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Soy Bean (Glycine max)
Reporter:
I. Introduction.
Soybean scientifically known as Glycine max. It is
a member of the legume family,fabaceae,and it is
native to East Asia. Soybeans are renowned for
their multifaceted uses in agriculture,industry,and
nutrition,making them one of the most cultivated
and traded crops globally.
Seed selection/quality-are crucial factors significantly impact crop yield and over all agricultural success. Here are the explanation
of the importance of seed selection and the quality of soybean seeds.
1.Varietal selection – farmers must selected soybean varieties that are well- suited to their specific growing conditions,including
climate,soil type and disease pressures.
2.Genetic purity –high-quality soybean seeds are genetically pure and true to the selected variety. Impurities or off-types in seeds
cam lead to inconsistent growth and yield.
3.Germination Rate – Seeds with a high germination rate will result in a more uniform and vigorous crop stand. Farmers should
conduct germination tests on a sample of seeds to determine their viability before planting.
4.Disease Resistance – soybean seeds may be treated or genetically modified to resist specific diseases and pests.
5.Storage conditions- seeds should be stored in cool, dry conditions to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to mold and
reduce germination.
II.Pre-planting/planting activities
Crop calendar
Land Preparation
Land preparation is the most important first step
in growing a soya bean crop. Proper land
preparation is crucial for successful soybean crop,
as it can significantly impact yield and over all
plant health. Tailor these steps to your specific
location and soil conditions for the best result.
Site selection – Choose a well-drained field with
good sunlight exposure. Soybeans require full sun
for optimal growth.
Clearing and cleaning – Remove any existing
vegetation,rocks, and debris from the field.
Tillage – Till the soil to break it up and create a
suitable seedbed. This helps with root penetration
and water infiltration. The depth of tillage can vary
but is typically around 4-6 inches.
• Seedbed preparation – create rows or beds
where you’ll plant the soybeans. The spacing
and row width will depend on your choosen
cultivation method (e.g.row cropping or no till).
Planting
Pre-Planting
OperationsSeed treatment with pesticides and fungicides is usually recommended. Before planting, make
sure the seeds don’t contain any of these chemicals. It’s noteworthy that the tillage method has no bearing
on crop harvest. No-till soybean planting is an efficient and cost-effective alternative to conventional
tillage methods.
Best time to Plant Soybean
Soybeans must have warm soil to germinate and grow. Poke holes into a cultivated bed or row to plant
soybean seeds about 2 inches (5 cm) apart and one-half inch (1 cm) deep. Thin to 6 inches (15 cm) apart
in all directions. Plant seeds from late spring to early summer.
Management
Water Management
•Irrigate immediately after sowing.
•Give life irrigation on the 3rd
day.
•Further irrigations at intervals of 7 – 10 and 10
– 15 days during summer and winter season
respectively may be given depending on soil
and weather conditions.
•Soybean is very sensitive to excess moisture
and the crop is affected, if water stagnates in the
fields.
The crop should not suffer due to water stress
from flowering to maturity.
•To alleviate moisture stress spray of either
Kaolin 3% or liquid paraffin at 1% on the
foliage.
Management
Fertilizer
Soybeans are nitrogen- fixing
legumes so they require less nitrogen than
other crops. Still, they need adequate
Phosphorus(P) and Potassium (K).
Soybeans need these nutrients for root and
pod development. And also
Micronutrients.
Integrated Pest Management(IPM)
•Scouting
•Biological control
•Cultural practices
•Chemical control
•Weed control
•Disease management
•Insect management
III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
Growth stages of soybeans is divided into vegetative growth stages (V) and reproductive
growth stages (R). Subdivisions of the V stages are designate numerically as V1, V2,
V3, through V(n); except the first two stages, which are designated as VE (emergence)
and VC (cotyledon stage). The last V stage is designated as V(n) where (n) represents
the number for the last node stage of the specific variety. The (n) stage will fluctuate
with variety and environmental differences.
Vegetative
Reproductive
III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
Soybean Flowering
In typical soybean plants, after six to ten
trifoliate leaves have grown, the next main stage in
the plant’s life begins, the reproductive period. From
3 to 15 flower buds develop at each node of the
stem.The flowers of soybean are tiny (1/4 inch) and
white, pink or purple. They resemble the flowers of
pea or clover, since the soybean is in the same plant
family, the legume family. Many more flowers are
produced than eventually produce seed pods. The
extras drop off, anywhere from 50 to 80% of the
total.The flowers are self-pollinated; that is, the
flower fertilizes itself, and insects are not required to
carry pollen from one flower to another.
Beginning bloom: One open flower at any nodeon
the main stem.
Full bloom: Open flower at one of the two uppermost
nodes on the main stem with a fully developed
flower.
