قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

GRAMMAR
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغــــــــــة‬ ‫قواعد‬
Prepared by: Mulla (2002)
May 2002 (version 0)
Reference: “Grammar For All Levels” By Adnan Naim

Main Menu ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬
 English Alphabetic ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
 Parts of Speech ‫الكالم‬ ‫أقسام‬
 Sentences ‫مل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ال‬ ‫أنواع‬
 Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬”‫يكون‬
 Verb to DO “ ‫فعل‬”‫يعمل‬
 Verb to HAVE “ ‫فعل‬”‫يملك‬
 Nouns ‫األسماء‬
– Countable Nouns ‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
– Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫الجمع‬ ‫إمالء‬ ‫قواعد‬
– Uncountable Nouns ‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
– Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫النكرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬
 Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
– Object Pronouns ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
– Reflexive Pronouns ‫االنعكاسية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
– Relative Pronouns ‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 Making Questions ‫األسئلة‬ ‫تكوين‬
 ‫استعماالت‬ How
 some/‫بعض‬ any/‫أي‬
 Making Negative ‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬
 TENSES ‫األزمنة‬
– Present Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬
– Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬
– Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬
– Present Perfect Continuous ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬
 Imperatives ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
 Modals ‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
 Comparing Adjectives ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
 Adverbs ‫األحوال‬ ‫الظروف‬
 Active & Passive ‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫المبني‬
 Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫األفعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬
‫...المتعدية‬
 Prepositions ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬
 Question-Tags ‫المذيلة‬ ‫األسئلة‬
 Conditional “if” ” ‫لو‬“‫الشرطية‬
 Reported Speech ‫المنقول‬ ‫الكالم‬
 Countries and Nationalities ‫الجنسيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫البلدان‬

English Alphabetic
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
1. Capital Letters ‫الكبيرة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
2. Small Letters ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫األبجدية‬
 Consonant Letters ‫الساكنة‬ ‫الحروف‬
 Vowels Letters ‫المتحركة‬ ‫الحروف‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫السابق‬
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
a e i o u

Parts of Speech
‫الكالم‬ ‫أقسام‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬‫السابق‬
‫تعريف‬ ‫مثال‬
Noun
‫اسم‬
Ahmed, book
Pronoun ‫ضمير‬ ‫محله‬ ‫يحل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬ I, he, she, it, etc. ……..
Verb
‫فعل‬
‫ما‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫في‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬ Play, played, will play
Adjective
‫صفة‬
‫قبله‬ ‫وتكون‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫تصف‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬ rich man ‫غني‬ ‫رجل‬
‫بعكس‬ ‫الموصوف‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫سبقت‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫االسم‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬
‫الموصوف‬
Adverb
‫حال‬
‫تزيد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫تصف‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫وضوحا‬ ‫الصفة‬
Ahmed writes quickly.
‫بسرعة‬ ‫يكتب‬ ‫أحمد‬.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Parts of Speech
Preposition
‫الجر‬ ‫حرف‬
‫لتبين‬ ‫الضمير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫هو‬
‫أخرى‬ ‫بكلمة‬ ‫عالقته‬
Ahmed goes to school
‫يذهب‬ ‫أحمد‬‫إلى‬‫المدرسة‬
They traveled by plane
‫سافروا‬ ‫هم‬‫ب‬‫الطائرة‬
Conjunction
‫العطف‬ ‫حرف‬
‫جملة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫و‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫هو‬
‫وجملة‬.
Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.
‫علي‬‫و‬‫أمس‬ ‫زارونا‬ ‫أحمد‬
Interjection
‫تعجب‬ ‫حرف‬
‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫صيحات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أصوات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬
‫التعجب‬
Alas! She died.
‫لألسف‬ ‫يا‬!‫ماتت‬ ‫لقد‬.

Parts of Speech
Article
‫أداة‬
‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫هناك‬:
a, an, the
‫يبدأ‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫النكرة‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫تستخدم‬
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬.
This is a book.
‫كتاب‬ ‫هذا‬.
‫يبدأ‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫النكرة‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫تستخدم‬
‫بحرف‬‫متحرك‬.
This is an apple.
‫تفاحة‬ ‫هذه‬.
‫للتعريف‬ ‫تستخدم‬. This is the book I bought yesterday.
‫أمس‬ ‫اشتريته‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫هو‬ ‫هذا‬.
a
an
the

‫مالحظة‬:
‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫البد‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫بالذكر‬ ‫الجدير‬
‫بدون‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اسمية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫خالف‬
‫مثل‬ ‫فعل‬(:‫طبيب‬ ‫علي‬)‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ترجمتها‬ ‫أردنا‬ ‫ولو‬
‫نقول‬ ‫حرفيا‬:
Ali doctor.
‫أن‬ ‫والصحيح‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫احتوائها‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫خاطئة‬ ‫إنجليزية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫وهذه‬
‫فتصبح‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫لها‬ ‫نضع‬:
Ali is a doctor
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫السابق‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Sentences
‫مل‬ُ‫ج‬‫ال‬ ‫أنواع‬
 Simple Sentences ‫بسيطة‬ ‫جمل‬
 Compound Sentences ‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
 Complex Sentences ‫جمل‬
‫معقدة‬
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬‫السابق‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Simple Sentences
‫بسيطة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬:
‫مثال‬:
1) I saw a boy.
2) The boy was riding a bicycle.
‫بسيطة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لنكون‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يمكن‬:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

Compound Sentences
‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫و‬ ‫البعض‬ ‫ببعضهما‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫لهما‬ ‫بسيطتين‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتركب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬‫لكل‬
‫مثل‬ ‫عطف‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫ربطهما‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫مستقل‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫منهما‬:
and/ but /or
and: ‫العطف‬ ‫واو‬:‫بعضهما‬ ‫بين‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫لهما‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
‫واحدة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لنكون‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫يمكن‬:
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

Compound Sentences
‫مركبة‬ ‫جمل‬
but: ‫لكن‬:‫متناقضين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مختلفين‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
or: ‫أو‬:‫خيار‬ ‫فيهما‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫تربط‬
We can play football. We can watch TV.
We can play football or we can watch TV.

