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SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE
OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
LONGOWAL
2014
SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO:
MISS MONIKA MAM
(E.D.P. DEPARTMENT)
Pulkit Singhal
(DEC/121826)
Amit Joshi
(DEC/121124)
Anshuman Kislay
(DIN/121422)
Harpreet Kumar
(DEC/121276)
2
1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY 2
2.1 WHAT IS SIXTH SENSE 3
2.2 EARLIER SIXTH SENSE PROTOTYPE 3
2.3 RECENT PROTOYPE 4
3. WORKING OF SIXTH SENSE
3.1 COMPONENTS 6
3.1.1 CAMERA 7
3.1.2 PROJECTOR 7
3.1.3 MIRROR 8
3.1.4 MOBILE COMPONENT 8
3.1.5 COLOR MARKERS 9
3.2 WORKING 9
4. RELATED TECHNOLOGY 12
4.1 AUGMENTEDREALITY 12
4.2 GESTURE RECOGNITION 13
3
1
4.3 TECHNOLOGIES THAT USES SIXTH
SENSEAS PLATFORM 17
5. APPLICATIONS 18
5.1 MAKE A CALL 19
5.2 CALL UP A MAP 20
5.3 CHECK THE TIME 21
5.4 CREATE MULTIMEDIA 22
READING EXPERIENCE
6. ADVANTAGES AND ENHANCEMENTS 26
6.1 ADVANTAGES 27
6.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 28
4
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our pleasure to express the sense of gratitude from very deep of our
heart to Miss. Monika Mam to make our project and survey on “SIXTH SENSE
TECHNOLOGY”. I thank all Staff members of my college and friends for
extending their cooperation during my seminar.
Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose
blessings, I would not have been able to accomplishmy goal.
Pulkit Singhal
(DEC/121826)
Amit Joshi
(DEC/121124)
Anshumann Kisley
(DIN/121422)
Harpreet Kumar
(DEC/121276)
5
1
ABSTRACT
Sixth Sense Technology is a mini-projector coupled with a camera and a
cellphone—which acts as the computer and connected to the Cloud, all the
information stored on the web. Sixth Sense can also obey hand gestures. The
camera recognizes objects around a person instantly, with the micro-projector
overlaying the information on any surface, including the object itself or hand.
Also can access or manipulate the information using fingers. make a call by
Extend hand on front of the projector and numbers will appear for to click.
know the time by Draw a circle on wrist and a watch will appear. take a photo
by Just make a square with fingers, highlighting what want to frame, and the
system will make the photo—which can later organize with the others using
own hands over the air.and The device has a huge number of applications , it is
portable and easily to carry as can wear it in neck.
The drawing application lets user draw on any surface by observing the
movement of index finger. Mapping can also be done anywhere with the
features of zooming in or zooming out. The camera also helps user to take
pictures of the scene is viewing and later can arrange them on any surface.
Some of the more practical uses are reading a newspaper. reading a newspaper
and viewing videos instead of the photos in the paper. Or live sports updates
while reading the newspaper.
The device can also tell arrival, departure or delay time of air plane on
tickets. For book lovers it is nothing less than a blessing. Open any book and
find the Amazon ratings of the book. To add to it, pick any page and the device
gives additional information on the text, comments and lot more add on feature
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INTRODUCTION
We’ve evolved over millions of years to sense the world around us. When we encounter
something, someone or some place, we use our five natural senses which includes eye, ear,
nose, tongue mind and body to perceive information about it; that information helps us make
decisions and chose the right actions to take.
Although the miniaturization of computing devices allows us to carry computers in our
pockets, keeping us continually connected to the digital world, there is no link between our
digital devices and our interactions with the physical world. Information is confined
traditionally on paper or digitally on a screen. SixthSense bridges this gap, bringing
intangible, digital information out into the tangible world, and allowing us to interact with
this information via natural hand gestures. ‘SixthSense’ frees information from its confines
by seamlessly integrating it with reality, and thus making the entire world your computer.
“Sixth Sense Technology”, it is the newest jargon that has proclaimed its presence in the
technical arena. This technology has emerged, which has its relation to the power of these six
senses. Our ordinary computers will soon be able to sense the different feelings accumulated
in the surroundings and it is all a gift of the ”Sixth Sense Technology” newly introduced.
SixthSense is a wearable “gesture based” device that augments the physical world with
digital information and lets people use natural hand gestures to interact with that information.
It was developed by Pranav Mistry, a PhD student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT
Media Lab. A grad student with the Fluid Interfaces Group at MIT, he caused a storm with
his creation of SixthSense. He says that the movies “Robocop” and “Minority Report” gave
him the inspiration to create his view of a world not dominated by computers, digital
information and human robots, but one where computers and other digital devices enhance
people’s enjoyment of the physical world.
SixthSense will allow us to interact with our world like never before. We can get
information on anything we want from anywhere within a few moments! We will not only
be able to interact with things on a whole new level but also with people! One great part of
the device is its ability to scan objects or even people and project out information regarding
what you are looking at.
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Chapter 2
SIXTH SENSETECHNOLOGY
2.1 What isSixthSense?
Figure 2.1: Six Senses
Sixth Sense in scientific (or non-scientific) terms is defined as Extra Sensory Perception
or in short ESP. It involves the reception of information not gained through any of the five
senses. Nor is it taken from any experiences from the past or known. Sixth Sense aims to
more seamlessly integrate online information and tech into everyday life. By making
available information needed for decision-making beyond what we have access to with our
five senses, it effectively gives users a sixth sense.
2.2 Earlier SixthSense Prototype
Figure 2.2: Earlier Device
Maes’ MIT group, which includes seven graduate students, were thinking about how a
person could be more integrated into the world around them and access information without
Sixth sense Technology
2
having to do something like take out a phone. They initially produced a wristband that would
read an Radio Frequency Identification tag to know, for example, which book a user is
holding in a store.
