Semantic Web(Web 3.0) SPARQL

Web 3.0
SPARQL / XML Query

Presenter Um Dae jin (mrumx@naver.com)
Internet Technology
Graduate school of information & Telecommunications in KONKUK University

Agenda

Introduction
RDF & SPARQL
SPAR Query Language
Get the Knowledge
Term | Syntax | Pattern | Constraint
Simple protocol
SPARQL 1.1

RDF(Resource Description Framework)

Resource Description Framework
어떤것을 기술하기 위한 구조(틀)일 뿐!!!

 Resource : URI를 갖는 모든것(웹페이지,이미지,동영상 등)

 Description : Resource들의 속성, 특성, 관계 기술

 Framework : 위의 것들을 기술하기 위한 모델, 언어, 문법


Subject Predicate Object

주어 술어 목적어
(Resource) (Property, Relation) (Resource, Literal)

URI URI URI
Blank Node Literal

This is the Framework!!!


우리는 그 틀에 맞취 어떤것들을 기술만 할뿐~!!!

웹상에서 표현될 수 있는 개념들

블로그(Blog), 온라인 매체(RSS), 사람, 친구(FOAF) …etc ~!!!

PingtheSemanticWeb.com is a repository for RDF documents. http://pingthesemanticweb.com/

These namespaces are used to describe entities in X number of documents

2009.11.23

2008.7.16 2008.11.04 2009.1.8

Picture
Music
Person

Dictionary
Region

SPARQL
GRDDL(Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages)

SPARQL
Simple Protocol And
RDF Query Language

Simple Protocol
http://semantic.lab.konkuk.ac.kr/rdf/endpoint/sparql?select …
RDF
<sparql …>
SELECT ?email <head>
<variable name=“x”/>
WHERE { <variable name=“mbox”/>
</head>
?user :email ?email.
?user :name “umdaejin”; <results>
<result>
} <binding name=“x”>
<bnode> r2</bnode>
</binding>
<binding name=“mbox”>
<uri>mailto:bob@work.example.com</uri>
</binding>
</result>
& <results>
</sparql>

RDF Query Language
RDF Query language is the pattern matched SPO(Subject, Predicate, Object) in Graph

SPARQL is
Query Language and
a protocol for accessing RDF

SQL vs. SPARQL
SELECT name
FROM users
WHERE contact=„010-3333-7777‟;

SELECT ?name Return Variables
WHERE {
?user rdf:type :User.
?user :name ?name. SPO Pattern
?user :contact “010-3333-7777”.
}
FROM <http://semantic/users.rdf> Graph Source

Graph > Query Language > Binding > Protocol

rdf:type SELECT ?name
_person foaf:Person
WHERE {
?user rdf:type :foaf:Person.
:contact
?user :contact “010-3333-7777”.
:name “010-3333-7777”
?user :name ?name.
}
FROM <http://semantic/users.rdf>
“umdaejin” RDF
<sparql xmlns=“http://www.w3.org…”>
<head>
<variable name=“name”/>
</head>

<results>
?name = “umdaejin” <result>
<binding name=“name”>
<literal> umdaejin</literal>
</binding>
</result>
<results>
</sparql>

SPARQL
BASE <http://example.org/>
PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX foaf:<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX ex:<properties/1.0#>
SELECT DISTINCT $person ?name $age
FROM <http://rdf.example.org/personA.rdf>
FROM <http://rdf.example.org/personB.rdf>
WHERE
{
$person a foaf:Person;
foaf:name ?name.
OPTIONAL {$person ex:age $age }.
FILTER (!REGEX(?name, “Bob”))
}
ORDER BY ASC(?name) LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20

* SPARQL RDF Query Language Reference V1.8 by Dave Beckett.

