SOYBEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES In the Philippines.pptx

SOYBEAN
PRODUCTION
Presented by:
Kim Jonah B. Antioquia
Agriculturist 1/Soybean Focal

What is Soybean?
- also called as soya beans.
- Soybean [Glycine max (L), family leguminosae, is
an industrial crop cultivated for oil and protein and
it's known for its edible seed.
-The soybean is economically the most important bean
in the world, providing vegetable protein for millions
of people and ingredients for hundreds of chemical
products and an ingredients in formulating feeds.
- It is also considered the wonder crop of the century
because of its many benefits and potential in the
market. It has high protein content of 35-40% and
improves then fertility of the soil because it adds
nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil.

What is Soybean?
- It is considered the wonder crop of the century because of its many benefits and potential
in the market. It has high protein content of 35-40% and improves the fertility of the soil
because it adds nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil.
- The soybean is an erect branching plant and can reach more than 2 metres (6.5 feet) in
height. The self-fertilizing flowers are white or a shade of purple. Seeds can be yellow,
green, brown, black, or bi-coloured, though most commercial varieties have brown or tan
seeds, with one to four seeds per pod.

- Areas where corn and rice are successfully grown are
suitable for soybean production. This means that
soybean is a good rotating crop and intercrop of corn
and upland rice.
- Also, ideal intercrop or rotating crop of cereals and
fruit trees/plantation crops like banana, coffee and
coconut.
- choose well drained soils that are loose and well
aerated allowing air to reach the root system and
nitrogen fixing nodules. Soils should have a good
water-holding capacity and not be exposed to erosion.
- Potential sites for soybean production should be under
crop rotation to reduce diseases incidence and soil
nutrient depletion
SITE SELECTION

Thorough land preparation is recommended for:
Proper root development
Better water retention and weed control
High seed germination
Uniform seed emergence
Complete land preparation
2-3x alternate plowing and harrowing
Minimum Tillage
Only furrowing is undertaken but applicable in areas
- with light to medium textured soil where field is relatively
weed-free
- Sloppy/terrain areas
LAND PREPARATION

SEEDS AND VARIETAL SELECTION
- It is important that farmers use quality soybean seeds when planting. This can help
improve their yield significantly. Quality seeds exhibit certain characteristics: They are
high yielding, fast maturing, resistant to pod shattering, disease and pest, and have
high oil and protein content
-Soybean varieties vary in their seasonal adaptability and reactions to major insects
and diseases.
-Select the best variety/varieties for the target growing environment.

Soybean Varieties Recommended for Commercial Production in the Philippines
OFFICIAL NAME COMMON NAME
BREEDING
INSTITUTION
Recommended Environment
Northern and
Central Luzon
Visayas Mindanao
BPI Sy 4 BPI- Los Baños X X
PSB Sy 1 LG Soy 1 BPI-La Granja X X
PSB Sy 2 Tiwala 6 IPB-UPLB X
Cotabato,
Davao
PSB Sy 3 LG Soy 2 BPI-La Granja X X
PSB Sy 5 BPI- Los Baños Dry Irrigated X Dry Irrigated
PSB Sy 6 Tiwala 8 IPB-UPLB
PSB Sy 7 Tiwala 10 IPB-UPLB X
NSIC Sy 8 Mapusyaw BPI- Los Baños X X
Manchuria Unknown X X Surigao

Variety Facts
OFFICIAL NAME
COMMON
NAME
Seed
Size,g/100
seed
Maturity days
Seed
Storability
Reaction to
insect Pest
BPI Sy 4 14-18 <90 Good Tolerant
PSB Sy 1 LG Soy 1 <14 <90-100 Fair Tolerant
PSB Sy 2 Tiwala 6 <14 <90 Poor
PSB Sy 3 LG Soy 2 <14 <90
PSB Sy 5 18-22 <90 Poor
PSB Sy 6 Tiwala 8 <14 <90-100 Good Tolerant
PSB Sy 7 Tiwala 10 <14 <90-100 Good Tolerant
NSIC Sy 8 Mapusyaw <14-18 <90-100 Poor Susceptible
Manchuria <14 <90 Good Tolerant

MANCHURIA
- Farmers Variety in Surigao and Davao
Provinces
-Benchmark variety for soymilk, taho and tokwa
-Small seeds
-Light brown hilum color

CL-SOY 1
- Recommended variety for Luzon post-rice
areas; developed by CLSU
-High soymilk yield
-Small seeds
-Brown hilum color

IPB-SY96-27-23
- Soybean line developed by IPB-UPLB
-Soymilk from dehulled beans has the best
flavor profile among available varieties
-Bigger seeds
-Almost colorless hilum

