Sql operator
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The document discusses SQL operators including arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators. It provides examples of each type of operator including AND, OR, NOT, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, EXISTS, ALL, and ANY. It also gives the basic syntax of the CREATE DATABASE statement in SQL to create a new database called testDB.
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Combinational circuit.pptxPooja Dixit This document discusses combinational circuits and provides examples of half adders and full adders. It defines combinational circuits as those whose outputs only depend on the current inputs. A half adder is described as having two inputs (A and B) and two outputs (sum and carry), which can add two single bits. Its truth table and logic diagram using an XOR gate and AND gate are shown. A full adder handles three inputs (A, B, and a carry input) and produces a sum and carry output based on its truth table.
number system.pptx
number system.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics, including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides examples and explanations of how to convert between these number systems. In particular, it outlines the process for converting binary numbers to decimal numbers by multiplying each bit by its place value weight and summing the results. This includes approaches for fractional binary numbers and mixed binary numbers containing both integer and fractional parts.
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Multiplexer.pptxPooja Dixit This document discusses different types of multiplexers, including 2x1, 4x1, and 8x1 multiplexers. It provides the block diagram and truth table for each type of multiplexer. A 2x1 multiplexer has 2 inputs, 1 selection line, and 1 output. A 4x1 multiplexer has 4 inputs, 2 selection lines, and 1 output. An 8x1 multiplexer has 8 inputs, 3 selection lines, and 1 output. The logical expressions and circuits for each type of multiplexer are also provided.
Logic Gates.pptx
Logic Gates.pptxPooja Dixit Logic gates are basic building blocks of digital circuits and systems. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. AND gates output 1 only if all inputs are 1, while OR gates output 1 if any input is 1. NOT gates output the inverse of the single input. NAND and NOR gates are combinations of AND/OR with NOT gates. XOR and XNOR gates output 1 only if inputs are both the same or different respectively.
K-Map.pptx
K-Map.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying boolean functions. A K-map is a diagram with squares that each represent minterms or maxterms. Variables are represented along rows and columns. Groups of 1s can be combined according to grouping rules to simplify boolean expressions. The example shows a 2-variable K-map used to minimize the boolean expression XY' + X'Y + X'Y' to X' + Y'. K-maps allow boolean functions to be reduced more easily than boolean algebra.
Karnaugh Map Simplification Rules.pptx
Karnaugh Map Simplification Rules.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses rules for minimizing Boolean functions using K-maps. It explains that K-maps are used to graphically represent Boolean functions according to the number of variables. Values are filled in the K-map and grouped based on several rules: groups must contain only 0s or 1s but not both; groups can overlap; groups must contain a power of 2 cells and be horizontal or vertical only; groups should be as large as possible with fewest groups overall. Examples are provided to illustrate opposite and corner grouping.
Half Subtractor.pptx
Half Subtractor.pptxPooja Dixit The half subtractor is a digital circuit that subtracts two single bit binary numbers and outputs the difference and borrow. It contains two inputs, A and B, and two outputs, Diff and Borrow. The Diff output is the difference of A and B, calculated as A XOR B. The Borrow output is 1 only when A is 1 and B is 0, calculated as A'B. The full subtractor expands on this to subtract three 1-bit numbers by adding a third input, Borrowin, and producing Diff and Borrow outputs based on all input combinations.
Gray Code.pptx
Gray Code.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses Gray code, which is a binary numbering system where two successive numbers differ in only one bit. This reduces switching errors during transitions between numbers. Gray code is used in digital communications and applications where normal binary could produce errors. The document provides examples to show how decimal numbers convert to binary and Gray code. In binary, more bits may change between numbers, while Gray code ensures only one bit changes.
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Flip Flop.pptxPooja Dixit The document provides information about Prof. Neeraj Bhargava and Mrs. Pooja Dixit who work in the Department of Computer Science in the School of Engineering & System Sciences at MDS University in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
Encoder.pptx
Encoder.pptxPooja Dixit This document discusses encoders and provides examples of 4-to-2 and 8-to-3 line encoders. It defines an encoder as a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of a decoder, with a maximum of 2n input lines and n output lines. Truth tables and logic circuits are given for 4-to-2 and 8-to-3 line encoders. Uses of encoders include converting decimal to binary numbers to perform binary operations like addition and subtraction in digital systems.
