Smart Cities in Africa: A Continent In Transition
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Africa's urban population is projected to increase significantly by 2050, leading to challenges like urban poverty and inadequate infrastructure. The continent is seen as an emerging economic space with the potential for sustainable urban transitions through smart city initiatives, focusing on technology and resource management. Key cities like Lagos and Nairobi are rapidly urbanizing, aiming to leverage technology for improved living conditions while overcoming social and environmental challenges.
Smart Cities in Africa: A Continent In Transition
- 1. Smart Cities in Africa: A Continent in Transition A presentation by: Fotini Maltezou ([email protected]) & Achilles Panagiotou ([email protected]) MA in Information Society, New Media and Technology Course: Cultural Marketing and Communication Athens Co Creation City Branding Project Course Instructor: Betty Tsakarestou
- 2. By 2050, Africa’s urban dwellers are projected to have increased from 400 million to 1.2 billion. Africa is experiencing unprecedented population growth (by 2030 Africa’s population will exceed that of Europe, South and North America combined). 50 per cent of Africans today remain at incomes below USD 1.25 per day, while only 4% receive more than USD 10 per day. (The African middle class: 2 - 20 USD per day). By 2060 it might be a resource scarce economy A Continent in Transition Resource Depletion Undiversified Economic Growth Inability to adapt to new global challenges
- 3. Significant transitions take place: E C O N O M I C T E C H N O L O G I C A L E N V I R O N M E N T A L U R B A N A N D S O C I O - P O L I T I C A L D E MO G R A P H I C Despite a feeble global economy, Africa’s performance is promising, with an increasing number of nations progressing towards high rankings among the world’s emerging economies. Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions Significant transitions take place • More than a quarter of the 100 fastest-growing cities in the world are in Africa • Booming cities supporting growing middle classes and creating sizable consumer markets. • Urban growth accompanied by massive urban poverty and many other social problems • New vulnerabilities and threats associated with climate and environmental change.
- 4. Urbanization 50% and 70% of poor African households’ budgets are spent on food, water, energy and transport (vulnerable to external shocks such as sharp rises in the costs of electricity, oil and petroleum, food and water). Unplanned slums and informal settlements present systemic problems Combining the offerings of the fourth industrial revolution with new green technologies that are largely decentralized or semi-decentralized (small- scale wind and hydro energy). • Northern Africa is highly urbanized • Eastern Africa is the world’s least urbanized but fastest urbanizing sub- region. • Western Africa, the most rapidly urbanizing sub-region in Africa after Eastern Africa • Central Africa is rapidly urbanizing, but the subregion is not expected to reach a region-wide urban majority until around 2030 • Southern Africa, the most urbanized region in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa and the fourth industrial revolution merging of digital, physical and biological worlds
- 5. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) • UNDP works with countries and communities to chart development paths that are low-carbon, climate-proof and use ecosystems and biodiversity for the benefit of present and future generations. • Collaborates with governments, civil society and the private sector to help them transform their economies (Private sector is a key driver of Africa’s emergence) to • Create jobs and making sure resources are invested back into communities • In 2018 YAS! (Youth for Africa and Sustainable Development Goals) is a Digital pan-African platform for young entrepreneurs: four main pillars of the entrepreneurship ecosystem: Information, Mentorship, Funding and Network.
- 6. 2014 The state of African cities Africa must rapidly improve its social services, especially in its mushrooming cities, to create better working and living conditions as well as new economic opportunities for its young people who will have to carry forward the current economic momentum. This includes encouraging the return of Africa’s diaspora brain drain which, in turn, implies the provision of more attractive urban living and working conditions. “Transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies” and Goals 6, 7, 11, 12 and 15 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Trends in science, technology and innovation (STI) in Africa 5 goals of the 2030 Agenda (in correspondence with Agenda 2063).