Get the Knowledge

TERMS Syntax Pattern

Terms
IRI : URI reference within an RDF graph
<http://www.w3.org>
<http://semantic.konkuk.ac.kr/#Movie>
<abc.rdf> //base URI에 의졲
foaf:name //prefix이용해 URI표현, PREFIX 정의
#x00 (X) //UNICODE문자 내에 허용

Datatype IRI : datatype URI
<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>

Plain Literal : lexical form, optionally language tag, @ko
“Semantic web” , “엄대진”@ko

Typed Literal : lexical form, datatype URI
“30”^^xsd:integer
“daejin”^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string

Blank node : dummy node, node들간의 연결표현용, 무작위생성
_:a, _n06968595988

Terms
NameSpace : Vocabulary가 있는 URI
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/

Prefix : URI의 경로를 대표하는 접두어
rdf, dc, foaf

RDF Graph : A Set of RDF Triples

RDF Triple : S-P-O
Subject : URI, Qname, Blank Node, Literal, Variable
Predicate : URI, Qname, Blank node, Variable
Object : URI, Qname, Blank node, Literal, Variable

Terms
Match
: Graph내 SPO가 Query Pattern에 Match되는 상황

Solutions : Match되어 반환된 결과들
?x = “엄대진”

Query Variable : Solutions을 바인딩하기 위한 변수
?x or $name

Play#
“umdaejin”이란 사람의 “email”은?

:email
_person mrumx@naver.com

:name
SELECT ?email
WHERE {
?person :email ?email.
“umdaejin”
?person :name “umdaejin”;
}

Syntax - RDF Term Syntax
Literals

“Hi Korea” //”Hi Korea”

“Hi Korea”@en //영어임을 명시

“Hi Korea”^^xsd:string //문자열임을 명시 etc. integer, boolean

1 == “1”^^xsd:integer

true == “true”^^xsd:boolean

1.3 == “1.3”^^xsd:decimal

Play #
umdaejin의 영문이름을 가진 사람의 email은?

:email
_person mrumx@naver.com

:name

SELECT ?email
umdaejin@en
WHERE {
?person :name “umdaejin”@en.
?person :email ?email.
}

IRI

<http://example.org/book/book1>

BASE <http://example.org/book/>
<book1>

PREFIX book: <http://example.org/book/>
book:book1

Syntax -Triple Pattern Syntax
PREFIX, BASE
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/purl.org/>
SELECT ?title
WHERE { <http://example.org/book/book> dc:title ?title }

PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
PREFIX : <http://example.org/book/>
SELECT $title
WHERE { :book1 dc:title $title }

BASE <http://example.org/book/>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
SELECT $title
WHERE { <book1> dc:title $title }

Play #
daejin의 영문이름을 가진 사람의 책제목은?
:like
_person Book:book_3

:name book:name

“daejin@en” “ANT”

BASE <http://RDFTutorial.net/2009/>
PREFIX book:http://example.org/book/>
SELECT ?book_name
WHERE {
?person :like book:book_3.
book:book_3 book:name ?book_name.
}

Query Var
?var or $var

Blank
[ :p “v”]. == [] :p “v”.

Unique Blank - 다른 IRI과 연결용
_b57 :p “v”. //기본 예

[ foaf:name ?name ;
foaf:mbox <mailto:ss@c.com>] / / 확장 예

_b11 foaf:name ?name ;은 S에 PO를 연속해서 붙일 수 있다.
_b11 foaf:mbox <mailto:ss@c.com>

Play #
foaf:name이 umdaejin사람이 사랑하는 사람 name?

:love
_a _b

foaf:name name

“umdaejin” “sunyoung”

PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
PREFIX : <http://RDFTutorial.net/2009/>.
SELECT $name
WHERE {
?_a foaf:name “umdaejin”.
?_a :love $_b.
$_b <http://RDFTutorial.net/2009/name> $name.
}

Syntax ; ,
?people foaf:name ?name ;
foaf:mbox ?mbox .
우린 같아요~
?people foaf:name ?name .
?people foaf:mbox ?mbox .

?people foaf:nick "Alice" , "Alice_" .
우린 같아요~
?people foaf:nick "Alice" .
?people foaf:nick "Alice_" .

