariaDB data or important system files. • Do not run MariaDB process (mysqld) as root • Avoid wide hostname wildcards (“%”), use specific host names / IP addresses Excessive Trust
- 7. Threats • Disgruntled employees • Mistakes and human error Defense • Do not use the MariaDB “root” user for application access. • Grant only the privileges required by your application. • Minimize the privileges granted to the MariaDB user accounts used by your applications – Don’t grant CREATE or DROP privileges. – Don’t grant the FILE privilege. – Don’t grant the SUPER privilege. – Don’t grant access to the mysql database Excessive Trust
- 9. MariaDB MaxScale Concept DATABASE SERVERS MASTER SLAVES Binlog Cache Insulates client applications from the complexities of backend database cluster Simplify replication from database to other databases CLIENT PROTOCOL SUPPORT AUTHENTICATION PARSING DATABASE MONITORING LOAD BALANCING & ROUTING QUERY TRANSFORMATION & LOGGING Flexible, easy to write plug-ins for Generic Core MULTI-THREADED E-POLL BASED STATELESS SHARES THE THREAD POOL
- 11. Password Validation Simple_password_check plugin Enforce a minimum password length and type/number of characters to be used External Authentication Single Sign On is getting mandatory in most Enterprises. PAM-Authentication Plugin allows using /etc/shadow and any PAM based authentication like LDAP Kerberos-Authentication as a standardized network authentication protocol is provided GSSAPI based on UNIX and SSPI based on Windows Applications
- 12. MariaDB PAM Authentication GSS-API on Linux • Red Hat Directory Server • OpenLDAP SSPI on Windows • Active DirectoryKDC Client MariaDB 2 3 4 1 Ticket request Service ticket Here is my service ticket, authenticate me Client / server session
- 13. MariaDB Role Based Access Control DBA Developer Sysadmin Database Tables MariaDB 10 Role: DBA Permissions: • Update Schema • View Statistics • Create Database
- 14. Secured Connections SSL Connections based on the TLSv1.2 Protocol Between MariaDB Connectors and Server Between MariaDB Connectors and MaxScale SSL can also be enabled for the replication channel External Authentication Selective Data-At-Rest Encryption Application control of data encryption Based on the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) or DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm Encryption for Data in Motion
- 15. Data-at-Rest Encryption • Everything: – Tables or tablespaces – Log files • Independent of encryption capabilities of applications • Based on encryption keys, key ids, key rotation and key versioning Key Management Services • Encryption plugin API offers choice – Plugin to implement the data encryption – Manage encryption Keys • MariaDB Enterprise options – Simple Key Management included – Amazon AWS KMS Plugin included – Eperi KMS for on premise key management – optional Encryption for Data Rest
- 16. Attack Protection with MariaDB MaxScale Database Firewall Denial of Service Attack Protection • MariaDB MaxScale Persistent Connections • Connection pooling protects against connection surges • Cache the connections from MaxScale to the database server • Rate limitation • Client multiplexing • Protects against SQL injection • Prevents unauthorized user access and data damage • White-list or Black-list Queries – Queries that match a set of rules – Queries matching rules for specified users – Queries that match certain patterns, columns, statement types • Multiple ordered rule
- 17. Server Overload Protection with MaxScale • Server overload protection – Persistent connection pool to backend database – Client connection limitation – DB firewall - limit_queries
- 18. Network Overload Protection with MaxScale • Network overload protection – Max rows limit – Max result size limit – DB firewall - limit_queries 1 3 4 5 2
- 19. What is SQL Injection? • A kind of web application attack, where user-supplied input comes from: URL – www.app.com?id=1 Forms – [email protected] Other elements – e.g., cookies, HTTP headers and is manipulated so that a vulnerable application executes SQL commands injected by attacker. • Applications vulnerable to SQL injection: – Incorrect type handling – Incorrectly filtered escape characters – Blind SQL injection – Second order SQL injection SELECT * from customer WHERE id = ? User supplied value for id = 5, injected value is string ‘5 OR 1=1’ SELECT * from customer WHERE id = 5 OR 1=1 This will result in application getting access to entire customer table instead of just the specific customer
- 20. What is SQL Injection?