TUDELA
- Farmers variety in Trento, Surigao del Sur
-Traditionally marketed for Tausi
-Black in color
-High Protein content

IPB-SY 2003-10-13
- Soybean line developed by IPB-UPLB
-Soymilk from dehulled beans has favorable
flavor profile

TIWALA 6 (PSB Sy2)
- Recommended high yielding variety for dry
season planting in Luzon; developed by IPB-
UPLB
-Resistant to pod shattering
-High lunasin content
-Small seeds
-Brown hilum color

TIWALA 8
- Recommended high yielding variety for Short-day
planting in rainfed, hilly areas; developed by IPB-
UPLB
-Susceptiblet to pod shattering during very dry
harvesting periods
-Small seeds
-Brown hilum color

TIWALA 10
- Recommended high yielding variety for early
planting (before june in Mindanao) planting;
developed by IPB-UPLB
-Susceptiblet to pod shattering during very dry
harvesting periods
-Small seeds
-Brown hilum color

GERMINATION TEST
- Soybean seed rapidly loses viability when not handled well during
processing and storage.
- Quality seeds tend to be expensive but, will give high crop yields. It is
therefore important that you assure the seed germination before planting.

INNOCULATION OF SOYBEAN
- to further boost soybean yields, farmers are encouraged to dress
soybean seeds with rhizobia before planting. The process of
dressing soybeans with rhizobia is called inoculation. The inoculum-
Rhizobium japonicum is a nitrogen fixing bacteria that forms nodules
on roots. This allows the capture of air nitrogen by the crop and
subsequently, a soybean yield increase.

INNOCULATION OF SOYBEAN
How to inoculate the seeds?
• Place 10 kgs seeds in a basin
• Moisten the seeds with a glass of water
• Pour 1 pack (100 g) inoculant and mix thoroughly
• Inoculate seeds under the shade
• Plant inoculated seeds immediately
“Do not expose inoculated
seeds to sunlight”

- Plant 1 or 2 seeds in each hole and cover slightly
with soil
- Use 25kg of seeds to plant optimally one hectare
-Avoid repeated planting of soybean in same piece of
land season after season (planting soybean after
soybean). This will cause soil nutrient depleting and
pest and disease spreading.
- Avoid deep planting because the germinating
seedlings may deplete their nutrient reserves stored
in the seeds before they have developed primary
roots capable of water and nutrient uptake. In such
situations, the seedlings may die.
PLANTING

- When planting soybeans, leave 45cm between
rows and 20cm spacing between plants along
the row if 2 seeds are to be planted per hole or
space at 50cm x 25 cm when 3 seeds are to
be planted per hole. It is advisable to mark the
planting string to maintain correct spacing
between plants
- The planting hole depth should be 2-5cm (1-2
inches) deep to allow easy emergence of
planted seeds
PLANTING

- Soybean is photoperiod-sensitive crop. Short-days
period (November to January) encourage
reproductive growth but vegetative growth is
favorable during long days (longer day-length) in
the month of May-July.
-Depending on the climate type in target growing
locations, soybean production during the dry
season is successful only if soil moisture is
available in sufficient amount and wet season
production is recommended only in areas with
short wet season (less than 4 months).
PLANTING

- Seed sowing involves 2 methods namely; hill method
and drill method.
- In hill method, drop 2 seeds/hill at 10 cm apart along
the furrows of 40-50 cm distance.
- Drill method requires dropping of seeds of about 15-
20 seeds per linear meter.
SEED SOWING AND SEEDING RATE

THE PLANT: Physical Characteristics
- an erect branching plant and can reach more than
2 meters (6.5 feet) in height
-Leaves are trifoliate, having three to four leaflets per
leaf.
-before the seeds are mature, the leaves fall

SOYBEAN GERMINATION - VEGETATIVE EMERGENCE
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/
a1174/a1174-2.jpg
-Within one or two days under favorable
temperatures, the first root (radicle) of the
swollen seed will emerge through the seed
coat and grow downward to develop the
primary root.
-It commonly takes a soybean seed about
two days to germinate. The plant does not
emerge from the ground until about one
week after planting
-5 to 6 days after sowing the cotelydons
break through the soil surface and
gradually turn green. Nodule formation
typically begins at this growth stage.