They also had a ring that used infrared to communicate by beacon to supermarket smart
shelves to give you information about products. As we grab a package of macaroni, the ring
would glow red or green to tell us if the product was organic or free of peanut traces —
whatever criteria we program into the system.
They wanted to make information more useful to people in real time with minimal effort
in a way that doesn’t require any behaviour changes. The wristband was getting close, but we
still had to take out our cell phone to look at the information.
That’s when they struck on the idea of accessing information from the internet and
projecting it. So someone wearing the wristband could pick up a paperback in the bookstore
and immediately call up reviews about the book, projecting them onto a surface in the store
or doing a keyword search through the book by accessing digitized pages on Amazon or
Google books.
They started with a larger projector that was mounted on a helmet. But that proved
cumbersome if someone was projecting data onto a wall then turned to speak to friend — the
data would project on the friend’s face.
2.3 Recent Prototype
Figure 2.3: Present Device
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Now they have switched to a smaller projector and created the pendant prototype to be
worn around the neck.
The SixthSense prototype is composed of a pocket projector, a mirror and a camera. The
hardware components are coupled in a pendant-like mobile wearable device. Both the
projector and the camera are connected to the mobile computing device in the user’s pocket.
We can very well consider the Sixth Sense Technology as a blend of the computer and the
cell phone. It works as the device associated to it is hanged around the neck of a person and
thus the projection starts by means of the micro projector attached to the device. Therefore, in
course, you turn out to be a moving computer in yourself and the fingers act like a mouse and
a keyboard.
The prototype was built from an ordinary webcam and a battery-powered 3M projector,
with an attached mirror — all connected to an internet-enabled mobile phone. The setup,
which costs less than $350, allows the user to project information from the phone onto any
surface — walls, the body of another person or even your hand.
Mistry wore the device on a lanyard around his neck, and colored Magic Marker caps on
four fingers (red, blue, green and yellow) helped the camera distinguish the four fingers and
recognize his hand gestures with software that Mistry created.
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Chapter 3
WORKINGOF SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY
3.1 Components
The hardware components are coupled in a pendant like mobile wearable device.
Y Camera
Y Projector
Y Mirror
Y Mobile Component
Y Color Markers
3.1.1 Camera
Figure 3.1: Camera
A webcam captures and recognises an object in view and tracks the user’s hand gestures
using computer-vision based techniques.
It sends the data to the smart phone. The camera, in a sense, acts as a digital eye, seeing
what the user sees. It also tracks the movements of the thumbs and index fingers of both of
the user's hands. The camera recognizes objects around you instantly, with the micro-
projector overlaying the information on any surface, including the object itself or your hand.
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3.1.2 Projector
Figure 3.2: Projector
Also, a projector opens up interaction and sharing. The project itself contains a battery inside,
with 3 hours of battery life. The projector projects visual information enabling surfaces, walls
and physical objects around us to be used as interfaces. We want this thing to merge with the
physical world in a real physical sense. You are touching that object and projecting info onto
that object. The information will look like it is part of the object. A tiny LED projector
displays data sent from the smart phone on any surface in view–object, wall, or person.
3.1.3 Mirror
Figure 3.3: Mirror
The usage of the mirror is significant as the projector dangles pointing downwards from
the neck.
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3.1.4 Mobile Component
Figure 3.4: Smartphone
The mobile devices like Smartphone in our pockets transmit and receive voice and data
anywhere and to anyone via the mobile internet. An accompanying Smartphone runs the
SixthSense software, and handles the connection to the internet. A Web-enabled smart phone
in the user’s pocket processes the video data. Other software searches the Web and interprets
the hand gestures.
3.1.5 Color Markers
Figure 3.5: Color Markers
It is at the tip of the user’s fingers. Marking the user’s fingers with red, yellow, green, and
blue tape helps the webcam recognize gestures. The movements and arrangements of these
makers are interpreted into gestures that act as interaction instructions for the projected
application interfaces.
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3.2 Working
Figure 3.6: Working
Y The hardware that makes Sixth Sense work is a pendant like mobile wearable
interface
Y It has a camera, a mirror and a projector and is connected wirelessly to a Bluetooth or
3G or wifi smart phone that can slip comfortably into one’s pocket
Y The camera recognizes individuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes with their
hands
Y Information is sent to the Smartphone for processing
Y The downward-facing projector projects the output image on to the mirror
Y Mirror reflects image on to the desired surface
Y Thus, digital information is freed from its confines and placed in the physical world
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The entire hardware apparatus is encompassed in a pendant-shaped mobile wearable
device. Basically the camera recognises individuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes
with their hands and the projector assists in projecting any information on whatever type of
surface is present in front of the person. The usage of the mirror is significant as the projector
dangles pointing downwards from the neck. To bring out variations on a much higher plane,
in the demo video which was broadcasted to showcase the prototype to the world, Mistry uses
coloured caps on his fingers so that it becomes simpler for the software to differentiate
between the fingers, demanding various applications.
The software program analyses the video data caught by the camera and also tracks down
the locations of the coloured markers by utilising single computer vision techniques. One can
have any number of hand gestures and movements as long as they are all reasonably
identified and differentiated for the system to interpret it, preferably through unique and
varied fiducials. This is possible only because the ‘Sixth Sense’ device supports multi-touch
and multi-user interaction.
The idea is that SixthSense tries to determine not only what someone is interacting with,
but also how he or she is interacting with it. The software searches the internet for
information that is potentially relevant to that situation, and then the projector takes over.
All the work is in the software," says Dr Maes. "The system is constantly trying to figure
out what's around you, and what you're trying to do. It has to recognize the images you see,
track your gestures, and then relate it all to relevant information at the same time."
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Chapter 4
RELATEDTECHNOLOGIES
SixthSense’ technology takes a different approach to computing and tries to make the
digital aspect of our lives more intuitive, interactive and, above all, more natural. We
shouldn’t have to think about it separately. It’s a lot of complex technology squeezed into a
simple portable device. When we bring in connectivity, we can get instant, relevant visual
information projected on any object we pick up or interact with The technology is mainly
based on hand augmented reality, gesture recognition, computer vision based algorithm etc.
