SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTS.pptx
- 1. UNIT-1
- 2. Introduction Solid Wastes- Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations. Hazardous wastes are those that may contain toxic substances generated from industrial, hospital, some types of household wastes. These wastes could be corrosive, inflammable, explosive, or react when exposed to other materials. ... Radioactive waste was generated from use of radioactivity, in many but not all cases. Nuisance is a common law tort. It means that which causes offence, annoyance, ... The boundaries of the tort are potentially unclear, Both in everyday vernacular and in legal terms, a nuisance is something that causes an annoyance. ... A few examples of private nuisances are: vibration, pollution of a stream or soil, smoke, foul odors, excessive light, and loud noises
- 3. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity. Keywords: solid waste management, Rawalpindi City, environmental impacts, land pollution. Solid waste management is an essential service in any society. Before introducing the process, however, let's start with a discussion of the material being managed—solid waste. Solid waste management is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations.
- 4. Objectives of Waste Management The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and the environment to support economic development and superior quality of life. This is to be done in the most efficient manner possible, to keep costs low and prevent waste buildup. Scope of waste Management Waste Management in India is basically all those activities, which are required to manage waste from its beginning to the final disposal. Waste Management majorly includes things like the collection, transport, treatment, and the ultimate disposal of waste with a high level of monitoring and regulation.
- 5. 6 Functional Elements of the Waste Management System There are six functional components of the waste management system, as outlined below: Waste generation: This encompasses any activities involved in identifying materials that are no longer usable and are either gathered for systematic disposal or thrown away. Onsite handling, storage, and processing: This relates to activities at the point of waste generation, which facilitate easier collection. For example, waste bins are placed at sites that generate sufficient waste. Waste collection: A crucial phase of waste management, this includes activities such as placing waste collection bins, collecting waste from those bins, and accumulating trash in the location where the collection vehicles are emptied. Although the collection phase involves transportation, this is typically not the main stage of waste transportation.
- 6. Waste transfer and transport: These are the activities involved in moving waste from the local waste collection locations to the regional waste disposal site in large waste transport vehicles. Waste processing and recovery: This refers to the facilities, equipment, and techniques employed to recover reusable or recyclable materials from the waste stream and to improve the effectiveness of other functional elements of waste management. Disposal: The final stage of waste management. It involves the activities aimed at the systematic disposal of waste materials in locations such as landfills or waste-to-energy facilities. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) As the field of solid waste management advances, solutions are being looked at more systematically and holistically. ISWM, for example, is an increasingly important term in the field of waste management. It refers to the selection and use of appropriate management programs, technologies, and techniques to achieve particular waste management goals and objectives. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that ISWM is composed of waste source reduction, recycling, waste combustion, and landfills.2 These activities can be done in either an interactive or hierarchical way.
- 7. In closing, it is important to stress that better solid waste management programs are urgently needed in some countries. Only about half of the waste generated in cities and one-quarter of what is produced in rural areas is collected. Internationally, the World Bank warns that global waste could increase from 2016 to 2050 by 70% in a business-as-usual scenario.3 Ongoing efforts to improve the waste management system are an important part of preserving a healthy human and ecological future. Waste Management in India is basically all those activities, which are required to manage waste from its beginning to the final disposal. Waste Management majorly includes things like the collection, transport, treatment, and the ultimate disposal of waste with a high level of monitoring and regulation.
- 8. The problems of solid wastes arise from the following sources: (a) Domestic Wastes: Domestic wastes are those wastes which are generated by households. These wastes include many substances and materials like peels of fruits and vegetables, unused food products, packing materials, pieces of glasses, newspapers and plastics etc. (b) Commercial Wastes: Commercial wastes are the wastes generated by small scale commercial units including shops. These wastes include packaging materials, i.e., polythene bags, plastics, cardboard, lopes for tying and packaging. All these contribute largely to urban waste. (c) Wastes from Other Sources: Materials like cement, sand, bricks, etc. used in the construction of buildings and roads. These materials mix up with domestic sewage and result in waste generation. Wastes are also generated during many social and religious functions like marriages and festivals.
