Shikimik acid pathway
- 1. Prepared by : Mrs. Kulkarni D.M. Assistant Professor, Yash Institute of Pharmacy, Aurangabad Shikimic acid pathway
- 2. Biosynthetic Pathway of Secondary Metabolites ● It involves 3 basic mechanism: ● 1. Shikimic acid Pathway ● 2. Acetate-mevalonate pathway ● 3. Acetate malonate pathway
- 3. Shikimic acid ● Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. ● Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illiciumanisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman. ● The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later. ● Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
- 4. Shikimic Acid Pathway ● The Shikimic acid pathway is a key intermediate from carbohydrate for the biosynthesis of C6-C3 units (phenyl propane derivative). ● The Shikimic acid pathway converts simple carbohydrate precursors derived from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to the aromatic amino acids. ● The shikimate pathway is a 7 step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, Algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). ● This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet. ● Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
- 6. ● Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 2- keto3- deoxy7phosphoglucoheptonic acid, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase. ● 2-keto3-deoxy7phosphoglucoheptonic acid is then transformed to 3- dehydroquinate (DHQ), in a reaction catalyzed by DHQ synthase. ● Although this reaction requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor, the enzymic mechanism regenerates it, resulting in the net use of no NAD.
- 7. ● DHQ is dehydrated to 3-dehydroshikimic acid by the enzyme 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, which is reduced to shikimic acid by the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase, which uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a cofactor. ● The next enzyme involved is shikimate kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the ATPdependent phosphorylation of shikimate to form shikimate 3-phosphate. Shikimate 3-phosphate is then coupled with phosphoenol pyruvate to give 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate via the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate (EPSP) synthase. ● Then 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate is transformed into chorismate by a chorismate synthase.
- 8. ● Prephenic acid is then synthesized by a Claisen rearrangement of chorismate by Chorismate mutase. Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group by Prephenate dehydrogenase to give phydroxyphenylpyruvate, which is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α- ketoglutarate.
- 9. Pathway: ● Starting Point in The Biosynthesis of Some Phenolics Phenyl alanine and tyrosine are the precursors used in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. ● The phenylpropanoids are then used to produce the flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and lignin. ● Gallic acid biosynthesis Gallic acid is formed from 3- dehydroshikimate by the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5- didehydroshikimate. ● The latter compound spontaneously rearranges to gallic acid. ● Other compounds ● Shikimic acid is a precursor for: ● Indole, indole derivatives and aromatic amino acid tryptophan and tryptophan derivatives such as the psychedelic compound dimethyltryptamine. & many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites.
- 12. Uses: ● In the pharmaceutical industry, shikimic acid from the Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) is used as a base material for production of oseltamivir (Tamiflu). ● Target for drugs ● Shikimate can be used to synthesize (6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid, an antibiotic which inhibits the aromatic biosynthetic pathway. ● Glyphosphate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, kills plants by interfering with the shikimate pathway in plants. More specifically, glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). "Roundup Ready" genetically modified crops overcome that inhibition.