4.1 Augmented reality
Augmented reality (AR) is a term for a live direct or indirect view of a physical real-
world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual computer-generated imagery. It
is related to a more general concept called mediated reality in which a view of reality is
modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. The augmentation
is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements.
Sixth sense technology which uses Augmented Reality concept to super imposes digital
information on the physical world. With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding
computer vision and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of
the user becomes interactive and digitally usable. Artificial information about the
environment and the objects in it can be stored and retrieved as an information layer on top of
the real world view.
The main hardware components for augmented reality are: display, tracking, input
devices, and computer. Combination of powerful CPU, camera, accelerometers, GPS and
solid state compass are often present in modern Smartphone, which make them prospective
platforms. There are three major display techniques for Augmented Reality:
Y Head Mounted Displays
Y Handheld Displays
Y Spatial Displa ys
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Y Head Mounted Displays
A Head Mounted Display (HMD) places images of both the physical world and registered
virtual graphical objects over the user's view of the world. The HMD's are either optical see-
through or video see-through in nature.
Y Handheld Displays
Handheld Augment Reality employs a small computing device with a display that fits in a
user's hand. All handheld AR solutions to date have employed video see-through techniques
to overlay the graphical information to the physical world. Initially handheld AR employed
sensors such as digital compasses and GPS units for its six degree of freedom tracking
sensors.
Y Spatial Displays
Instead of the user wearing or carrying the display such as with head mounted displays or
handheld devices; Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) makes use of digital projectors to
display graphical information onto physical objects.
Modern mobile augmented reality systems use one or more of the following tracking
technologies: digital cameras and/or other optical sensors, RFID, wireless sensors etc. Each
of these technologies have different levels of accuracy and precision. Most important is the
tracking of the pose and position of the user's head for the augmentation of the user's view.
For users with disabilities of varying kinds, AR has real potential to help people with a
variety of disabilities. Only some of the current and future AR applications make use of a
Smartphone as a mobile computing platform.
4.2 Gesture Recognition
Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the
goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms. Gestures can originate from
any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand. Current focuses in
the field include emotion recognition from the face and hand gesture recognition. Many
approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision to interpret sign language.
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Gestures can exist in isolation or involve external objects. Free of any object, we wave,
beckon, fend off, and to a greater or lesser degree (depending on training) make use of
more formal sign languages. With respect to objects, we have a broad range of gestures
that are almost universal, including pointing at objects, touching or moving objects,
changing object shape, activating objects such as controls, or handing objects to others.
Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human
body language, thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive
text user interfaces or even GUIs (graphical user interfaces), which still limit the majority of
input to keyboard and mouse. Gesture recognition enables humans to interface with the
machine (HMI) and interact naturally without any mechanical devices.
Gestures can be used to communicate with a computer so we will be mostly concerned
with empty handed semiotic gestures. These can further be categorized according to their
functionality.
Y Symbolic gestures
These are gestures that, within each culture, have come to a single meaning. An Emblem
such as the “OK” gesture is one such example, however American Sign Language gestures
also fall into this category.
Y Iconic gestures
As the name suggests, these gestures are used to convey information about the size, shape
or orientation of the object of discourse. They are the gestures made when someone says
“The plane flew like this”, while moving their hand through the air like the flight path of the
aircraft.
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4.3 Technologies that uses Sixth Sense as Platform
SixthSense technology takes a different approach to computing and tries to make the
digital aspect of our lives more intuitive, interactive and, above all, more natural. When you
bring in connectivity, you can get instant, relevant visual information projected on any object
you pick up or interact with. So, pick up a box of cereal and your device will project whether
it suits your preferences. Some of the technologies that uses this are Holography, gesture
gaming, washing machine.
Holography
Holography is a technique that enables a light field, which is generally the product of a light
source scattered off objects, to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is
no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects. It can be thought of as somewhat
similar to sound recording where a sound field created by vibrating matter like musical
instruments or vocal chords, is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the
presence of the original vibrating matter.
Holography was the work of a British-Hungarian physicist named Dennis Gabor for which he
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971. His work formed the basis of brilliant work in
the field of X-ray microscopy which led to the invention of the electron microscope. The
development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to
be made in 1962 by Yuri Denisyuk in the Soviet Union.
Holographic projection is a futuristic technology which has tremendous effects in various fields
such as science,education, art and business among various others. 3D Holography is executed
using a device known as a holoprojector.
A holoprojector uses the holography technology to project large scale, high resolution
pictures onto numerous viewing surfaces, at different focal distances, from relatively small
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projection devices. Considering many of the latest movies being released in 3D and people
talking about the future being 3D television, focus lies on 3D holographic projections using
which the viewing of 3D movies can be enabled without 3D glasses!
Combination of Holography and Sixth Sense
For quite some time now, we have been trying to increase the efficiency and simplicity of
communication to a maximum. Pranav Mistry’s Sixth Sense technology has opened innumerous
doors to the engineering world.
In this paper, we try to combine two technologies, viz., Holographic projection and Sixth
Sense to achieve a hybrid-projection, a means to create a virtual presence of a human being. The
Sixth Sense technology has the ability to map human movements on to the computer. We take
this digital component and convert it into holograms at the other end using Holoprojectors.
• Sixth Sense Washing Machine
Whirlpool AWOE 8758 White Washing Machine is a remarkable front loader that
incorporates the unparalleled Sixth Sense technology. Whirlpool’s 2009 range of washing
machines comes integrated with enhanced 6th sense technology that gives more optimisation
of resources and also increased saving in terms of energy, water and time.
Ideal washing machine for thorough washing that requires sixth sense to detect stubborn
stains and adjust wash impact. It is a feature packed washing ally with Sixth Sense
Technology and several customized programs to enhance the washing performance and
dexterously assist you in heavy washing loads.