SOYBEAN GERMINATION - VEGETATIVE COTYLEDON
- 7 days after emergence the
cotyledons fully expanded so that
the unifoliate leaves sufficiently
unfolded so that the leaf edges are
not touching

FIRST FOUR WEEKS
V1
1
Leaflet edges touching

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1174/a1174-3.jpg
V__

V2
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/a1174/a1174-3.jpg
V2
2
1
Leaflet edges touching
Not counted

SOYBEAN VEGETATIVE GROWTH
- After the seedling has emerged from the
soil, the young stem and first leaves begin
to rapidly grow upward.
- After emergence, for the first six to eight
weeks, the soybean grows its stem (and
possibly branches) and leaves. This is
called the vegetative period.

FLOWERING STAGE (R1-R2)
https://www.google.com/search?q=SOYBEAN+FLOWERING+stage&tbm
- Flowering initiates on the third to sixth nodes of the main stem,
depending on the vegetative stage at the time of flowering, and
progresses up and down the plant. Flowers at branch nodes appear
a few days later.
-
R1- Beginning of
flower/Beginning
bloom
R2- Full flowering
Photos: Presentation of Dr. Elmer Enicola: Soybean Growth stages

FLOWERING STAGE (R1-R2)
- Soybeans are photo period sensitive. They
begin the reproductive stage when the nights
become longer.
-Spraying of foliar fertilizer
- Application of bio-control agents (earwig and
tricho cards)
- Sufficient moisture is needed
- Safeguard plants from the attack of pod borer

BEGINNING POD (R3) & FULL POD (R4)
Photo: Presentation of Dr. Elmer Enicola: Soybean Growth stages
- This stage shows rapid pod growth and the beginning of seed development at the
beginning of the full-pod stage. The plant has a pod at this stage that is at least 3/4-inch
long on at least one of the four upper nodes of the main stem.
-- A leaf is fully developed and the node is counted when the leaf at the node is open (leaf
edges are not touching)
R3 - Beginning pod R4- Full pod

R5- BEGINNING SEED
https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/
-The reproductive stage termed beginning seed (R5)
represents a seed that is 1/8-inch long in a pod at one of the
four uppermost nodes. Seed fill during this growth stage
demands large amounts of water and nutrients.
- at R5, the plant redistribute nutrients to provide about half
the nitrogen, potassium and Phosporus needs.
- The plant is less able to compensate for stresses.
https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/

R6 FULL SIZE SEED
https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/
- In R6, the “green bean” stage, total pod weight peaks. Seed
growth is rapid. Leaves on the lowest nodes will start to
yellow. Depending on weather senescence and leaf loss can
be rapid.
- can be harvested as vegetables and consumed as nutritious
green beans and boiled green pods (edamame in Japan)
https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/

R7: PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
- Physiological maturity has been
reached when 95% of the pods have
the mature color. Varieties may have
different mature pod color.
https://www.manitobapulse.ca/2013/09/assessing-soybean-maturity/
https://albertapulse.com/soybean-harvesting/

R8: FULL MATURITY
- 95 % of the pods are mature in color.
From this stage, it takes only 5 to 20
days of good drying weather to get
soybeans below 15 percent moisture,
ideal for harvest.
Photo: RDPTC- Sorsogon City

Growth Stages Days after planting
Emergence 3 - 5
Start of flowering 25-30
End of vegetative growth Maximum 60
Pod development From 40 to 60
Seed growth From 60 to 90
Physiological maturity Between 90 and 100
Harvest maturity Between 100 and 110

WATER MANAGEMENT
-Soybean needs ample available water during the entire growing
period (at least 500 mm). Residual moisture left over from the
previous crop and occasional rains during the growing period are
usually adequate. If necessary, irrigate heavily during the critical
stages of growth such as at flowering, at pod formation, and at seed
filling. More than three tons of seeds per hectare can be obtained in
well-watered, fertile soils.

1. Organic Production
-Apply 10 bags organic fertilizer per hectare along the furrows before seed
sowing
-Spray organic foliar fertilizers 2-3x, favorably at vegetative stage (10-15 DAE),
flowering stage (25-30 DAE) and pod formation stage (40-45 DAE) using any or
combination of locally available organic foliar fertilizers as follows:
- Fulvic or Humic Acid
- Bacterio-Mineral Water (BMW)
 - Vermi Tea
 - AMWAY Nutriplant AG
 - other locally available organic foliar fertilizers
FERTILIZER APPLICATION

2. Conventional Production
- In the absence of soil analysis, apply in basal method (by
spreading along the furrows prior to seed sowing) 2 bags
complete (14-14-14) fertilizer.
-While soybean is good in utilizing residual fertilizer, increase
the fertilizer dosage of preceding or rotating cereal crops like
corn and rice by adding the 2 bags 14-14-14 standard
recommendation for soybean to maximize use of expensive
chemical fertilizers. In this way, yield of both the cereal and
soybean planted in same parcel of land will be enhanced
although the inorganic fertilizer is directly applied to cereal but
benefited the succeeding soybean crop in the form of more
residual macronutrients.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION

WEED MANAGEMENT
Weeds are a major threat to soybean production, because they deprive the
plants of essential growth resources like water, nutrients and light. Plants do not
give good yields with less nutrients. Therefore, it is important to control weeds
in soybeans during the first weeks of growth to:
• allow crops to grow strong and healthy.
• give crops space to grow.
• prevent interference with harvest operations and reduction in quality and price
of grains
• reduce competition for water and nutrients between crops and weeds.
• reduce pest and disease incidences.