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De-multiplexer.pptxPooja Dixit This document discusses demultiplexers, which are combinational circuits with one input and multiple outputs. It describes 1x2 and 1x4 demultiplexers specifically. For a 1x2 demultiplexer, there are two outputs, one selection line, and a single input. The input is directed to one of the two outputs based on the selection line value. A 1x4 demultiplexer has four outputs, two selection lines, and one input. The input is directed to one of the four outputs based on the combination of values on the two selection lines. Block diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the functionality of 1x2 and 1x4 demultiplexers.
DeMorgan’s Theory.pptx
DeMorgan’s Theory.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses DeMorgan's theorems, which state that a NOR gate is logically equivalent to an AND gate with inverted inputs, and a NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with inverted inputs. DeMorgan's theorems are important in digital logic, as they allow basic gates like NAND and NOR to be used to implement more complex logic functions. The theorems are verified through truth tables.
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Boolean Algebra.pptx
Boolean Algebra.pptxPooja Dixit The document discusses Boolean algebra, which uses binary numbers (0 and 1) to analyze and simplify digital logic circuits. It was invented by George Boole in 1854. The document outlines several important rules of Boolean algebra, including commutative, associative, distributive, identity, idempotent, complement, and double negation laws. It also discusses de Morgan's theorem and finding the dual of Boolean expressions.
Binary Multiplication & Division.pptx
Binary Multiplication & Division.pptxPooja Dixit Binary multiplication and division work similarly to decimal operations but use only 0s and 1s. For binary multiplication, there are four basic rules and the process involves multiplying each bit of one number by the other number and summing the results. Examples show multiplying 1010 x 101 to get 10100 and comparing the binary result to its decimal equivalent. Binary division uses long division to divide strings of binary digits. Examples demonstrate dividing several binary numbers by powers of two.
Binary addition.pptx
Binary addition.pptxPooja Dixit Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It includes four rules for binary addition and subtraction. Binary addition examples show that adding two 1s results in a 1 in the next column with a carry of 1. Binary subtraction uses borrowing to subtract binary numbers, as shown through several examples.
Basics of Computer Organization.pptx
Basics of Computer Organization.pptxPooja Dixit This document provides an overview of computer organization. It defines computer organization as how the various parts of a computer are organized and work together. It describes the main components of a computer like the CPU, memory (RAM and cache), and buses. It also discusses number systems like binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. Additional topics covered include Gray codes, Boolean algebra, logic gates, and flip flops.
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Three Address code Pooja Dixit The document discusses three address code, which is an intermediate code used by optimizing compilers. Three address code breaks expressions down into separate instructions that use at most three operands. Each instruction performs an assignment or binary operation on the operands. The code is implemented using quadruple, triple, or indirect triple representations. Quadruple representation stores each instruction in four fields for the operator, two operands, and result. Triple avoids temporaries by making two instructions. Indirect triple uses pointers to freely reorder subexpressions.
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- 1. Prof. Neeraj Bhargava Pooja Dixit Department of Computer Science School of Engineering & System Science MDS, University Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
- 2. The SQL CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new SQL database. Syntax The basic syntax of this CREATE DATABASE statement is as follows − CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName; Always the database name should be unique within the RDBMS. Example If you want to create a new database <testDB>, then the CREATE DATABASE statement would be as shown below − SQL> CREATE DATABASE testDB;Make sure you have the admin privilege before creating any database. Once a database is created, you can check it in the list of databases as follows − SQL> SHOW DATABASES;
- 3. An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations. These Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement. Arithmetic operators Comparison operators Logical operators Operators used to negate conditions SQL Arithmetic Operators Assume 'variable a' holds 10 and 'variable b' holds 20, then −
- 4. SQL Comparison Operators Assume 'variable a' holds 10 and 'variable b' holds 20, then −
- 5. SQL Logical Operators Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQL.
- 7. And Operator example: Eg: SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 AND SALARY >= 6500; Output |ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY | | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 | | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) Or Operator example: Eg: SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 OR SALARY >= 6500; Output | ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY | | 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 | | 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 | | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 | | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 | | 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 | 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) not Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IS NOT NULL; Like Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME LIKE 'Ko%'; IN Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 ); Between Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27;
- 8. Exists Operator example: Eg: SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500); ALL Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE > ALL (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500); ANY Operator example: Eg: SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE > ANY (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500); Operator