The New Generation 6th Sense appliances from Whirlpool are helping to protect the
environment and to reduce your energy bills. Whirlpool 6th Sense appliances are designed to
be intelligent and energy efficient appliances that adapt their performance to better suit your
needs. All Whirlpool appliances with intelligent 6th Sense technology work on three key
principles; Sense, Adaption and Control, to ensure that they achieve optimal performance
each and every time that they are used.
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Whirlpool 6th Sense washing machines can save you up to 50% less water, energy and
time during the cycle. These intelligent machines sense the size of the load and adjust and
control the cycle dependent on the load inside in order to optimise the use of water, energy
and time. Some models also contain a detergent overdosing monitor to make sure that you do
Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS
The SixthSense prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the
usefulness, viability and flexibility of the system.
The SixthSense device has a huge number of applications. The following are few of the
applications of Sixth Sense Technology.
Y Make a call
Y Call up a map
Y Check the time
Y Create multimedia reading experience
Y Drawing application
Y Zooming features
Y Get product information
Y Get book information
Y Get flight updates
Y Feed information on people
Y Take pictures
Y Check the email
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5.1 Make a call
Figure 5.1: Make a call
You can use the Sixth Sense to project a keypad onto your hand, then use that virtual
keypad to make a call. Calling a number also will not be a great task with the introduction of
Sixth Sense Technology. No mobile device will be required, just type in the number with
your palm acting as the virtual keypad. The keys will come up on the fingers. The fingers of
the other hand will then be used to key in the number and call.
5.2 Call up a map
Figure 5.2: Map
The sixth sense also implements map which lets the user display the map on any
physical surface and find his destination and he can use his thumbs and index fingers to
navigate the map, for example, to zoom in and out and do other controls.
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5.3 Check the time
Figure 5.3: Wrist Watch
Sixth Sense all we have to do is draw a circle on our wrist with our index finger to get a virtual
watch that gives us the correct time. The computer tracks the red marker cap or piece of tape,
recognizes the gesture, and instructs the projector to flash the image of a watch onto his wrist.
5.4 Create multimediareading experiences
Figure 5.4: Video in Newspaper
The SixthSense system also augments physical objects the user is interacting with by
projecting more information about these objects projected on them. For example, a
newspaper can show live video news or dynamic information can be provided on a regular
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piece of paper. Thus a piece of paper turns into a video display.
5.5 Drawing application
Figure 5.5: Drawing
The drawing application lets the user draw on any surface by tracking the fingertip
movements of the user’s index finger.
5.6 Zooming features
Figure 5.6: Zoom in and Zoom out
The user can zoom in or zoom out using intuitive hand movements.
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5.7 Get product information
Figure 5.7: Product information
Maes says Sixth Sense uses image recognition or marker technology to recognize
products you pick up, then feeds you information on those products. For example, if you're
trying to shop "green" and are looking for paper towels with the least amount of bleach in
them, the system will scan the product you pick up off the shelf and give you guidance on
whether this product is a good choice for you.
5.8 Get book information
Figure 5.8: Book information
Maes says Sixth Sense uses image recognition or marker technology to recognize
products you pick up, then feeds you information on books. The system can project Amazon
ratings on that book, as well as reviews and other relevant information
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5.9 Take pictures
Figure 5.9: Take Pictures
If we fashion our index fingers and thumbs into a square (the typical "framing" gesture),
the system will snap a photo. After taking the desired number of photos, we can project them
onto a surface, and use gestures to sort through the photos, and organize and resize them.
5.10 Get flight updates
Figure 5.10: Flight updates
The system will recognize your boarding pass and let you know whether your flight is on
time and if the gate has changed.
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5.11 Feed information on people
Figure 5.11: Information on people
Sixth Sense also is capable of "a more controversial use”. When you go out and meet
someone, projecting relevant information such as what they do, where they work, and also m
it could display tags about the person floating on their shirt. It could be handy if it displayed
their facebook relationship status so that you knew not to waste your time.
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Chapter 6
. ADVANTAGESANDENHANCEMENTS
6.1 Advantages
Y SixthSense is an user friendly interface which integrates digital information into
the physical world and its objects, making the entire world your computer.
Y SixthSense does not change human habits but causes computer and other
machines to adapt to human needs.
Y It uses hand gestures to interact with digital information.
Y Supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction
Y Data accessdirectly from machine in real time
Y It is an open source and cost effective and we can mind map the idea anywhere
Y It is gesture-controlled wearable computing device that feeds our relevant
information and turns any surface into an interactive display.
Y It is portable and easy to carry as we can wear it in our neck.
Y The device could be used by anyone without even a basic knowledge of a
keyboard or mouse.
Y There is no need to carry a camera anymore. If we are going for a holiday, then
from now on wards it will be easy to capture photos by using mere fingers
6.2 Future Enhancements
Y To get rid of color markers
Y To incorporate camera and projector inside mobile computing device.
Y Whenever we place pendant- style wearable device on table, it should allow us to
use the table as multi touch user interface.
Y Applying this technology in various interest like gaming, education systems etc.
Y To have 3D gesture tracking.
Y To make sixth sense work as fifth sense for disabled person.
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CONCLUSION
The key here is that Sixth Sense recognizes the objects around you, displaying
information automatically and letting you access it in any way you want, in the simplest way
possible.
Clearly, this has the potential of becoming the ultimate "transparent" user interface for
accessing information about everything around us. If they can get rid of the colored finger
caps and it ever goes beyond the initial development phase, that is. But as it is now, it may
change the way we interact with the real world and truly give everyone complete awareness
of the environment around us.