WEED MANAGEMENT
There are basically two methods of weed control in soybean:
1) Hand weeding: after the crop is fully established, hand weeding can be
conducted twice. The first weeding is done two (2) weeks after crop emergence
and the second weeding follows four (4) weeks later.
2) Chemical weeding: Herbicide control when cautiously applied can effectively
control weeds in soybean. Applying roundup (glyphosate) to soybean fields
before planting is highly recommended. It significantly reduces the time before
weed emergence. This herbicide application leads to reductions in the weeding
numbers and, in the total cost associated with hand weeding.

Beanfly Common cutworm Leaf miner
PEST MANAGEMENT
Aphids

CUTWORM (Spodoptera litura)
-Cutworms are similar in general
appearance. They are smooth with very
few hairs and are about two inches long
when fully grown. They typically curl into a
tight ‘C’ shape when disturbed.
-Fields should be inspected for stand loss
during seedling growth stages.
- Risk for infestation includes fields with
crop debris, fields with weeds, and low
areas within fields

CUTWORM (Spodoptera litura)
-Cutworm scouting should start at plant
emergence and continue one-two
times/week until plants are past V5
Look for the following:
- Leaf feeding by small larvae
- Wilted or cut plants caused by
larger larvae
-If feeding is present:
Dig around the base of plants and check
under debris to find larvae

TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae)
-are more closely related to spiders than to
insects. They are widely distributed across
all soybean growing regions and are
present in soybean crops every year, but
they are not often a significant problem.
-Adult spider mites are tiny arthropods with
eight legs, not six, like insects, and no
wings. Most are greenish-white or yellow,
and occasionally orange or brown, and
have a pair of distinct dark spots on the
outer edges of the back.

TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE
Spider mite damage as seen from the top of the
leaf with both stippling and bronzing.
Spider mite damage to the bottom and as seen from the top
of the leaf
https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/spider-mites-in-soybean

GREEN SOLDIER BUG
-The green stink bug is a flattened, shield-shaped
bug, named for the offensive odor it produces. The
adult is bright green and about 2/3 inch (17 mm)
long. It is easily distinguished by the triangular-
shaped plate that partially covers its wings.
- may appear in soybean fields from mid-July
through harvest time. Often, they are most
numerous in the border rows next to weedy or
wooded areas.
-They cause injury to soybean by puncturing pods
and sucking fluid from the developing beans. This
feeding can cause pods to form hardened, knotty
spots or to drop from plants.

PEST MANAGEMENT
damage to pod
damage to seed

SOYBEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES In the Philippines.pptx

Soybean field with stink bug feeding
https://www.pioneer.com/us/agronomy/stink_bug_damage_soybeans.html

SOYBEAN APHID (Aphis glycines)
-Small (1/16-inch long), pear-shaped bodies.
-Black cornicles ("tailpipes") at the end of the
abdomen.
-Piercing-sucking mouthparts tucked under the
head.
-Both winged and wingless morphs may occur on
soybean.
-Soybean aphids use their piercing-sucking
mouthparts to extract plant sap
- Feeding by soybean aphids can reduce soybean
yield and quality

Feeding damage caused by Aphis glycines on soybean leaves
Evaluating Categories of Resistance in Soybean Genotypes from the United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Damage-level-scale-1-to-5-feeding-damage-caused-by-Aphis-glycines-on-
soybean-leaves_fig4_308869520 [accessed 18 Jun, 2024]

host resistance cultural biological
mechanical sanitation chemical
MANAGEMENT TACTICS AVAILABLE

Host Resistance
use of resistant types, when
available, helps keep pest
populations below harmful levels
by making conditions less favorable
for the pests

Biological Control
involves the use of natural enemies
-parasites, predators, and
pathogens

Cultural Control
rotating crops, cultivating the soil,
varying time or planting or
harvesting, planting trap crops,
adjusting row width, pruning,
thinning

Mechanical (Physical)
Control
traps, screens, barriers, fences,
nets, radiation, and electricity
sometimes can be used to prevent
the spread or pests into an area