- 7. Could African cities harness green technologies for growth and jobs? Water Security Health & Sanitation Waste Management Modest waste generation Energy Supply Inadequate access to energy resources Food Security Land degradation Ensuring Sustainable Resource Flows • Unplanned slums and informal settlements • Between 50% and 70% of poor African households’ budgets are spent on food, water, energy and transport. This makes them vulnerable to external shocks such as sharp rises in the costs of electricity, oil and petroleum, food and water. • The fourth industrial revolution presents a massive opportunity to leapfrog African countries’ productive economies into a wholly new space. External threats & shocks: eco- migration Climate change adaptation over mitigation
- 8. Lookfor partnersthat: COUNTRIES ACROSS AFRICA ARE PUTTING "SMART CITIES" ON THEIR AGENDAS • The Nigerian Smart Cities Initiative (Nigeria smart city Summit August 2017) • The underlying ICT infrastructure is a key element of smart city success. • Deliver lean, optimal and efficient services (energy sources e.g., PV and wind energy) • Integrated with other services as intelligent smart city capabilities expand. • The ICT provider will play a broader role, implementing ICT infrastructure but also coordinating between service providers. • Look for the right partners • Have broad industry experience, with an understanding the operations and priorities of different sectors and stakeholders • Can create strong collaborative relationships across and between sectors Smart Africa’s Vision Statement: “Transform Africa into a Single Digital Market” Nov 19, 2018 IoT: Sweeping Africa’s Development in the Wake of Global Digital Transformation • Can do strategic planning and service rollouts based on customer needs and stakeholder readiness • Can offer data centre, interconnect and international connectivity • Can facilitate open access models, providing network control, management and maintenance • Offer smart city stakeholders integrated, shared and hosted platforms to flight their services • Have the data and analytics capabilities to enable multi-party services • Can facilitate service provision and revenue collection
- 9. • Rapid population growth • By 2020, Africa is likely to be the fastest urbanizing continent in the world • By 2030, six of the world’s 41 megacities will be in Africa. • Νearly 350 million new city- dwellers by 2030, and • a billion more by 2063. • The African Union (AU) developed Agenda 2063. • Today 60% of the population is living in slums • By 2050, Africa’s slum population will have tripled. Newly developed satellite "smart cities:" ambitious multi-billion dollar, hyper- livable tech cities populated with bustling, beautified boulevards, private condos and luxury cars. • Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria, • Waterfall City (South Africa), • Hope City in Ghana New landmark locations built entirely from scratch: • Vision City on the edge of Kigali in. • Appolonia and King City in Ghana • Kenya's new tech hub Konza • Tatu City in Kenya URBAN GOVERNANCE IS SHARED BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR Urbanization in Africa
- 10. Chris Giles of CNN asks: Will these ambitious projects be of benefit to a fortunate few or can smart cities provide a genuine solution to Africa’s fast-paced urbanization? Smart cities in Africa are first and foremost designed to provide a solution to a critical lack of housing.
- 11. Lagos The New York of Africa
- 12. SmartLagos TheIoT challenge Lagos, Nigeria 2018: The YAS Program The UNDP and Accenture announced the launch of YAS! • YAS! is a Digital pan-African platform for young entrepreneurs • Four main pillars of the entrepreneurship ecosystem: Information, Mentorship, Funding and Network • Nigeria and Egypt are taking a lead Lagos, Nigeria the fastest growing city in Africa with a population of 21 million people and huge traffic congestion. • Lagos has doubled to nearly 14 million people between 2000–2016 (Business Insider’s list) , and it is expected to explode to 88.3 million people by 2100 to be the world’s most populous city overall. • Data from smart cars can help to improve traffic, which can help to develop and improve smart cities in Africa. • With IoT, traffic lights can adjust to real-time traffic conditions such as when an emergency vehicle is approaching. • Road sensors will make changes to the speed limit based on weather and accidents, while also communicating directly to car dashboards about unsafe conditions with caution messages to slow down, beware of the accident scene in the turn in a quarter mile, etc.
- 13. Smart Lagos: Status, prospects and opportunities (a smart city vision) December2017 Lagos State government launches “Lagos Innovates” to support tech entrepreneurs. Cheap talent, large market, Increased interest of tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft in Lagos Startups Andela Jumia MainOne Incentives to establish small power plants (1 MW) that need not plug into the national grid (the aim is to have uninterrupted power supply by 2023). • Much of the tech industry in Nigeria, at least 70% it is reckoned, is in Lagos. • Compared to other tech hub cities like Cape Town, Johannesburg, Nairobi, and Kigali, Lagos differentiates itself in terms of potential market size. • With a startup ecosystem valued at $2bn, it is the most valuable African tech city, overtaking Cape Town, Johannesburg and Nairobi. • In 2016 the Lagos tech scene got most of the $109.37m in (500) startup funding for Nigeria, more foreign capital than any of its African rivals. (South Africa secured $96.75m and Kenya got $92.7m in tech startup financing in 2016. Savvy entrepreneurs built the so- called “Computer Village” in the Ikeja capital district of Lagos June 2015 Lagos-based Andela trains programmers and facilitates their placement with software companies around the world. CNN calls it “the startup that’s harder to get into than Harvard”. January2017 Yabacon Valley in a district of Lagos called Yaba, where techies have been aggregating to create innovative solutions. State governor Akinwunmi Ambode announces plans to transform Yaba into a major technology hub. ₦25bn employment trust fund.