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REFERENCES
1. www.blendernation.com/sixth-sense-technology/
2. http://boingboing.net/2009/11/12/sixth-sense-technolo.html
3. http://gizmodo.com/5167790/sixth-sense-technology-may-change-how-we-look-
at-the-world-forever
4. http://theviewspaper.net/sixth-sense-technology-will-revolutionize-the-world/
5. http://lucasrichter.wordpress.com/2009/03/13/pattie-maes-sixth-sense-
technology-whats-stopping-this/
6. www.wikipedia.com/

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Sixth sense technology

  • 1. 1 1 SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LONGOWAL 2014 SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: MISS MONIKA MAM (E.D.P. DEPARTMENT) Pulkit Singhal (DEC/121826) Amit Joshi (DEC/121124) Anshuman Kislay (DIN/121422) Harpreet Kumar (DEC/121276)
  • 2. 2 1 CONTENTS CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY 2 2.1 WHAT IS SIXTH SENSE 3 2.2 EARLIER SIXTH SENSE PROTOTYPE 3 2.3 RECENT PROTOYPE 4 3. WORKING OF SIXTH SENSE 3.1 COMPONENTS 6 3.1.1 CAMERA 7 3.1.2 PROJECTOR 7 3.1.3 MIRROR 8 3.1.4 MOBILE COMPONENT 8 3.1.5 COLOR MARKERS 9 3.2 WORKING 9 4. RELATED TECHNOLOGY 12 4.1 AUGMENTEDREALITY 12 4.2 GESTURE RECOGNITION 13
  • 3. 3 1 4.3 TECHNOLOGIES THAT USES SIXTH SENSEAS PLATFORM 17 5. APPLICATIONS 18 5.1 MAKE A CALL 19 5.2 CALL UP A MAP 20 5.3 CHECK THE TIME 21 5.4 CREATE MULTIMEDIA 22 READING EXPERIENCE 6. ADVANTAGES AND ENHANCEMENTS 26 6.1 ADVANTAGES 27 6.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 28
  • 4. 4 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is our pleasure to express the sense of gratitude from very deep of our heart to Miss. Monika Mam to make our project and survey on “SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY”. I thank all Staff members of my college and friends for extending their cooperation during my seminar. Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose blessings, I would not have been able to accomplishmy goal. Pulkit Singhal (DEC/121826) Amit Joshi (DEC/121124) Anshumann Kisley (DIN/121422) Harpreet Kumar (DEC/121276)
  • 5. 5 1 ABSTRACT Sixth Sense Technology is a mini-projector coupled with a camera and a cellphone—which acts as the computer and connected to the Cloud, all the information stored on the web. Sixth Sense can also obey hand gestures. The camera recognizes objects around a person instantly, with the micro-projector overlaying the information on any surface, including the object itself or hand. Also can access or manipulate the information using fingers. make a call by Extend hand on front of the projector and numbers will appear for to click. know the time by Draw a circle on wrist and a watch will appear. take a photo by Just make a square with fingers, highlighting what want to frame, and the system will make the photo—which can later organize with the others using own hands over the air.and The device has a huge number of applications , it is portable and easily to carry as can wear it in neck. The drawing application lets user draw on any surface by observing the movement of index finger. Mapping can also be done anywhere with the features of zooming in or zooming out. The camera also helps user to take pictures of the scene is viewing and later can arrange them on any surface. Some of the more practical uses are reading a newspaper. reading a newspaper and viewing videos instead of the photos in the paper. Or live sports updates while reading the newspaper. The device can also tell arrival, departure or delay time of air plane on tickets. For book lovers it is nothing less than a blessing. Open any book and find the Amazon ratings of the book. To add to it, pick any page and the device gives additional information on the text, comments and lot more add on feature
  • 6. Sixth sense Technology 2 INTRODUCTION We’ve evolved over millions of years to sense the world around us. When we encounter something, someone or some place, we use our five natural senses which includes eye, ear, nose, tongue mind and body to perceive information about it; that information helps us make decisions and chose the right actions to take. Although the miniaturization of computing devices allows us to carry computers in our pockets, keeping us continually connected to the digital world, there is no link between our digital devices and our interactions with the physical world. Information is confined traditionally on paper or digitally on a screen. SixthSense bridges this gap, bringing intangible, digital information out into the tangible world, and allowing us to interact with this information via natural hand gestures. ‘SixthSense’ frees information from its confines by seamlessly integrating it with reality, and thus making the entire world your computer. “Sixth Sense Technology”, it is the newest jargon that has proclaimed its presence in the technical arena. This technology has emerged, which has its relation to the power of these six senses. Our ordinary computers will soon be able to sense the different feelings accumulated in the surroundings and it is all a gift of the ”Sixth Sense Technology” newly introduced. SixthSense is a wearable “gesture based” device that augments the physical world with digital information and lets people use natural hand gestures to interact with that information. It was developed by Pranav Mistry, a PhD student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab. A grad student with the Fluid Interfaces Group at MIT, he caused a storm with his creation of SixthSense. He says that the movies “Robocop” and “Minority Report” gave him the inspiration to create his view of a world not dominated by computers, digital information and human robots, but one where computers and other digital devices enhance people’s enjoyment of the physical world. SixthSense will allow us to interact with our world like never before. We can get information on anything we want from anywhere within a few moments! We will not only be able to interact with things on a whole new level but also with people! One great part of the device is its ability to scan objects or even people and project out information regarding what you are looking at.