Play #
이름이 umdaejin이고 별명이 “무름스”인 사람이 아는 사람의 이름?

foaf:knows
_a _b

foaf:nickname foaf:name foaf:name

“무름스” “umdaejin” “SangWon”

SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?_a foaf:nickname “무름스”;
foaf:name “umdaejin”.
?_a foaf:knows ?_b.
?_b foaf:name ?name.
}

Pattern
Basic Graph Pattern
{?people foaf:name “umdaejin".}

Group Graph Pattern
{
{?people foaf:name “umdaejin".}
{?people foaf:email “umdaejin@gmail.com".}
} //두 패턴이 모두 만족해야

Filter
{
?people foaf:name ?name.
FILTER regex (?name, “um”)
}

Pattern

Optional Graph Pattern
_:a rdf:type foaf:Person .
_:a foaf:name "Alice" .
_:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@example.com> .
_:a foaf:mbox <mailto:alice@work.example> .
_:b rdf:type foaf:Person .
_:b foaf:name "Bob" .

SELECT ?name ?mbox
WHERE {
OPTIONAL { ?people foaf:mbox ?mbox }
}

Pattern
Optional Graph Pattern + FILTER
SELECT ?people ?mbox
WHERE {
OPTIONAL { ?people foaf:mbox ?mbox .
FILTER regex(?mbox, “@gmail”)}
} //OPTIONAL을 여러개 추가 가능

Alternative Graph Pattern
SELECT ?people ?mbox
{?people foaf:name ?name . ?people foaf:knows ?name}
WHERE { UNION
{?people foaf:name ?name .} {? people naver:name ?name. ?people naver:knows ?name}
UNION
{?people naver:name ?name .}
}//UNON대상 여러가 추가 가능

Constraint
String Value Constraint
SELECT ?people, ?name
WHERE {
?people :name ?name
FILTER regex(?name, “^um”, “i”)
} //이름이 um으로 시작하는 사람

Numeric Value Constraint
SELECT ?people, ?age
WHERE {
?people :age ?age.
FILTER (?age > 30)
} //나이가 30 이상인 사람

Play #
나이 35세 이상인 사람이 아는 35세 이하의 사람?
foaf:knows
_a _b

:age foaf:name :age foaf:name

36 Dongbum 35 “SangWon”

SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?_a :age ?age. ?_a :age ?age.
FILTER ( ?age >= 35 ) ?_a foaf:knows ?_b.
?_a foaf:knows ?_b. ?_b :age ?b_age;
?_b :age ?b_age; foaf:name ?name.
foaf:name ?name. FILTER ( ?age >= 35 )
FILTER ( ?b_age <= 35) FILTER ( ?b_age <= 35)
}

Solution Sequences and Modifiers
Order
SELECT ?people, ?name
WHERE {
?people :name ?name
}
ORDER BY ?name //기본 오름차순 A-Z, DESC(?name)

SELECT ?s ?p ?o
WHERE {
?s ?p ?o
} //모든 SPO반환
ORDER BY ?o

Play #
나이순으로 정렬?

_a _b _c _d

:age :age :age :age

21 33 26 45

SELECT ?user
WHERE {
?user :age ?age.
}
ORDER BY ?age.

Solution Sequences and Modifiers
Offset
SELECT ?s ?p ?o
WHERE {
?s ?p ?o.
}
OFFSET 10 //11번째 부터 solutions 반환

LIMIT
SELECT ?s ?p ?o SELECT ?s ?p ?o
WHERE { WHERE {
?s ?p ?o.
?s ?p ?o.
}
} LIMIT 5
LIMIT 10 //10개 solutions 반환 OFFSET 10 //함께 사용 가능

Play #
나이순으로 정렬후, 결과 2개?
_a _b _c _d

:age :age :age :age

21 33 26 45

SELECT ?user
WHERE {
?user :age ?age.
}
ORDER BY ?age.
LIMIT 2 .

Query Form
ASK
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
ASK {
?x foaf:name "Alice";
:age ?age.
FILTER ( ?age > 20)
}

DESCRIBE
PREFIX ent: <http://org.example.com/employees#>
DESCRIBE ?x
WHERE { ?x ent:employeeId "1234" }

Simple Protocol & RDF Endpoint

사람들
HTTP
SOAP
...