- 14. Eko Atlantic City To become the new financial headquarters for Nigeria attracting international businesses and tourism and to serve as the gateway to emerging markets. As a prime development, Eko Atlantic will incorporate the highest standard of living, best conditions for business and represent African excellence. • Efficient energy generation fueled by natural gas and solar panels that are installed on the main water reservoirs. • The towers on the 8.5 meter above the sea-level island are on average 35 stories high and will provide more than 10 million square meters of real estate opportunities for businesses and residential. • Once completed, Eko Atlantic City will be home to 300,000 residents and 200,000 commuters who will enjoy the largest shopping mall in West Africa, a stunning waterfront promenade, two large marinas, and so much more. • 200,000 trees are being raised to soon be planted on the island to provide greenery.
- 15. “Lagos Innovates” Old problems – New challenges NIGERIA ICT and more • Where was the Galaxy Backbone when an alleged fire accident in the accounts department of FAAN destroyed documents that could have aided investigations into a ₦100m fraud case? • The Vice president, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo, in a speech at The Platform, confirmed that the federal government is partnering with a Nigeria owned cloud service, MainOne for the project ..and I (the author) wondered, “what happened to Galaxy Backbone?” Keynote speaker a top thinker on African issues, Oxford professor, Paul Collier: “Smart does not mean elite. Smart means a city that works for everybody in it. A city that works means that ordinary people can become productive and so earn a decent living.” such as transportation, ICT, tourism, hospitality, entertainment, and sports for excellence “Lagos Innovates” to support tech entrepreneurs. Through the programme, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) would be provided with the infrastructural support, training, capital and networks they need to succeed. The initiative copies similar models in Chile, India and Singapore. May 2017: “Towards a Smart City: Preparing for the next 50 years of prosperity”
- 16. Is Lagos really the world’s least livable city, besides Damascus? • Boko Haram: Lagos has been largely spared from its attacks *. • Lagos Has a Booming Economy (Lagos is not entirely dependent on oil) • Lagos Has a Burgeoning Tech Scene • Infrastructure Is Bad, but It Should Get Better • Lagos Has a Thriving Entertainment Industry (Nollywood, Nigeria’s eclectic and rapidly growing film industry) * One could argue that: “Western cities such as London and Paris have suffered multiple large-scale militant attacks in the past three years, most of which have been claimed by the Islamic State militant group (ISIS).” Lagos collects far more taxes than other states in Nigeria
- 17. Nairobi Beyond Safaris and Artisan Markets
- 18. Things to know about Nairobi • Capital of Kenya • Nairobi means “cool water”, referencing the Nairobi River passing through the city • Nairobi is an established hub for businesses and culture • Nairobi National Park • Multicultural city • Houses the United Nations Environment Programme & United Nations Office at Nairobi • Kibera slum
- 19. Nairobi ranked 6th most dynamic, fastest- growing cities in the world • Nairobi (6th) is projected to be one of fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of population over the next five years, and this is matched by very robust economic growth. • Absorbing this pace of migration is creating some issues. Nairobi frequently ranks near the top of indices that address congestion; a heavy reliance on cars and buses ensures that traffic jams are a daily problem. • Increase transparency to bring foreign direct investment The central business district houses many of Kenya's big businesses and banks • Nairobi Stock Exchange • Kenyatta International Conference Centre • I&M Bank Tower
- 20. Smart City • Won the title of Most Intelligent City in Africa for two years in a row • A smart city starts at the planning stage • Nairobi is replicating the steps Singapore followed on becoming a smart city • In 2007, Kenya launched M-Pesa, a mobile money system that allows people to transfer money and pay bills. • In 2010, Nairobi invested further into fostering innovation by creating the iHub, a tech incubation By 2015, iHub spawned 150 start-ups and had created more than 1,300 jobs. The Pinnacle (Pinnacle Towers) • One of the tallest buildings in Africa. • The development is a joint venture by • Hass Petroleum and White Lotus Group, a Dubai-based investment firm. • The main contractor is China State Construction Engineering Corporation
- 21. • Konza City, located 60km from Nairobi’s center, is being built to become the African version of the Silicon Valley, or Silicon Savanah, featuring world class infrastructure, sustainability and inclusive growth. • The first building has yet to be completed (Dec 2018) on the 5,000-acre former cattle ranch, three years after breaking ground, and business has shifted its focus to other African countries, like Rwanda, with competing visions to become modern tech hubs. • Utopia ? Cold feet ? Current funding a drop in the Ocean.
- 22. Nairobi Central Park Between parliament buildings and business buildings What people think “Living in the city is quite enjoyable due to efficiency of accessible tarmac roads, shopping malls, market centers, luxuries hotels, hospital even the latest discovery of the modern electric train.” “I loved Nairobi. Hated the corruption. Eventually, the corruption was a major factor in me selling my businesses and leaving the market.” “Nairobi is a beautiful city with beautiful and hard-working people. A preferred destination for the young generation hyperactive about social life.”