  • 7. Sixth sense Technology 2 Chapter 2 SIXTH SENSETECHNOLOGY 2.1 What isSixthSense? Figure 2.1: Six Senses Sixth Sense in scientific (or non-scientific) terms is defined as Extra Sensory Perception or in short ESP. It involves the reception of information not gained through any of the five senses. Nor is it taken from any experiences from the past or known. Sixth Sense aims to more seamlessly integrate online information and tech into everyday life. By making available information needed for decision-making beyond what we have access to with our five senses, it effectively gives users a sixth sense. 2.2 Earlier SixthSense Prototype Figure 2.2: Earlier Device Maes’ MIT group, which includes seven graduate students, were thinking about how a person could be more integrated into the world around them and access information without
  • 8. Sixth sense Technology 2 having to do something like take out a phone. They initially produced a wristband that would read an Radio Frequency Identification tag to know, for example, which book a user is holding in a store. They also had a ring that used infrared to communicate by beacon to supermarket smart shelves to give you information about products. As we grab a package of macaroni, the ring would glow red or green to tell us if the product was organic or free of peanut traces — whatever criteria we program into the system. They wanted to make information more useful to people in real time with minimal effort in a way that doesn’t require any behaviour changes. The wristband was getting close, but we still had to take out our cell phone to look at the information. That’s when they struck on the idea of accessing information from the internet and projecting it. So someone wearing the wristband could pick up a paperback in the bookstore and immediately call up reviews about the book, projecting them onto a surface in the store or doing a keyword search through the book by accessing digitized pages on Amazon or Google books. They started with a larger projector that was mounted on a helmet. But that proved cumbersome if someone was projecting data onto a wall then turned to speak to friend — the data would project on the friend’s face. 2.3 Recent Prototype Figure 2.3: Present Device
  • 9. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL Now they have switched to a smaller projector and created the pendant prototype to be worn around the neck. The SixthSense prototype is composed of a pocket projector, a mirror and a camera. The hardware components are coupled in a pendant-like mobile wearable device. Both the projector and the camera are connected to the mobile computing device in the user’s pocket. We can very well consider the Sixth Sense Technology as a blend of the computer and the cell phone. It works as the device associated to it is hanged around the neck of a person and thus the projection starts by means of the micro projector attached to the device. Therefore, in course, you turn out to be a moving computer in yourself and the fingers act like a mouse and a keyboard. The prototype was built from an ordinary webcam and a battery-powered 3M projector, with an attached mirror — all connected to an internet-enabled mobile phone. The setup, which costs less than $350, allows the user to project information from the phone onto any surface — walls, the body of another person or even your hand. Mistry wore the device on a lanyard around his neck, and colored Magic Marker caps on four fingers (red, blue, green and yellow) helped the camera distinguish the four fingers and recognize his hand gestures with software that Mistry created.
  • 10. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL Chapter 3 WORKINGOF SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY 3.1 Components The hardware components are coupled in a pendant like mobile wearable device. Y Camera Y Projector Y Mirror Y Mobile Component Y Color Markers 3.1.1 Camera Figure 3.1: Camera A webcam captures and recognises an object in view and tracks the user’s hand gestures using computer-vision based techniques. It sends the data to the smart phone. The camera, in a sense, acts as a digital eye, seeing what the user sees. It also tracks the movements of the thumbs and index fingers of both of the user's hands. The camera recognizes objects around you instantly, with the micro- projector overlaying the information on any surface, including the object itself or your hand.
  • 11. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 3.1.2 Projector Figure 3.2: Projector Also, a projector opens up interaction and sharing. The project itself contains a battery inside, with 3 hours of battery life. The projector projects visual information enabling surfaces, walls and physical objects around us to be used as interfaces. We want this thing to merge with the physical world in a real physical sense. You are touching that object and projecting info onto that object. The information will look like it is part of the object. A tiny LED projector displays data sent from the smart phone on any surface in view–object, wall, or person. 3.1.3 Mirror Figure 3.3: Mirror The usage of the mirror is significant as the projector dangles pointing downwards from the neck.
  • 12. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 3.1.4 Mobile Component Figure 3.4: Smartphone The mobile devices like Smartphone in our pockets transmit and receive voice and data anywhere and to anyone via the mobile internet. An accompanying Smartphone runs the SixthSense software, and handles the connection to the internet. A Web-enabled smart phone in the user’s pocket processes the video data. Other software searches the Web and interprets the hand gestures. 3.1.5 Color Markers Figure 3.5: Color Markers It is at the tip of the user’s fingers. Marking the user’s fingers with red, yellow, green, and blue tape helps the webcam recognize gestures. The movements and arrangements of these makers are interpreted into gestures that act as interaction instructions for the projected application interfaces.
  • 13. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 3.2 Working Figure 3.6: Working Y The hardware that makes Sixth Sense work is a pendant like mobile wearable interface Y It has a camera, a mirror and a projector and is connected wirelessly to a Bluetooth or 3G or wifi smart phone that can slip comfortably into one’s pocket Y The camera recognizes individuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes with their hands Y Information is sent to the Smartphone for processing Y The downward-facing projector projects the output image on to the mirror Y Mirror reflects image on to the desired surface Y Thus, digital information is freed from its confines and placed in the physical world
  • 14. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL The entire hardware apparatus is encompassed in a pendant-shaped mobile wearable device. Basically the camera recognises individuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes with their hands and the projector assists in projecting any information on whatever type of surface is present in front of the person. The usage of the mirror is significant as the projector dangles pointing downwards from the neck. To bring out variations on a much higher plane, in the demo video which was broadcasted to showcase the prototype to the world, Mistry uses coloured caps on his fingers so that it becomes simpler for the software to differentiate between the fingers, demanding various applications. The software program analyses the video data caught by the camera and also tracks down the locations of the coloured markers by utilising single computer vision techniques. One can have any number of hand gestures and movements as long as they are all reasonably identified and differentiated for the system to interpret it, preferably through unique and varied fiducials. This is possible only because the ‘Sixth Sense’ device supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction. The idea is that SixthSense tries to determine not only what someone is interacting with, but also how he or she is interacting with it. The software searches the internet for information that is potentially relevant to that situation, and then the projector takes over. All the work is in the software," says Dr Maes. "The system is constantly trying to figure out what's around you, and what you're trying to do. It has to recognize the images you see, track your gestures, and then relate it all to relevant information at the same time."