Endpoint

우리팀
너네팀
옆팀

Simple Protocol
Request
GET /sparql/?query=EncodedQuery HTTP/1.1 * HTTP Binding
Host: www.example * SOAP Binding
User-agent: my-sparql-client/0.1

Response
<sparql ...>
<head>
<variable name="x"/>
<variable name="mbox"/>
</head>

<results>
<result>
<binding name="x">
<bnode>r2</bnode>
</binding>
<binding name="mbox">
<uri>mailto:bob@work.example.org</uri>
</binding>
</result>
</results>
</sparql>

* http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-protocol/

Simple Protocol
Request
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope/" * HTTP Binding
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/
XMLSchema-instance"> * SOAP Binding
<soapenv:Body>
<query-request xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/09/sparql-protocol-types/#">
<query>SELECT ?z {?x ?y ?z . FILTER regex(?z, 'Harry')}</query>
</query-request>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>

Response
<sparql ...>
<head>
<variable name="x"/>
<variable name="mbox"/>
</head>

<results>
<result>
<binding name="x">
<bnode>r2</bnode>
</binding>
<binding name="mbox">
<uri>mailto:bob@work.example.org</uri>
</binding>
</result>
</results>
</sparql>

* http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-protocol/

SPARQL 1.1
Aggregate Functions
Subqueries
Negation
Projection Expressions
Query Language Syntax
Property paths
Commonly used SPARQL functions
Basic federated query

* WG에서 스팩 조정중이며, 변경될 수 있습니다.

Aggregate functions
Ex. COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG

SELECT COUNT(?person) AS ?alices
WHERE {
?person :name “Alice” .
}

Existing implementation.
Garlik‟s JXT, Dave Beckett‟s Redland, ARQ, Open Anzo‟s Glitter, Virtuoso, ARC

Status. Required

Subqueries
Ex.
SELECT ?person ?name WHERE {
:Alice foaf:name ?person .
{
SELECT ?name WHERE {
?person foaf:name ?name .
} LIMIT 1
}
}

ARQ, Virtuoso

Status. Required

Negation (1/2)
Ex.
ex) Identify the name of people who do not know anyone.
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?x foaf:givenName ?name .
OPTION { ?x foaf:knows ?who } .
FILTER (!BOUND(?who))
}

RDF::QUERY (unsaid keyword), SeRQL (MINUS keyword), ARQ (NOT EXIST keyword), SQL

Status. Required

Negation (2/2)
SeRQL (MINUS)
SELECT x
FROM {x} foaf:givenName {name}
MINUS
SELECT x
FROM {x} foaf:givenName {name} ;
foaf:knows {who}
USING NAMESPACE foaf = <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

UNSAID
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?x
WHERE {
?x foaf:givenName ?name
UNSAID { ?x foaf:knows ?who }
}

Project Expressions
Ex.
SELECT ?name (?age > 18) AS over 18
WHERE {
?person :name ?name ;
:age ?age .
}

Garlik‟s JXT, Dave Beckett‟s Redland, ARQ, Virtuoso, Open Anzo‟s Glitter SPARQL
Engine, XSPARQL

Status. Required

Update
Ex.
INSERT DATA
{
:book1 dc:title “new book”;
dc:creator “someone”.
}

DELETE { ?book ?p ?v }
WHERE
{ ?book dc:date ?date .
FILTER ( ?date < “2001-01-01T00:00:00^^xsd:dateTime )
?book ?p ?v.
}

ARQ, Virtuoso
Status. Required
Update with HTTP PUT, DELETE
Garlik‟s JXT, IBM‟s Jazz Foundation

Aggregate Functions Garlik‟s JXT
Subqueries Dave Beckett‟s Redland
Negation ARQ
Projection Expressions Open Anzo‟s Glitter
Service description Virtuoso
Update (REST) ARC
SeRQL
RDF::Query
SQL
XSPARQL
IBM‟s Jazz Foundation

* WG에서 스팩 조정중이며, 변경될 수 있습니다.

Links
http://groups.google.com/group/semanticwebstudy?hl=ko

http://delicious.com/kwangsub.kim/bundle:RDFTutorial2009

SPARQL 이해(IBM DevWorks) :
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/kr/library/tutorial/x-sparql/

SPARQL Working Group :
http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page

Semantic Web(Web 3.0) SPARQL

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