1. SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Vinita Pandey
Assistant professor
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
SUBMITTED BY:
NIHARIKA YADAV
2370110038
B.Sc (hons) Agriculture 2nd
year 4th
semester
SEED PRODUCTION OF WHEAT
3. Wheat
Scientific Name: Triticum aestivum
Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
• Chromosome Number: 2n = 42
(hexaploid)
• Origin : Southwest regions of Asia
4. Economic Importance
Commonly Known as Gehu.
Wheat is the most widely cultivated food crops.
Wheat is second staple food crop after rice in India.
Wheat straw is good source of fodder for cattle.
Wheat compares well with other important cereals in its nutritive value.
• Nutrient Value- Wheat grains contain 60-70% CHO, 8-15% Protein, 1.5-2% fat, 2-
2.5% fiber, 2-3% sugar
5. Soil and Climate requirement :
Climate Requirements for Wheat Cultivation:
Cold and dry weather
Optimum temperature: 20°C for germination, 16-22°C for growth
Cool weather with dew promotes healthy growth and higher yields
Hot and humid weather increases disease and pest risks
Soil Requirements for Wheat Cultivation:
• Fertile loamy black soil
• Well-draining soil with good water-holding capacity
• Neutral soil pH (not too acidic or alkaline)
• Generally the time of wheat sowing is during winter or cool season.
• The sowing begins from 1st
week of November till 2nd
week of
November.
6. SEED SOURCE
Breeder seed: Kept by breeder or breeding institute , Foundation seed: Multiplied from breeder seeds at research
station etc ,Registered seed: Seed produced by a seed center / company , Certified seed: Seed growe in seed grower’s
field.
SEED RATE
The recommended seed rate for seed crop is 85 to 100 kg per hectare the seed should be treated with systematic fungi
side to control loose smut
SPACING
The road distance for seed crop should be kept at 22 to 23 cm to facilitate rouging and inspection work for late soon
wheat reduce the line spacing to 15 - 18 cm
FERTILIZER
80 -120 kg per hectare nitrogen
50- 60 kg per hectare Phosphorus
40 kg per hectare Potash
15 to 20 kg per hectare zinc maybe given at a seeding time
7. VARIETIES
Varieties: irrigated timely sown- NIAW-301, NIAW-917
Late Sowing- NIFAD-34, AKAW-4626
Rainfed: NIDW 15 (Panchwati)
• HD 2824, HD 2733, CBW 38, Raj 4120- UP, Bihar, Rajasthan.
8. Preparation of land
Field Sanitation
• Clean the field after harvest to remove crop residues and prevent pest and
disease carryover.
• Application of FYM
• Apply 50-60 bamboo baskets of well-fermented FYM of land during land
preparation.
• Use fermented FYM to avoid increasing pest populations.
• Spread FYM evenly and plough immediately to prevent nutrient loss.
9. Pre-Planting Preparation
1. Soil Testing : Conduct soil tests to determine the pH level, nutrient content, and soil structure.
2.Land Levelling : Level the land to ensure even water distribution and prevent waterlogging.
3. Removal of Debris: Clear the land of debris, weeds, and crop residues .
Tillage Operations
1. Ploughing :Plough the land to a depth of 15-20 cm to loosen the soil and break clods.
2. Harrowing:Harrow the land to break clods and level the soil.
3. Leveling: Level the land again to ensure evenness
Soil Preparation
1. Add Organic Manure: Apply organic manure like farmyard manure or compost to improve soil fertility.
2. Fertilizer Application : Apply fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium based on soil test
recommendations.
• 3. Soil Conditioning: Apply soil conditioners like gypsum or lime to improve soil structure.
12. Field Inspection
• Field inspection will help to produce high quality seed by controlling
disease, pest and maintaining purity.
• Pre flowering stage
• Flowering stage
• Inspection during Post flowering and pre-harvesting stage
• Inspection during harvest.
• 1st
Field inspection
• Tiller development stage (50-60 days after of sowing)
• Check plant height in the field, and remove plant with un-uniform
height (so much
• taller and so much dwarf)
• Check the plants stalk or tillers thickness and remove, which is thinner
and thicker in
• appearance from other majority of plants.
• Check plant in the field and remove plant having leaves with un-
uniform colour.
13. • 2nd
inspection
• Flowering-milking stage (after 4-5 month of sowing)
• Check and remove the plants having too early and too late spike formation.
• Check and remove the plants having too late and too early flower formation in the plants among the whole
plants in the field.
• Check and remove the plants having un-uniform plant height. (remove too short and too tall plant)
• 3rd
inspection
• Milking stage-maturity stage (5-6month after sowing)
• Check the field situation and remove the plants having un-uniform ear size, shape and different grains
setting density.
• Check the plants in the field and remove the plants having un-uniform Awn (thin threads in spike) i.e. Too
long awn or too short awn.
• Check the plants in the field and remove those which are too early matured and too
• late mature
14. Weed management
Phalaris minor is controlled by Tribunil/ Dosanex @2kg a.i/ha 32-35 days after sowing
Dosanex and Isoproturon also controlled wild oat (Avena fatua).
Diseases: Brown Rust/ leaf rust, stripe rust/ yellow rust, stem rust/black rust, loose smut, powdery mildew.
• Control- 1. Avoid late sowing of late maturing varieties. Late shown crop is more exposed to rust damage.
• Insect Pests
• Termites, Army worms, Brown Wheat Mite, Aphids
15. IRRIGATION
Irrigation means the providence of water in the field for the plants, due to which the plants get moisture
from soil, and we can obtain higher production.
1. Crown root initiation (20-25DAS)
2. Tillering stage (40-45DAS)
3. Late jointing stage (70-75DAS)
4. Flowering stage (90-95 DAS)
5. Dough stage (110-115 DAS)
16. Roughing
• Rouging is the process of removing undesirable plants from a field.
• First Roughing just a head of the following stage or during flowering to remove
any of type plants which are obvious at this state of growth .
• Second Roughing just after flowering is complete and before the crops start to turn
colour
• Third Roughing should be done after the year head turn colour and start to mature
• Early vegetative stage: When the plants are young and easy to identify differences.
• Mid-season (around 75% ear emergence): When the ears are developing, allowing
for better identification of off-type plants.
• At maturity: Final check to remove any remaining undesirable plants before
harvest.
17. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
• Soon after maturity the seed crop should be harvested to avoid shuttering and losses due to uncertain weather
• Signs of maturity: 1) leaves and stem turns yellow and became fairly dry
• The proper stage of harvesting of wheat is when 80% spikes have about 80% ripened spikes
• Proper time of harvest is when grains contain 20% moisture.
• Most suitable stage is grain moisture of 20- 25%
• mechanical harvesting is a common practice for seed production fields
• breeder and prebasic seed are harvested by plot combine and do not constitute many problems foundation
and certified seed have to be harvested with commercial combine the most critical factor to be considered
our seed moisture contain mechanical damage cleanness of equipment for seed crop dry weather during
ripening and harvesting is essential
• Harvesting maybe done by sickle reaper threshing should be done from promplty threshing equipment
should be cleaned after threshing other wheat varieties the threshing floor must be thoroughly clean to
prevent mixtures