- 21. How to Protect from SQL Injection ● Whitelist input parameters and queries ○ SELECT * from userinfo where userid = ? ○ If user id is a valid number between 1 and 100, look for values [1,100] ○ If userid is an alphanumeric string, look for values [a-zA-Z0-9]*$ ○ Queries that match certain regular expressions ● Limitation ○ For free-form text fields, not easy to map to a subset ■ i.e., an input parameter for description of an item ○ As application and database evolves, whitelist needs to be kept up to date ● Blacklist keywords and queries ○ DROP, DELETE, INSERT, GRANT ○ All Select queries with wildcard in FROM clause ○ All queries with “1=1” in WHERE clause ○ Queries that match certain regular expression ● Limitation ○ DBAs wanting to do valid operations may be blocked from doing such operations ○ For certain search field, blacklisted keywords such as DROP (drop clothe), GRANT (‘The boy named Grant’) are actually valid input parameter values
- 22. QUERY FAILED: 1141 ERROR: Required WHERE/HAVING clause is missing rule safe_select deny no_where_clause on_queries select rule safe_cust_select deny regex '.*from.*customers.*' user %app-user@% match all rules safe_cust_select safe_select Maxscale Database Firewall DATABASE FIREWALL FILTER SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS; MaxScale Database Servers 1 2 3 Database Firewall Filter Allow/Block queries that MATCH A SET OF RULES MATCH RULES FOR SPECIFIC USERS MATCH ON • date/time • a WHERE clause • query type • column match • a wildcard or regular expression or function name Protect against SQL injection Prevent unauthorized data access Prevent data damage Function name blocking - New in 2.2
- 24. MaxScale Whitelisting • Allows only those queries that • match a set of rules • match rules for specific users • match certain patterns • multiple ordered rules – Match on • date/time • a WHERE clause • query type • column match • a wildcard or regular expression
- 25. Data Masking with MaxScale SELECT Name, creditcardNum, balance FROM customerTbl WHERE id=1001 Name creditcardNum balance --------------------------------------- John Smith xxxxxx9901 1201.07 Database Servers Client HIPPA/PCI/GDPR Requirement: • Selective Data Masking by column • Full or partial anonymization – 4448889901 ⇒ xxxxxx9901 • Pseudo-anonymization – Column values randomized, however same value in multiple rows randomizes to same string DATABASE NAME, TABLE NAME CLASSIFIER MAY BE PROVIDED • commerceDb.customerTbl.creditcardNum • customerTbl.creditcardNum • credicardNum Pseudo-anonymization - New in 2.2
- 27. Best Practices USER MANAGEMENT Use OS permissions to restrict access to MariaDB data and backups Use strong passwords Allow root access to MariaDB only from local clients—no administrative access over the network Use a separate MariaDB user account for each of your applications Use the unix_socket authentication plugin so that only the OS root user can connect as the MariaDB root user Allow access from a minimal set of IP addresses
- 28. Best Practices ENCRYPTION Encrypt some data in the application Encrypt data at rest Non-key data Credit card numbers, PII etc Encrypt data in transit using SSL From clients to MariaDB MaxScale From clients to MariaDB Between MariaDB replicated servers InnoDB tablespace encryption InnoDB redo log encryption Binary log encryption
- 29. Best Practices Using MaxScale Restrict the operations that clients (applications) are allowed to perform Identify and flag potentially dangerous queries Customize rules about what’s allowed and what’s not Use MariaDB MaxScale as a Database Firewall Implement connection pooling capabilities can protect against DDoS attacks
- 30. Best Practices AUDITING Ensure regulatory compliance with robust logging Use MariaDB Audit Plugin Record connections, query executions, and tables accessed Use logs for forensic analysis after an incident Logging either to a file or to syslog
- 31. MariaDB Security Gets Stronger All the Time MariaDB User Community Quickly identifies new threats Creates solutions Reports vulnerabilities Contributes features
- 32. Thank you
- 33. How MaxScale Protects from DDoS • Server overload protection – Client connection limitation – Persistent connections – DB firewall - limit_queries • Network overload protection – Max rows limit (2.1) – Max result size limit (2.1) – DB firewall - limit_queries