  • 15. Sixth sense Technology SLIET ,LONGOWAL Chapter 4 RELATEDTECHNOLOGIES SixthSense’ technology takes a different approach to computing and tries to make the digital aspect of our lives more intuitive, interactive and, above all, more natural. We shouldn’t have to think about it separately. It’s a lot of complex technology squeezed into a simple portable device. When we bring in connectivity, we can get instant, relevant visual information projected on any object we pick up or interact with The technology is mainly based on hand augmented reality, gesture recognition, computer vision based algorithm etc. 4.1 Augmented reality Augmented reality (AR) is a term for a live direct or indirect view of a physical real- world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual computer-generated imagery. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. The augmentation is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements. Sixth sense technology which uses Augmented Reality concept to super imposes digital information on the physical world. With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding computer vision and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of the user becomes interactive and digitally usable. Artificial information about the environment and the objects in it can be stored and retrieved as an information layer on top of the real world view. The main hardware components for augmented reality are: display, tracking, input devices, and computer. Combination of powerful CPU, camera, accelerometers, GPS and solid state compass are often present in modern Smartphone, which make them prospective platforms. There are three major display techniques for Augmented Reality: Y Head Mounted Displays Y Handheld Displays Y Spatial Displa ys
  • 16. Sixth sense Technology SLIET ,LONGOWAL Y Head Mounted Displays A Head Mounted Display (HMD) places images of both the physical world and registered virtual graphical objects over the user's view of the world. The HMD's are either optical see- through or video see-through in nature. Y Handheld Displays Handheld Augment Reality employs a small computing device with a display that fits in a user's hand. All handheld AR solutions to date have employed video see-through techniques to overlay the graphical information to the physical world. Initially handheld AR employed sensors such as digital compasses and GPS units for its six degree of freedom tracking sensors. Y Spatial Displays Instead of the user wearing or carrying the display such as with head mounted displays or handheld devices; Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) makes use of digital projectors to display graphical information onto physical objects. Modern mobile augmented reality systems use one or more of the following tracking technologies: digital cameras and/or other optical sensors, RFID, wireless sensors etc. Each of these technologies have different levels of accuracy and precision. Most important is the tracking of the pose and position of the user's head for the augmentation of the user's view. For users with disabilities of varying kinds, AR has real potential to help people with a variety of disabilities. Only some of the current and future AR applications make use of a Smartphone as a mobile computing platform. 4.2 Gesture Recognition Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms. Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand. Current focuses in the field include emotion recognition from the face and hand gesture recognition. Many approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision to interpret sign language.
  • 17. Sixth sense Technology SLIET ,LONGOWAL Gestures can exist in isolation or involve external objects. Free of any object, we wave, beckon, fend off, and to a greater or lesser degree (depending on training) make use of more formal sign languages. With respect to objects, we have a broad range of gestures that are almost universal, including pointing at objects, touching or moving objects, changing object shape, activating objects such as controls, or handing objects to others. Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language, thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even GUIs (graphical user interfaces), which still limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse. Gesture recognition enables humans to interface with the machine (HMI) and interact naturally without any mechanical devices. Gestures can be used to communicate with a computer so we will be mostly concerned with empty handed semiotic gestures. These can further be categorized according to their functionality. Y Symbolic gestures These are gestures that, within each culture, have come to a single meaning. An Emblem such as the “OK” gesture is one such example, however American Sign Language gestures also fall into this category. Y Iconic gestures As the name suggests, these gestures are used to convey information about the size, shape or orientation of the object of discourse. They are the gestures made when someone says “The plane flew like this”, while moving their hand through the air like the flight path of the aircraft.
  • 18. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 4.3 Technologies that uses Sixth Sense as Platform SixthSense technology takes a different approach to computing and tries to make the digital aspect of our lives more intuitive, interactive and, above all, more natural. When you bring in connectivity, you can get instant, relevant visual information projected on any object you pick up or interact with. So, pick up a box of cereal and your device will project whether it suits your preferences. Some of the technologies that uses this are Holography, gesture gaming, washing machine. Holography Holography is a technique that enables a light field, which is generally the product of a light source scattered off objects, to be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects. It can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording where a sound field created by vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal chords, is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. Holography was the work of a British-Hungarian physicist named Dennis Gabor for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971. His work formed the basis of brilliant work in the field of X-ray microscopy which led to the invention of the electron microscope. The development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by Yuri Denisyuk in the Soviet Union. Holographic projection is a futuristic technology which has tremendous effects in various fields such as science,education, art and business among various others. 3D Holography is executed using a device known as a holoprojector. A holoprojector uses the holography technology to project large scale, high resolution pictures onto numerous viewing surfaces, at different focal distances, from relatively small
  • 19. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL projection devices. Considering many of the latest movies being released in 3D and people talking about the future being 3D television, focus lies on 3D holographic projections using which the viewing of 3D movies can be enabled without 3D glasses! Combination of Holography and Sixth Sense For quite some time now, we have been trying to increase the efficiency and simplicity of communication to a maximum. Pranav Mistry’s Sixth Sense technology has opened innumerous doors to the engineering world. In this paper, we try to combine two technologies, viz., Holographic projection and Sixth Sense to achieve a hybrid-projection, a means to create a virtual presence of a human being. The Sixth Sense technology has the ability to map human movements on to the computer. We take this digital component and convert it into holograms at the other end using Holoprojectors. • Sixth Sense Washing Machine Whirlpool AWOE 8758 White Washing Machine is a remarkable front loader that incorporates the unparalleled Sixth Sense technology. Whirlpool’s 2009 range of washing machines comes integrated with enhanced 6th sense technology that gives more optimisation of resources and also increased saving in terms of energy, water and time. Ideal washing machine for thorough washing that requires sixth sense to detect stubborn stains and adjust wash impact. It is a feature packed washing ally with Sixth Sense Technology and several customized programs to enhance the washing performance and dexterously assist you in heavy washing loads. The New Generation 6th Sense appliances from Whirlpool are helping to protect the environment and to reduce your energy bills. Whirlpool 6th Sense appliances are designed to be intelligent and energy efficient appliances that adapt their performance to better suit your needs. All Whirlpool appliances with intelligent 6th Sense technology work on three key principles; Sense, Adaption and Control, to ensure that they achieve optimal performance each and every time that they are used.