- 9. Problems Due to Solid Wastes: There are many problems associated with solid wastes: 1. Solid wastes result in air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. 2. Solid wastes also cause many diseases as these wastes are breeding place for many vectors. 3. Substances like polythene bags block drain pipes thereby paralysing the whole drainage system. 4. Stray animals ingest some harmful substances along with food from waste, which may result in many diseases and ultimately death of these animals, and further increase solid waste.
- 10. What is Solid Waste Management? Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every household, including the business owners across the world. The industrialization has brought a lot of good things and bad things as well. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste. “Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.”
- 11. Types of waste Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and market places. Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are highly organic and having low moisture content. Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc. Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics. Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking. Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc. Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste. Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals. Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc. Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
- 12. Various Sources of Solid Waste Every day, tonnes of solid waste are disposed of at various landfill sites. This waste comes from homes, offices, industries and various other agricultural related activities. These landfill sites produce foul smell if waste is not stored and treated properly. It can pollute the surrounding air and can seriously affect the health of humans, wildlife and our environment. The following are major sources of solid waste: 1. Residential Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid waste. The garbage from these places includes food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky household items such as electronics, tires, batteries, old mattresses and used oil. See also Deforestation - Causes, Effects and Solutions To Clearing of Forests Most homes have garbage bins where they can throw away their solid wastes in and later, the bin is emptied by a garbage collecting firm or person for treatment.
- 13. 2. Industrial Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors to solid waste. They include light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning plants, power and chemical plants. These industries produce solid waste in the form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical wastes as well as other hazardous wastes. 3 Commercial Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today. Commercial buildings and facilities, in this case, refer to hotels, markets, restaurants, godowns, stores and office buildings. Some of the solid wastes generated from these places include plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other hazardous wastes. 4. Institutional The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other government centers also produce solid waste. Some of the common solid wastes obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes.
- 14. 5. Construction and Demolition Areas Construction and demolition sites also contribute to the solid waste problem. Construction sites include new construction sites for buildings and roads, road repair sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites. Some of the solid wastes produced in these places include steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass. 6. Municipal Services The urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries today. Some of the solid waste brought about by the municipal services include street cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping wastes and wastes from recreational areas, including sludge. 7. Treatment Plants and Sites Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste. They include refineries, power plants, processing plants, mineral extraction plants and chemical plants.
- 15. Among the wastes produced by these plants, there are industrial process wastes, unwanted specification products, plastics, metal parts, just to mention a few. 8. Agriculture Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of solid wastes. Among the wastes they produce are agricultural wastes, spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials. 9. Biomedical This refers to hospitals and biomedical equipment and chemical manufacturing firms. In hospitals, there are different types of solid wastes produced. Some of these solid wastes include syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper, plastics, food wastes and chemicals. All these require proper disposal or else they will cause a huge problem for the environment and the people in these facilities.
- 16. Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management 1. Litter Surroundings Due to improper waste disposal systems, particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a menace. While people clean their homes and places of work, they litter their surroundings, which affect the environment and the community. See also Five Ways To Make Your Business More Energy Sufficient 2. Impact on Human Health Improper waste disposal can affect the health of the population living nearby the polluted area or landfills. The health of waste disposal workers and other employees involved with these landfill facilities are also at a greater risk. Exposure to wastes that handled improperly can cause skin irritations, respiratory problems, blood infections, growth problems, and even reproductive issues. 3. Disease-causing Pests This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions.
- 17. After a few days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced, and it becomes a breeding ground for different types of disease- causing insects as well as infectious organisms. On top of that, it also spoils the aesthetic value of the area. 4. Environmental Problems Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals. When released to the environment, the solid wastes can cause biological and physicochemical problems to the environment that may affect or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area. 5. Soil and Groundwater Pollution Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the groundwater. During the process of collecting solid waste, hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and other flammable wastes making the disposal process even harder and risky.
- 18. 6. Emission of Toxic Gases When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up with paper and other non-toxic scraps are burned they produce dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other gases. These toxic gases have the potential of causing various diseases, including cancer. 7. Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals Our carelessness with our waste and garbage also affects animals, and they suffer the effects of pollution caused by improperly disposed of wastes and rubbish. Consuming styrofoam and cigarette butts have been known to cause deaths in marine animals. Animals are also at risk of poisoning while consuming grasses near contaminated areas or landfills as the toxins seep into the soil.