- 23. Kibera Slums • Population: 500.000 – 1.000.000 • An upgrade is complicated because of: crime rate, lack of foundations, topography • Clearance on Sep 2019 • Postponed several times • Legally challenged • Nubian community living here for 100yrs
- 24. How smart a continent can be when WATER AND SANITATION PROBLEMS RAVAGES IT? • Only four countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, and South Africa) in Africa continent have managed to provide better sanitation to their citizens leaves a lot to be desired by all concerns. • Most of the countries on the continent have not reached the goal even to provide adequate quality water to their population. • Some cities and towns have done very little to provide sanitation facilities in most of their institutions, Kenya is included.
- 26. Global Cities Report 2018 8th Global Cities report highlights regional trends Global Cities Index Global Cities Outlook Nairobi 76 Lagos 83 Nairobi 121 Lagos 133
- 28. Innovation Cities Index 2018: Africa
- 29. City Brands Index by Anholt-Gfk Roper 2006 CBI 2011 CBI Lagos 59 Nairobi 60 Lagos ?? Nairobi ??
- 30. JLL City Momentum Index 2018
- 31. 1. By 2030 one in five people will be African 2. 2 billion babies will be born in Africa over the next 33 years. 3. The overwhelming majority of Africans (93%) today have access to a mobile phone service, but less than two thirds have access to piped water. 4. Samsung Africa’s number one most admired brand. 5. In 11 African countries, women hold close to one-third of parliamentary seats. This is more than in Europe. 6. African women hold two thirds of all jobs in the non-agricultural informal sector, and on average only make 70 cents for each dollar made by men. (The UN estimates that discriminatory gender policies in sub-Saharan Africa cost the region up to $105 billion each year, or 6% of its GDP. 6 numbers that prove the future is African
- 32. What is Europe looking for: The TuNur project • Desert solar project could power 5 million EU homes. • Europe currently has about 100GW of solar photovoltaic power capacity, the bloc’s sixth largest source after natural gas, wind, coal, large hydro and nuclear. • If TuNur’s plan to add 4.5GW of renewable energy to the mix comes to fruition, then Brussels’ renewable energy targets will be easier to achieve, especially if the initial phase of 250MW comes online by 2020, when the EU’s 20% renewable energy goal has its deadline. • The TuNur project demonstrates the potential for renewable energy to meet the needs for low-carbon power in Tunisia as well as in North Africa and Europe (large-scale renewable energy projects in emerging markets are a recent phenomenon and are likely to face a number of commercial barriers). Some media outlets have already linked TuNur to ‘energy colonialism’ and ‘land-grabbing’. the TuNur project could also be threatened by instability at the national level.
- 33. Africa-EU Key statistical indicators highlights • The African population reached almost 1.3 billion people in 2017, more than double the population of the EU (512 million people). • From 2016 to 2017, GDP grew faster in Ethiopia (10.3%), Ghana (8.5%) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (7.6%) than in the best performing EU country (Ireland 7.2%). • In 2016, the African countries Seychelles, Botswana, Mauritius, Gabon, South Africa, Gambia and Ghana all had more mobile subscriptions per inhabitant than the EU average (1 231 mobile subscriptions per thousand inhabitants).
- 34. Competing in Africa: China European Union United States • Demand for natural resources and job creation forced China to look for markets abroad. Africa was a willing partner, due to its abundance of commodities and need for infrastructure development (financing of more than 3,000, largely critical, infrastructure projects). China has become the region’s largest creditor, accounting for 14 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s total debt stock. • Launch of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership and the first-ever summit between the 27 members of the EU and the 54 nations of Africa in 2007 seem to have hit a reset of sorts in the two regions’ relationship • Since 2000, U.S.-African commercial relations have been based on the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a non-reciprocal trade agreement that grants about 40 countries duty-free access for approximately 6,400 products to the U.S.
- 35. The African Climate Risks Conference The conference aims to: • Disseminate results and share insights in Africa; • Provide a forum to co-identify common priorities • Contribute to efforts to ensure greater impact and legacy of on-going research programmes • Link researchers and the diversity of other actors important for moving research into policy and practice: decision-makers, national meteorological agencies, knowledge brokers, donors, NGOs etc. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 7-9 October2019
Editor's Notes
- #12: Lagos consists of a series of islands connected by a handful of bridges, and with 93 percent of passengers and goods being transported by road, the roadways are often severely congested.
- #27: Kearney 2018 Global Cities report examines which global cities are improving in their competitiveness and what factors are driving that success.
- #28: https://www.atkearney.com/2018-global-cities-report?fbclid=IwAR3IwgkBadoCsBF01_I0yRKAZUgv-3QDkecW7DhIt5tayLDfy4Y6ennOYZo
- #30: Kearney 2018 Global Cities report examines which global cities are improving in their competitiveness and what factors are driving that success.