  • 20. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL Whirlpool 6th Sense washing machines can save you up to 50% less water, energy and time during the cycle. These intelligent machines sense the size of the load and adjust and control the cycle dependent on the load inside in order to optimise the use of water, energy and time. Some models also contain a detergent overdosing monitor to make sure that you do Chapter 5 APPLICATIONS The SixthSense prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the usefulness, viability and flexibility of the system. The SixthSense device has a huge number of applications. The following are few of the applications of Sixth Sense Technology. Y Make a call Y Call up a map Y Check the time Y Create multimedia reading experience Y Drawing application Y Zooming features Y Get product information Y Get book information Y Get flight updates Y Feed information on people Y Take pictures Y Check the email
  • 21. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 5.1 Make a call Figure 5.1: Make a call You can use the Sixth Sense to project a keypad onto your hand, then use that virtual keypad to make a call. Calling a number also will not be a great task with the introduction of Sixth Sense Technology. No mobile device will be required, just type in the number with your palm acting as the virtual keypad. The keys will come up on the fingers. The fingers of the other hand will then be used to key in the number and call. 5.2 Call up a map Figure 5.2: Map The sixth sense also implements map which lets the user display the map on any physical surface and find his destination and he can use his thumbs and index fingers to navigate the map, for example, to zoom in and out and do other controls.
  • 22. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 5.3 Check the time Figure 5.3: Wrist Watch Sixth Sense all we have to do is draw a circle on our wrist with our index finger to get a virtual watch that gives us the correct time. The computer tracks the red marker cap or piece of tape, recognizes the gesture, and instructs the projector to flash the image of a watch onto his wrist. 5.4 Create multimediareading experiences Figure 5.4: Video in Newspaper The SixthSense system also augments physical objects the user is interacting with by projecting more information about these objects projected on them. For example, a newspaper can show live video news or dynamic information can be provided on a regular
  • 23. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL piece of paper. Thus a piece of paper turns into a video display. 5.5 Drawing application Figure 5.5: Drawing The drawing application lets the user draw on any surface by tracking the fingertip movements of the user’s index finger. 5.6 Zooming features Figure 5.6: Zoom in and Zoom out The user can zoom in or zoom out using intuitive hand movements.
  • 24. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 5.7 Get product information Figure 5.7: Product information Maes says Sixth Sense uses image recognition or marker technology to recognize products you pick up, then feeds you information on those products. For example, if you're trying to shop "green" and are looking for paper towels with the least amount of bleach in them, the system will scan the product you pick up off the shelf and give you guidance on whether this product is a good choice for you. 5.8 Get book information Figure 5.8: Book information Maes says Sixth Sense uses image recognition or marker technology to recognize products you pick up, then feeds you information on books. The system can project Amazon ratings on that book, as well as reviews and other relevant information
  • 25. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 5.9 Take pictures Figure 5.9: Take Pictures If we fashion our index fingers and thumbs into a square (the typical "framing" gesture), the system will snap a photo. After taking the desired number of photos, we can project them onto a surface, and use gestures to sort through the photos, and organize and resize them. 5.10 Get flight updates Figure 5.10: Flight updates The system will recognize your boarding pass and let you know whether your flight is on time and if the gate has changed.
  • 26. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL 5.11 Feed information on people Figure 5.11: Information on people Sixth Sense also is capable of "a more controversial use”. When you go out and meet someone, projecting relevant information such as what they do, where they work, and also m it could display tags about the person floating on their shirt. It could be handy if it displayed their facebook relationship status so that you knew not to waste your time.
  • 27. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL Chapter 6 . ADVANTAGESANDENHANCEMENTS 6.1 Advantages Y SixthSense is an user friendly interface which integrates digital information into the physical world and its objects, making the entire world your computer. Y SixthSense does not change human habits but causes computer and other machines to adapt to human needs. Y It uses hand gestures to interact with digital information. Y Supports multi-touch and multi-user interaction Y Data accessdirectly from machine in real time Y It is an open source and cost effective and we can mind map the idea anywhere Y It is gesture-controlled wearable computing device that feeds our relevant information and turns any surface into an interactive display. Y It is portable and easy to carry as we can wear it in our neck. Y The device could be used by anyone without even a basic knowledge of a keyboard or mouse. Y There is no need to carry a camera anymore. If we are going for a holiday, then from now on wards it will be easy to capture photos by using mere fingers 6.2 Future Enhancements Y To get rid of color markers Y To incorporate camera and projector inside mobile computing device. Y Whenever we place pendant- style wearable device on table, it should allow us to use the table as multi touch user interface. Y Applying this technology in various interest like gaming, education systems etc. Y To have 3D gesture tracking. Y To make sixth sense work as fifth sense for disabled person.
  • 28. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL CONCLUSION The key here is that Sixth Sense recognizes the objects around you, displaying information automatically and letting you access it in any way you want, in the simplest way possible. Clearly, this has the potential of becoming the ultimate "transparent" user interface for accessing information about everything around us. If they can get rid of the colored finger caps and it ever goes beyond the initial development phase, that is. But as it is now, it may change the way we interact with the real world and truly give everyone complete awareness of the environment around us.
  • 29. Sixth sense Technology SLIET, LONGOWAL REFERENCES 1. www.blendernation.com/sixth-sense-technology/ 2. http://boingboing.net/2009/11/12/sixth-sense-technolo.html 3. http://gizmodo.com/5167790/sixth-sense-technology-may-change-how-we-look- at-the-world-forever 4. http://theviewspaper.net/sixth-sense-technology-will-revolutionize-the-world/ 5. http://lucasrichter.wordpress.com/2009/03/13/pattie-maes-sixth-sense- technology-whats-stopping-this/ 6. www.wikipedia.com/