SORGHUM-2.pptx
- 1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN SORGHUM 1
- 2. 2 Dr.J.I.Nanavati NAME MANAV SOLANKI CHIRAG VASAVA Reg. No. 4011120036 4011120042 PREPARED BY: SUBMITTED TO: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR S.M.C.P.A, Anand
- 3. CONTENT Botanical Information Economic Importance Floral Biology Area Under Sorghum Production Life Cycle Breeding Objective Season Soil Requirement Field Preparation 3
- 4. TO BE CONTINUE... Fertilizer Application Sowing Method Procedure For Hybrid Seed Production Isolation Distance Planting Ratio Spacing Seed Rate Synchronization Technique Roughing From Female Plot 4
- 5. TO BE CONTINUE... Irrigation Fertilizer Application Weeding Plant Protection Stages of Seed Production Number of Inspections Method of Harvesting Threshing Drying 5
- 6. TO BE CONTINUE... Processing Seed Treatment (For Storage) Packing & Storage Some Important Hybrid Varieties Seed Standard Research Station 6
- 7. BOTANICAL INFORMATION Name of Crop : Sorghum Botanical Name : Sorghum bicolor L. Family : Poaceae Chromosome Number : 2n = 20 Center of origin : North East of Africa Mode of Pollination : Often Cross Pollinated Out Cross Percentage : 6-45 % 7
- 8. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Sorghum is one of the main staple food crops for the world’s poor and food insecure people in the semi-arid tropics of Africa and Asia. It is an important source of feed, fodder and bio-fuel apart from food. It is known to be rich in phenolic compounds, many of which act as antioxidants. 8
- 9. TO BE CONTINUE... Sorghum grain contains 11.3% protein, 3.3% fat and 56-73% starch. It is relatively rich in iron, zinc,phosphorus and b-complex vitamins Tannins, found particularly in red grained types, contain antioxidants that protect against cell damage, a major cause of diseases and aging. 9
- 10. TO BE CONTINUE... Sorghum starch is gluten-free, making sorghum a good alternative to wheat flour for individuals suffering from celiac disease. 10
- 11. FLORAL BIOLOGY Sorghum is an often cross pollinated crop. The extent of out crossing is 6-45% and depends on nature of ear head. In loose panicles the cross pollination is more and less in compact panicle. Spikelets occur in pairs on the lateral branches of the panicle. One is sessile while the other spikelet is pedicelled. Sessile is bisexual and pedicelled spikelet and each spikelet has two florets. 11
- 12. TO BE CONTINUE... Flower opening starts after 2 to 4 days of emergence of panicle from the boot leaf. Fertile pollen will be lemon yellow in colour. Receptivity of stigma starts two days before opening and remains for several days(5 days). Flower opening and anthesis will be from 2 am to 8 am. 12
- 13. TO BE CONTINUE... Sorghum flower:- 13
- 14. AREA UNDER PRODUCTION For 2022-23, USDA has projected world sorghum area as 41.04 million hectares and production as 60.38 million tonnes. For India, the same was projected as 4.50 million hectares and 4.40 million tonnes. 14
- 15. LIFE CYCLE 15
- 16. BREEDING OBJECTIVES High yield Better quality Early maturity Wider adaptation Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses Low HCN content Leafy & Sweet 16 For Fodder
- 17. SEASON The best season for production is November-December and the flowering should not coincide either with rain or high RH as it will wash out the pollen and the maturation should coincide with dry weather. The temperature of 37oC is favourable for better seed setting. 17
- 18. SOIL REQUIREMENT Sorghum can be grown successfully on clay, clay loam or sandy loam soil. Fertile, well drained soils are important to optimize yield. Sorghum is generally grown in almost neutral(pH 6.5 to 7.0) to moderately alkaline(pH 7.0 to 8.3) soils. Optimum soil pH is 6.5 to 7.8; development and yield are hampered in soils with pH below 5.7 or above 8.3. 18
- 19. FIELD PREPARATION Plough the field with an iron plough and twice with a country plough. Fine tilth is not needed as it affects germination and yield. In soils with sub-soil hard pan, chiselling should be done every year at the start of each season. After chiselling, plough once with disc plough and twice with cultivator. 19
- 20. FERTILIZER APPLICATION Compost : 12.5 t/ha 20 N P K Basal 100 50 50 Top dressing 50 0 0 Total 150 50 50
- 21. SOWING METHOD Seeds are sown by drilling method. In some places seeds are also raised in nursery and transplanted to the main field 21
- 22. PROCEDURE FOR HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION In sorghum hybrid seed is produced by utilizing cytoplasmic genetic male sterile system. The 1st source of male sterile cytoplasm used is Combined kafir 60 A. Hybrid seed production involves two steps; 1. Maintenance of parental Lines (A-line, B- line and R-line) 2. Commercial hybrid seed production (AxR) 22
- 23. TO BE COUNTINUE... Maintenance of parental lines is generally referred as foundation seed production and hybrid seed production as certified seed class. The A-line can be maintained by crossing with B-line in an isolated plot, while in hybrid seed production A-line is crosses with R-line or fertility restorer line. The B-line and the R-line can be maintained just like normal varieties by following the required isolation and field standards. 23
