Solid_waste_management.pptx
- 1. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
- 2. WASTE • It is defined as: Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. OR “Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly”
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Since the beginning, Human kind has been generating waste. • It could be in the form of: Bones Other parts of animals they slaughter Wood • With the progress of civilization the waste generated became of a more complex nature.
- 4. • At the end of 19th century (Industrial revolution) there was rise in the world of consumers. • The increase in population and urbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in solid waste
- 5. TYPES OF WASTE • Solid Waste • Liquid Waste • Gaseous Wastes • Animal by-products • Biodegradable waste • Biomedical waste • Bulky waste • Business waste
- 6. • Chemical waste • Clinical waste • Coffee wastewater • Commercial waste • Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) • Controlled waste • Consumable waste • Composite
- 7. SOLID WASTE • It is defined as: “Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances”
- 8. • Solid wastes also include: • Sewage sludge • Agricultural refuse • Demolition wastes • Mining residues
- 9. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows: 1.Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste 2.Industrial waste as Hazardous waste 3.Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste
- 10. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE • Municipal solid waste consists of: Household waste Construction and demolition debris Sanitation residue Waste from streets.
- 12. • With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. • The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed and are not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil and groundwater.
- 13. The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc A week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years
- 14. HAZARDOUS WASTE • Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. • Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are Corrosive Highly inflammable, or explosive React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
- 15. Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include: old batteries shoe polish paint tins old medicines medicine bottles.
- 16. • Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous. • These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants.
- 17. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.
- 18. HOSPITAL WASTE • Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals • It may include wastes like • Sharps • Soiled waste • Disposables • Anatomical waste • Cultures • Discarded medicines
- 19. • These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. • This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner • It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected
- 20. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE Source Typical Waste Generators Types of solid wastes 1:Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Metals Ashes Special wastes (e.g bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous
- 21. 2: Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants. Housekeeping wastes Packaging Food wastes Construction and demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes Special wastes. 3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Paper cardboard plastics wood food wastes glass metals special wastes hazardous wastes 4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial.
- 22. 5:Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Wood steel concrete dirt etc. 6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants. Street sweepings landscape and tree trimmings General wastes from parks Beaches Recreational areas; sludge. 7:Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing. Industrial process wastes Scrap materials Off-specification products. Spoiled food wastes
- 23. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE • The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. • The composition of a city waste is as follows: Paper, wood, cardboard 53 % Garbage 22 % Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 % Metals 8 % Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
- 24. Composition of City Waste 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Paper, w ood, cardboard Garbage Ceramic, glass crokery metals Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles Type of Wastes Percentages Series1
- 25. • The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to Overpopulation, Affluence (material comfort) Technological advancement
- 26. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE a) Health Hazard • If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions. • This may lead to epidemic outbreaks. • Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives. • In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste
- 27. b) Environmental Impact • If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take place. • The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
- 28. WASTE MANAGEMENT 4 R’s CONCEPT • Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management.
- 29. REFUSE • Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have.
- 30. REUSE • Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.
- 31. RECYCLE • Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again.
- 34. REDUCE • Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.
- 36. CONTROL MEASURES • The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects on the environment. The steps involved are: Collection of solid wastes Disposal of solid wastes Utilization of wastes
- 37. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES • Collection of waste includes gathering the waste, transporting it to a centralized location, and then moving it to the site of disposal. • The collected waste is then separated into • Hazardous • Non-hazardous materials.
- 38. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES • Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the usable resources and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal system. • The main processing technologies are • compaction • Incineration • Manual separation.
- 39. The appropriate solid waste disposal method has to be selected, keeping in view the following objectives: 1.Should be economically viable 2.Should not create a health hazard 3.Should not cause adverse environmental effects 4.Should not result in unpleasant sight, odor, and noise
- 40. UTILIZATION OF WASTES • The solid wastes can be properly utilized to gather the benefits such as: Conservation of natural resources Economic development Generate many useful products Employment opportunities Control of air pollution
- 41. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. • The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. • Management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances
- 42. • Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. • Management for non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities. • Management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.
- 43. METHODS OF DISPOSAL • Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. • Landfills were often established in Abandoned or unused quarries, Mining voids Borrow pits
- 44. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials
- 45. INCENERATION • Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. • This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. • Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".
- 46. RECYCLING • Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. • The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. • Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.
- 47. • The most common consumer products recycled include: Aluminum such as beverage cans Copper such as wire Steel food and aerosol cans Old steel furnishings or equipment Polyethylene and PET bottles Glass bottles and jars Paperboard cartons Newspapers, magazines and light paper Corrugated fiberboard boxes.
- 48. SUSTANIBILTY • The management of waste is a key component in a business ability to maintaining ISO 14001 official approval. • Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year. • One way to do this is by improving a company’s waste management with a new recycling service. (such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc.)
- 49. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING • Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as • plant material • food scraps • paper products • Can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter
- 50. • The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. • In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies
- 51. ENERGY RECOVERY • The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a • Direct combustion fuel • Indirectly by processing them into another • Type of fuel • There are 2 types of Thermal Treatment • Pyrolysis • Gasification
- 52. AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHOD • An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. • Methods of avoidance includes: Reuse of second-hand products Repairing broken items instead of buying new
- 53. Designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags) Encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery) Removing any food/liquid remains from cans Packaging Designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, light weighting of beverage cans).
- 54. WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT • Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. • Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry.
- 55. TECHNOLOGIES • The waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such as: • RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, • GPS • Integrated software packages
- 56. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT • There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions.
- 57. • Waste hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.
- 58. • Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.
- 59. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGALAND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS Under the recently devolved local government system, the Town/ Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMAs) are responsible for the solid waste collection, transportation and disposal. However, TMAs are unable to cope with continuously increasing volumes of municipal waste due to inadequate funds, lack of rules, regulations and standards, lack of knowhow on the subject, lack of expertise and lack of collection vehicles and equipment
- 60. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE The move from landfill-based to resource- based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. Solid waste in India is generally composed of three categories i.e. • Biodegradable such as food waste, animal waste, leaves, grass, straws, and wood. • Non-biodegradable are plastic, rubber, textile waste, metals, fines, stones and • Recyclable material includes paper, card board, rags and bones.
- 61. CONCLUSION • The overall conclusion of the study on present status of solid waste management is as follows: 1.There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the environment. 2.Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does not seem to be a priority. 3.None of the cities has an integrated solid waste management system
- 62. • Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated. • Hospital and industrial wastes are treated as ordinary waste • A lot of potential for recycling and involvement of private sector which is overlooked • No disposal facilities
- 63. • Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common practice. • No weighing facilities are installed at any disposal sites • Open burning of non-degradable components like plastic bags are adding to air pollution • Much of the uncollected waste poses serious health hazards
- 64. RECOMMENDATIONS • Following recommendations are proposed for sustainable SWM: 1.The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM. 2.Public awareness should be created especially at primary school. 3.Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns and urban areas. 4.Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW should be organized
- 65. • The collection bins must have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area. • Municipal authorities should maintain the storage facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary conditions. • Proper segregation would lead to better options and opportunities for scientific disposal of waste.
- 66. • An open dump or an uncontrolled waste disposal area should be rehabilitated. It is advisable to move from open dumping to sanitary land filling in a phased manner. • Land filling should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing