Software Architecture taxonomies - Integration patterns
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This document discusses various integration patterns for software architecture, including file transfer, shared databases, remote procedure calls, messaging, and service-oriented architectures. It describes the advantages and challenges of each pattern, and covers related topics like WS-* specifications, SOAP, and REST.
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Software Architecture taxonomies - Integration patterns
- 1. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo University of Oviedo Software Architecture Parte II. Architecture taxonomies Lesson 9: Integration patterns 2014 Jose Emilio Labra Gayo
- 2. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Integration Application Integration = Biggest challenge in Computer Science
- 3. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Integration Integration styles File transfer Shared database Remote procedure call Messaging Topologies Hub & Spoke, Bus Service Oriented Architectures WS-*, REST
- 4. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo File transfer Shared database Remote procedure call Messaging
- 5. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo File transfer An application generates a data file that is consumed by another One of the most common solutions Advantages Independence between A and B Low coupling Easier debugging By checking intermediate files Application A exports File imports Application B
- 6. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo File transfer Challenges Both applications must agree a common file format It can increase coupling Coordination Once the file has been sent, the receiver could modify it 2 files! It may require manual adjustments Application A exports File imports Application B
- 7. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Shared database Applications store their data in a shared database Advantage Data are always available Everyone has access to the same information Consistency Familiar format SQL for everything Application C Data Base Application A Application B
- 8. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Shared database Challenges Database schema can evolve It requires an common schema for all applications That can cause problems/conflicts External packages are needed (common database) Performance and scalability Database as a bottleneck Synchronization Distributed databases can be problematic Scalability NoSQL ?
- 9. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Shared database Variants Data warehousing: Database used for data analysis and reports ETL: process based on 3 stages Extraction: Get data from heterogeneous sources Transform: Process data Load: Store data in a shared database
- 10. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Remote procedure call An application calls a function from another application that could be in another machine Invocation can pass parameters Obtains an answer Lots of applications RPC, RMI, CORBA, .Net Remoting, ... Web services, ... Application A Stub call procedure Skeleton Application answer B
- 11. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Remote procedure call Advantages Encapsulation of implementation Multiple interfaces for the same information Different representations can be offered Model familiar for developers It is similar to invoke a method Application A Stub call procedure Skeleton Application answer B
- 12. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Remote procedure call Challenges False sense of simplicity Remote procedure procedure 8 fallacies of distributed computing Synchronous procedure calls Increase application coupling The network is reliable Latency is zero Bandwidth is infinite The network is secure Topology doesn't change There is one administrator Transport cost is zero The network is homogeneous 8 fallacies of distributed computing Application A Stub call procedure Skeleton Application answer B http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
- 13. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Messaging Multiple independent applications communicate sending messages through a channel Asynchronous communication Applications send messages a continue their execution Application C Application A Application B Message channel
- 14. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Messaging Advantages Low coupling Applications are independent between each other Asynchronous communication Applications continue their execution Implementation encapsulation The only thing exposed is the type of messages Application C Application A Application B Message channel
- 15. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Messaging Challenges Implementation complexity Asynchronous communication Data transfer Adapt message formats Different topologies Application C Application A Application B Message channel
- 16. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Hub & Spoke Bus
- 17. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Hub & Spoke Related with Broker pattern Hub = Centralized message Broker It is in charge of integration Application 1 Application 2 Hub or Broker Central integration engine Application 3 Application 4
- 18. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Bus Each application contains its own integration machine Publish/Subscribe style Message Bus Application 1 Application 2 Adapter and Integration engine Adapter and Integration engine Adapter and Integration engine Adapter and Integration engine Application 3 Application 4
- 19. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo Bus ESB - Enterprise Service Bus Defines the messaging backbone Some tasks Protocol conversion Data transformation Routing Offers an API to develop services MOM (Message Oriented Middleware)
- 20. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA WS-* REST
- 21. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA SOA = Service Oriented Architecture Services are defined by an interface Internet Service 2 Interface Interface Service 3 Service 1 Interface
- 22. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA Elements Provider: Provides service Consumer: Does requests to the service Messages: Exchanged information Contract: Description of the functionality provided by the service Endpoint: Service location Policy: Service level agreements Security, performance, etc.
- 23. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA Constraints Service Consumer Service Policy Endpoint Contracts Messages Adheres to Binds to Understands Sends/receives Governed by Exposes Implements Sends /receives Fuente: SOA Patterns, A. Rottem Gal Oz Serves Describes
- 24. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA Challenges Independent of language and platform Interoperability Use of standards Low coupling Decentralized Reusability Scalability one-to-many vs one-to-one Partial solution for legacy systems Adding a web services layer
- 25. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA Challenges Performance E.g. real time systems Overkill in very homogeneous environments Security Risk of public exhibition of API to external parties DoS attacks Service composition and coordination
- 26. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo SOA Variants: WS-* REST
- 27. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* WS-* model = Set of specifications SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, etc.... Proposed by W3c, OASIS, WS-I, etc. Goal: Reference SOA implementation
- 28. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Web Services Architecture Processes Discovery, Aggregation, Choreography Descriptions Web Services Description Language (WSDL Messages SOAP extensions Reliability, Correlation, Transactions SOAP Base technologies: XML, DTD, Schema Base technologies: XML, DTD, Schema Communications HTTP, SMTP, FTP, JMS, IIOP, ... S E C U R I T Y M A N A G E M E N T
- 29. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo
- 30. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* UDDI HTTP SOAP request (XML) SOAP answer (XML) Web Service Implementation Web Service Consumer
- 31. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* SOAP SOAP SOAP SOAP Internet Currency converter Billing Users Management SOAP XML User Application Web Services ecosystems
- 32. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* SOAP Defines messages format and bindings with several protocols Initially Simple Object Access Protocol Evolution Developed from XML-RPC SOAP 1.0 (1999), 1.1 (2000), 1.2 (2007) Initial development by Microsoft Posterior adoption by IBM, Sun, etc. Good Industrial adoption
- 33. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Message format in SOAP Envelope Header Body Header Key Header Key
- 34. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Example of SOAP over HTTP POST /Suma/Service1.asmx HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: longitod del mensaje SOAPAction: "http://tempuri.org/suma" <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <soap:Body> <sum xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"> <a>3</a> <b>2</b> </sum> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope> POST ?
- 35. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Advantages Specifications developed by community W3c, OASIS, etc. Industrial adoption Implementations Integral view of web services Numerous extensions Security, orchestration, choreography, etc.
- 36. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Challenges Not all specifications are mature Over-specification Lack of implementations RPC style abuse Uniform interface Sometimes, bad use of HTTP architecture Overload of GET/POST methods
- 37. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo WS-* Applications Lots of applications have been using SOAP Example: eBay (50mill. SOAP transactions/day) Other examples: thetrainline.com, Hyatt, Microsoft live, etc. Some popular web services ceased to offer SOAP support Examples: Amazon, Google, etc.
- 38. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST REST = REpresentational State Transfer Architectural style Source: Roy T Fielding PhD dissertation (2000) Inspired by Web architecture (HTTP/1.1)
- 39. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST REST - Representational State Transfer Diagram Internet HTTP Resource 1 GET, PUT, POST, DELETE GET, PUT, POST, DELETE Resource 2 Application
- 40. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST Set of constraints Resources with uniform interface Identified by URIs Fixed set of actions: GET, PUT, POST, DELETE Resource representations are returned Stateless REST = Architectural style Some levels of adoption: RESTful REST-RPC hybrid
- 41. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST as a composed style Layers Client-Server Stateless Cached Replicated server Uniform interface Resource identifiers (URIs) Auto-descriptive messages (MIME types) Links to other resources (HATEOAS) Code on demand (optional)
- 42. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST uniform interface Fixed set of operations GET, PUT, POST, DELETE Method In databases Function Safe? Idempotent? PUT Create/Update Create/update No Yes POST Update Create/ Update children No No GET Retrieve Query resource info Yes Yes DELETE Delete Delete resource No Yes Safe = Does not modify server data Idempotent = The effect of executing N-times is the same as executing it once
- 43. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST Stateless client/server protocol State handled by client HATEOAS (Hypermedia As The Engine of Application State) Representations return URIs to available options Chaining of resource requests Example: Student management 1.- Get list of students GET http://example.org/student Returns list of students with each student URI 2.- Get information about an specific student GET http://example.org/student/id2324 3.- Update information of an specific student PUT http://example.org/student/id2324
- 44. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST Advantages Client/Server Separation of concerns Low coupling Uniform interface Facilitates comprehension Independent development Scalability Improves answer times Less network load (cached) Less bandwidth
- 45. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST Challenges REST partially adopted Just using JSON or XML Web services without contract or description RPC style REST Difficult to incorporate other requirements Security, transaction, composition, etc.
- 46. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo REST as a composed style Layers Client Server Stateless Replicated REST Uniform Interface Cache Code on demand (optional)
- 47. Software Architecture School of Computer Science University of Oviedo