- 24. Maintenance of A-line or Hybrid seed Production (AxR): Land requirement: Land should be free from volunteer plants, Johnson grass, Sudan grass and other forage types. The same crop should not be grown on the same piece of land in the previous one season unless it is the same variety and certified by certification agency for its purity 24
- 25. ISOLATION DISTANCE Isolation distance(m) Foundation Seed Certified Seed Normal 200 100 On presence of Johnson grass 400 400 On presence of forage sorghum 400 200 Hybrids 300 200 25
- 26. PLANTING RATIO For Foundation Seed :- 4:2 (A:B) For Certified Seed :- 5:2 (A:R) 26
- 27. SPACING A Line : 45cm x 30cm R Line : 45cm x Solid row spacing 27
- 28. SEED RATE A Line : 8 kg/ha R Line : 4 kg/ha 28
- 29. SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUE Proper synchronization of flowering between A-Line and R-Line is a common problem. If the difference between the male and female parent is less than a week, it can be manipulated by cultural practices. Spraying growth retardant MH 500ppm at 45 DAS, delays flowering in advancing parent. Withhold one irrigation to the advancing parent. Urea Spraying 1% to the lagging parent. 29
- 30. ROUGHING DO IT IN BOTH PARENTS. Off types :- • In female line : Wild types, Pollen shedders, R-Line. • In male line : A-Line, Diseased plants, wild types. 30
- 31. IRRIGATION The crop should be irrigated once in a week for enhanced seed set and formation of bolder grains. The critical stages of irrigation are primordial initiation stage, vegetative stage, milky and maturation stage. If the irrigation is withheld in these stages seed set will be poor and seed size will be reduced. 31
- 32. WEEDING Application of atrazine @ 10ml per litre as pre-emergence herbicide control the growth of weeds upto 20- 25 days. One hand weeding at the time of primordial initiation keep the field free of weeds. 32
- 33. PLANT PROTECTION PEST:- 33 Common pests Management techniques Shootfly Monocrotophos 0.03% Stemborer Rogar 0.3% Gall midge Endosulphan 0.07% Earhead bugs Endosulphan 0.07% Black mould & sugary disease Endosulphan 0.07%+ Bavistin @10g/lit Kernal smut & head smut Endosulphan 0.07%+ Bavistin @10g/lit
- 34. STAGES OF SEED PRODUCTION Breeder seed A x B - B - R Foundation seed A x B - B - R Certified seed A x R 34
- 35. NO. OF INSPECTION A minimum of three inspections shall be made as follows. 1. The first inspection shall be made before flowering on order to verify isolation, volunteer plants, and other relevant factors. 2. The second inspection shall be made during flowering to check isolation, off types and other relevant factors. 3. The third inspection shall be made at maturity and prior to harvesting to verify true nature of plant and other relevant factors. 35
- 36. METHOD OF HARVESTING The crop attains physiological maturity 40-45 days after 50% flowering and the seed moisture at this stage will be around 25-30%. This stage can be easily identified by the formation of dunken layer at the place of attachment to the ear head. The earheads are harvested commercially when 80% of the earheads are physiologically matured,where the moisture content will be around 20%. 36
- 37. THRESHING The earheads are dried under sun and threshed with stick for extraction of seeds. The moisture content of seed at the time of threshing will be 15-18%. On large scale production LCT threshers are used, but care should be given to avoid mechanical damage, which in turn will reduce the seed quality and storability. SEED YIELD :- 3000-4000 kg/ha 37
- 38. DRYING The seeds are dried to 8-10% moisture content either under sun or adopting mechanical driers for long term storage as the seeds is orthodox in nature. 38
- 39. PROCESSING Mechanical grading can be done with cleaner cum grader, which will remove the undesired immature and chaffy seeds. The middle screen size should be 9/64’’ round perforated sieves. The size can vary depending on the type of seed. For fodder sorghum 8/64’’ sieve is used. 39
- 40. SEED TREATMENT (FOR STORAGE) The seeds are infested with several storage pests, to protect against these pests the seeds are given protective treatment with bavistin @2g/kg of seed with carbaryl @200mg/kg of seed as slurry treatment. Bifenthrin @5mg/kg of seed is also recommended for fodder sorghum. 40
- 41. SEED PACKING & STORAGE Seeds are packed in gunny bags for short term storage while in HDPE and polylined gunny bag for long term storage. The treated seed can be stored up to 12 months provided the seeds are not infected with storage pests. Seed can be stored up to 3 years if the seeds are packed in moisture containers and are stored at low temperature. The godown should be kept clean as the possibility of secondary infestation with Trifolium(red flour weevil) is much in these crop. 41
- 42. SOME IMPORTANT HYBRID VARIETIES HYBRID PARENTS CSH1 CK 60 A x IS 84 CSH5 2077A x CS3541 CSH9 MS 296 x CS 3541 COH2 2219A x IS3541(Kovilpatti Tall) COH3 2077A x CO21 COH4 296A x TNS30 CSH 13 R 296 A x RS 29 CSH14 AKMS 14A x AKR 150 CSH16 27 A x C43 CSH15 (R) 104 A x R 585 CSH17 AKMS 14A x RS 673 42
- 43. SEED STANDARD FOUNDATION SEED CERTIFIED SEED Physical Purity(%) 98 98 Inert matter(%) 2 2 Other crop seed 5/kg 5/kg Weed seed 10/kg 20/kg Other distinguishable variety 10/kg 20/kg Ergot disease by number 0.020% 0.040% Moisture content Moisture previous container 12 12 Moisture vapour proof container 8 8 43
- 44. 44