IV. CONCEPT OF FLOWERING
V. Factor affecting floral induction and evocation
LIGHT
Soybean is a short-day plant, which means that it requires a specific
photoperiod (day length) to initiate flowering. In soybean, floral induction
occurs when the plant receives a certain number of hours of uninterrupted
darkness, known as the critical photoperiod.
In addition to photoperiod, light quality also affects soybean flowering. Blue
light, which is present during the day, inhibits flowering in soybean, while red
light, which is present during the evening and night, promotes flowering. This
is known as the red:far-red ratio hypothesis, which suggests that soybean
perceives the ratio of red to far-red light during the evening and night to
determine whether to initiate flowering.
TEMPERATURE
Soybean is a warm-season crop, which means that it requires warm
temperatures to initiate flowering. The optimal temperature range for soybean
flowering is between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
MINERAL NUTRITION
Soybean requires several essential minerals, including nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and iron, to support its growth and
development.Mineral nutrition plays a critical role in the floral induction and
evocation of soybean by providing essential minerals that are required for
reproductive development, photosynthesis, stress tolerance, and other
physiological processes.
GROWTH REGULATORS
Growth regulators, such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, also play a
crucial role in the floral induction and evocation of soybean. These hormones
regulate various physiological processes, including seed germination,
vegetative growth, and reproductive development.
VI. FRUIT SET AND DEVELOPMENT
Fruit set and development in soybean
refers to the process by which flowers
are pollinated, fertilized, and
transformed into mature pods
containing seeds.
Fruit set:
The fruit set process begins with
the opening of flowers, which are
typically white or pink in color. Bees
and other pollinators visit these
flowers to collect nectar and pollen,
transferring pollen from the anther to
the stigma in the process. This transfer
is essential for fertilization to occur,
as it allows the male gamete (pollen)
to reach the female gamete (ovule)
within the ovary.
VI. FRUIT SET AND DEVELOPMENT
Fruit Development:
The first stage of seed development is called
embryogenesis, during which a tiny embryo forms
within each seed. This embryo consists of a shoot apical
meristem (SAM) and a root apical meristem (RAM),
which will eventually give rise to the plant’s shoot and
root systems, respectively.
As the seeds continue to develop, they enter a stage
called cotyledon expansion, during which the cotyledons
(seed leaves) grow rapidly. The cotyledons provide
nutrients to the developing embryo until it is able to
photosynthesize on its own.
The final stage of seed development is called
desiccation, during which water is removed from the
seed to prepare it for storage and germination. This
process helps to prevent spoilage and ensures that the
seeds can survive through periods of drought or other
environmental stresses.
THANK YOU!!!

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(soybean) Report.glycrrine max morphology.pptx

  • 1. Soy Bean (Glycine max) Reporter:
  • 2. I. Introduction. Soybean scientifically known as Glycine max. It is a member of the legume family,fabaceae,and it is native to East Asia. Soybeans are renowned for their multifaceted uses in agriculture,industry,and nutrition,making them one of the most cultivated and traded crops globally.
  • 3. Seed selection/quality-are crucial factors significantly impact crop yield and over all agricultural success. Here are the explanation of the importance of seed selection and the quality of soybean seeds. 1.Varietal selection – farmers must selected soybean varieties that are well- suited to their specific growing conditions,including climate,soil type and disease pressures. 2.Genetic purity –high-quality soybean seeds are genetically pure and true to the selected variety. Impurities or off-types in seeds cam lead to inconsistent growth and yield. 3.Germination Rate – Seeds with a high germination rate will result in a more uniform and vigorous crop stand. Farmers should conduct germination tests on a sample of seeds to determine their viability before planting. 4.Disease Resistance – soybean seeds may be treated or genetically modified to resist specific diseases and pests. 5.Storage conditions- seeds should be stored in cool, dry conditions to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to mold and reduce germination. II.Pre-planting/planting activities
  • 5. Land Preparation Land preparation is the most important first step in growing a soya bean crop. Proper land preparation is crucial for successful soybean crop, as it can significantly impact yield and over all plant health. Tailor these steps to your specific location and soil conditions for the best result. Site selection – Choose a well-drained field with good sunlight exposure. Soybeans require full sun for optimal growth. Clearing and cleaning – Remove any existing vegetation,rocks, and debris from the field. Tillage – Till the soil to break it up and create a suitable seedbed. This helps with root penetration and water infiltration. The depth of tillage can vary but is typically around 4-6 inches. • Seedbed preparation – create rows or beds where you’ll plant the soybeans. The spacing and row width will depend on your choosen cultivation method (e.g.row cropping or no till).
  • 6. Planting Pre-Planting OperationsSeed treatment with pesticides and fungicides is usually recommended. Before planting, make sure the seeds don’t contain any of these chemicals. It’s noteworthy that the tillage method has no bearing on crop harvest. No-till soybean planting is an efficient and cost-effective alternative to conventional tillage methods. Best time to Plant Soybean Soybeans must have warm soil to germinate and grow. Poke holes into a cultivated bed or row to plant soybean seeds about 2 inches (5 cm) apart and one-half inch (1 cm) deep. Thin to 6 inches (15 cm) apart in all directions. Plant seeds from late spring to early summer.