Sanitation
sanitation practices help to prevent
and suppress some pests by
removing the pests themselves or
their sources of food and shelter

Chemical Control
pesticides are chemicals used to
destroy pests, control their activity,
or prevent them from causing
damage. Some pesticides either
attract or repel pests

Biological control
- Trichogramma cards (200 cards/ha)
- Earwigs (4 colonies/ha)
- Metarizhium (28 packs/ha)
CONTROL MEASURE

BACTERIAL PUSTULE
- It is characterized by small, yellow-green spots with
reddish-brown centers. At the center of the spots a
small, raised pustule develops which is most
noticeable on the lower leaf surface.
- Diseased leaves develop a tattered appearance as
dead tissue is torn away because of weathering.
Severe infection often causes some defoliation of
young leaves which are more susceptible than older
leaves.

SOYBEAN RUST
- Soybean rust is caused by the fungus Phakopsora
pachyrhizi. Symptoms are most common after flowering,
beginning on lower leaves. Lesions start to form on
lower leaf surfaces as small, gray spots that change to
tan or reddish-brown. Lesions are scattered within yellow
areas appearing translucent if held up to the sun.

SOYBEAN MOSAIC VIRUS
- It is spread by planting diseased seed and through aphids
- soybean mosaic virus can range from no apparent symptoms to
severely mottled and deformed leaves.
- Mottling appears as light and dark green patches on individual
leaves. Symptoms are most obvious on young, rapidly growing
leaves. Infected leaf blades can become puckered along the
veins and curled downward.
-Soybean mosaic virus can cause plant stunting, reduced seed
size, and reduced pod number per plant.

CONTROL MEASURE
- Use resistant varieties
-Practice cereals-soybean crop rotation and
intercropping
-Maintain weed-free farm
-Control and prevent infestation of virus-
transmitting insects/vectors through use of
bio-pesticides
-Employ crop rotation and field sanitation.
-Disease management is best accomplished
using an integrated approach.

Use of crop sequences containing dissimilar species and disparate
management practices (corn-soybean, rice-soybean)
CROP DIVERSIFICATION

HARVEST &
POST HARVEST
ACTIVITIES

-Soybean is ready for harvest when 95% of its leaves
have turned yellow or fallen. Cut plants at the base, then
sundry. Thresh using flails or a modified rice or sorghum
thresher. Clean and sundry grains for two to three days
until moisture content is reduced to 12-13%.
- Maturity is determined by the yellowing and shredding of
the leaves and by the change in color of the pop (from
green to brown or dark brown)
HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST

-The harvested soybeans are dried under the sun and
threshed manually by beating the soybean crop with
stick. The seeds obtained after threshing should be
dried on clean tarpaulins to avoid soiling and
contamination.

Advantages of proper drying and cleaning
1. The grain fetches better price
2. The grain can be stored for long time without getting
molded or infested by insects
3. Well dried soybean is easy to process by oil milers
4. Results into production of good quality products

- Can be done manually or mechanically using rice thresher
THRESHING

- Dry the threshed seeds for 3-5x times
to bring moisture level to less than 15
% MC before storing
- Proper drying of seeds reduces storage
losses. Dry the seeds until it cannot be
dented with the teeth or fingernails.
The dried soybean seeds is cleaned to
remove all impurities, including inert
matter and weed seeds.
DRYING

-Store seeds for next planting
at 10% moisture content
-Use airtight containers (cans,
drums, gallons) to store
seeds under ambient
temperature
SEED STORING

-Soybean meal (SBM) is a major protein source in poultry feeds and one
of the best quality ingredients. Because of the relatively good amino acid
profile, it is usually used to balance the dietary amino acid levels with
cereal grains and their byproducts in poultry feeds.
-Whole soybeans can be effectively used as protein supplements for beef
cattle. Nonetheless, feeding guidelines must be followed. Due to the
high fat content (20%), whole soybeans should be limit fed at a level so
that the total dietary fat level does not exceed 6% for mature cattle or
4% for growing cattle.
SOYBEAN AS FEEDS

SOURCES
• https://www.ecofarmingdaily.com/grow-crops/grow-soybeans/soybean-crop-
science/biology/
• Soybean growth stages - Dr. Elmer Enicola
• http://extension.msstate.edu/
• https://www.agrilinkage.com/
• growing-soybeans-for-specific-environments-and-markets-elmer-enicola/
78751900#27
• https://cagayanvalley.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/
soybean281111.pdf

SOYBEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES In the Philippines.pptx

More Related Content

Similar to SOYBEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES In the Philippines.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

SOYBEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES In the Philippines.pptx

Editor's Notes