  • 7. Management Water Management •Irrigate immediately after sowing. •Give life irrigation on the 3rd day. •Further irrigations at intervals of 7 – 10 and 10 – 15 days during summer and winter season respectively may be given depending on soil and weather conditions. •Soybean is very sensitive to excess moisture and the crop is affected, if water stagnates in the fields. The crop should not suffer due to water stress from flowering to maturity. •To alleviate moisture stress spray of either Kaolin 3% or liquid paraffin at 1% on the foliage.
  • 8. Management Fertilizer Soybeans are nitrogen- fixing legumes so they require less nitrogen than other crops. Still, they need adequate Phosphorus(P) and Potassium (K). Soybeans need these nutrients for root and pod development. And also Micronutrients. Integrated Pest Management(IPM) •Scouting •Biological control •Cultural practices •Chemical control •Weed control •Disease management •Insect management
  • 9. III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
  • 10. III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE Growth stages of soybeans is divided into vegetative growth stages (V) and reproductive growth stages (R). Subdivisions of the V stages are designate numerically as V1, V2, V3, through V(n); except the first two stages, which are designated as VE (emergence) and VC (cotyledon stage). The last V stage is designated as V(n) where (n) represents the number for the last node stage of the specific variety. The (n) stage will fluctuate with variety and environmental differences. Vegetative Reproductive
  • 11. III. TRANSITION FROM VEGETATIVE to REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
  • 12. Soybean Flowering In typical soybean plants, after six to ten trifoliate leaves have grown, the next main stage in the plant’s life begins, the reproductive period. From 3 to 15 flower buds develop at each node of the stem.The flowers of soybean are tiny (1/4 inch) and white, pink or purple. They resemble the flowers of pea or clover, since the soybean is in the same plant family, the legume family. Many more flowers are produced than eventually produce seed pods. The extras drop off, anywhere from 50 to 80% of the total.The flowers are self-pollinated; that is, the flower fertilizes itself, and insects are not required to carry pollen from one flower to another. Beginning bloom: One open flower at any nodeon the main stem. Full bloom: Open flower at one of the two uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed flower. IV. CONCEPT OF FLOWERING
  • 13. V. Factor affecting floral induction and evocation LIGHT Soybean is a short-day plant, which means that it requires a specific photoperiod (day length) to initiate flowering. In soybean, floral induction occurs when the plant receives a certain number of hours of uninterrupted darkness, known as the critical photoperiod. In addition to photoperiod, light quality also affects soybean flowering. Blue light, which is present during the day, inhibits flowering in soybean, while red light, which is present during the evening and night, promotes flowering. This is known as the red:far-red ratio hypothesis, which suggests that soybean perceives the ratio of red to far-red light during the evening and night to determine whether to initiate flowering. TEMPERATURE Soybean is a warm-season crop, which means that it requires warm temperatures to initiate flowering. The optimal temperature range for soybean flowering is between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). MINERAL NUTRITION Soybean requires several essential minerals, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and iron, to support its growth and development.Mineral nutrition plays a critical role in the floral induction and evocation of soybean by providing essential minerals that are required for reproductive development, photosynthesis, stress tolerance, and other physiological processes. GROWTH REGULATORS Growth regulators, such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, also play a crucial role in the floral induction and evocation of soybean. These hormones regulate various physiological processes, including seed germination, vegetative growth, and reproductive development.
  • 14. VI. FRUIT SET AND DEVELOPMENT Fruit set and development in soybean refers to the process by which flowers are pollinated, fertilized, and transformed into mature pods containing seeds. Fruit set: The fruit set process begins with the opening of flowers, which are typically white or pink in color. Bees and other pollinators visit these flowers to collect nectar and pollen, transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma in the process. This transfer is essential for fertilization to occur, as it allows the male gamete (pollen) to reach the female gamete (ovule) within the ovary.
  • 15. VI. FRUIT SET AND DEVELOPMENT Fruit Development: The first stage of seed development is called embryogenesis, during which a tiny embryo forms within each seed. This embryo consists of a shoot apical meristem (SAM) and a root apical meristem (RAM), which will eventually give rise to the plant’s shoot and root systems, respectively. As the seeds continue to develop, they enter a stage called cotyledon expansion, during which the cotyledons (seed leaves) grow rapidly. The cotyledons provide nutrients to the developing embryo until it is able to photosynthesize on its own. The final stage of seed development is called desiccation, during which water is removed from the seed to prepare it for storage and germination. This process helps to prevent spoilage and ensures that the seeds can survive through periods of drought or other environmental stresses.