Complex Sentences
‫معقدة‬ ‫جمل‬
‫جملتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫مركبة‬ ‫و‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هي‬:
Main Clause ‫أساسية‬ ‫جملة‬
‫أنواع‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫وهي‬: Subordinate Clause ‫ثانوية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Noun Clause ‫أسمية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Adjectival Clause ‫وصفية‬ ‫جملة‬
 Adverbial Clause ‫ظرفية‬ ‫جملة‬

Clause & Phrase
‫الجملة‬ ‫شبه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجملة‬
 A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning.
‫تام‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫لها‬ ‫و‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الجملة‬.‫مثال‬:
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
 A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the
sentence but without a verb.
‫فعل‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزءا‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫شبه‬.‫مثال‬:
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬”‫يكون‬
 It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
‫ومساعد‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
‫المفعول‬ ‫أسم‬
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They,
You
are were been
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Verb to BE “ ‫فعل‬”‫يكون‬
‫ثابتة‬ ‫حقائق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫عادات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫نستخدم‬.
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وانتهى‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫نستخدم‬.
:Examples ‫أمثلة‬
1. I am a pupil.
2. They are boys.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬‫السابق‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Negative Sentences with the verb to
BE ‫بالفعل‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬”‫يكون‬“
 We make negative statements with the verb to BE
by using the word not after the verb to be.
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫منفية‬ ‫جمل‬ ‫نكون‬(‫يكون‬)‫كلمة‬ ‫بوضع‬
‫بعده‬. (not)
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬”‫يكون‬“
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
‫ب‬ ‫األسئلة‬(‫نعم‬)‫و‬(‫ال‬)‫مختصرة‬ ‫اإلجابات‬ ‫و‬:
“Yes” or “No” questions
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫أسئلة‬
Short Answers
‫مختصرة‬ ‫إجابات‬
Affirmative‫إثب‬
‫ات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Be +Subject
‫فاعل‬
+ Complement
‫تكملة‬
Yes + Subject
+ Be
No + Subject +
Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were
not.

Verb to DO “ ‫فعل‬”‫يعمل‬
‫مساعد‬ ‫وفعل‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
I, you, we,
they
do did done
He, She, It does did done
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬

Verb to HAVE “ ‫فعل‬”‫يملك‬
‫مساعد‬ ‫وفعل‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬:
Subject
‫فاعل‬
Present
‫مضارع‬
Past
‫ماضي‬
Past participle
I, you, we,
they
have had had
He, She, It has had had

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬”‫يملك‬“‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬
Subject
‫فاعل‬
+
do/does/did
+ not + have +
Complement
‫تكملة‬
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not have breakfast this
morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬”‫يملك‬“‫رئيسي‬ ‫كفعل‬
“Yes” or “No” questions
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫أسئلة‬
Short Answers
Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Do/Does/Did +Subject
‫فاعل‬
+have + Complement
‫تكملة‬
Yes + Subject +
do/does/did
No + Subject +
do/does/did
+not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this
morning?
Yes, they did. No, they did not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
‫فعل‬”‫يملك‬“‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬
 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the
perfect tense.
‫زمن‬ ‫ليكون‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫يستخدم‬‫المضارع‬‫التام‬.
‫أمثلة‬:
 They have lived here for two years.
 Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫الجمل‬”‫يملك‬“‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬
‫الفعل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫لتكوين‬.
‫أمثلة‬:
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
not

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a
helping verb
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬”‫يملك‬“‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers
‫مختصرة‬ ‫اإلجابات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫األسئلة‬:
‫على‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫نقدم‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫يملك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫لتكوين‬
‫الفاعل‬.
‫مثال‬:
 They have lived here for a long time.
 Have they lived here for a long time?
 Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
‫فعل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫استخدامات‬”‫يملك‬“
 To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,
had to.
‫الماضي‬ ‫و‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضرورة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ليعبر‬.‫مثال‬:
I have to leave now.
____________________________________________________
 With some model auxiliaries.
‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬.‫مثال‬:
You had better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
 To show that something is caused by another person.
‫اخر‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شيئا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ليبين‬.‫مثال‬:
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ‫األسماء‬
Nouns are words we use to name:
‫لذكر‬ ‫نستخدمها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األسماء‬:
‫شعور‬ ، ‫أفكار‬ ، ‫مكان‬ ، ‫شيء‬ ، ‫شخص‬ ، ‫علم‬ ، ‫اسم‬.
‫أشخاص‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …
‫أشياء‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
‫أماكن‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..
‫أفكار‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
‫شعور‬ Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Countable & Uncountable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
 Countable Nouns: are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on.
‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬:‫وهكذا‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ، ‫اثنان‬ ، ‫واحد‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫عدها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األشياء‬ ‫هي‬.
 Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.
‫معدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬:‫قبلها‬ ‫رقم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عدها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬.

Countable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫األسماء‬
 These nouns have singular and plural forms.
‫جمع‬ ‫و‬ ‫مفردة‬ ‫صيغ‬ ‫لها‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫هذه‬.
 Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
‫استخدام‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫المفردة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬.
 You cannot use singular countable nouns alone
without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
‫السابقة‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫بمفردها‬ ‫معدودة‬ ‫مفردة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫نستطيع‬ ‫ال‬.
(a/an)
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬

Spelling Rules for Plurals
‫الجمع‬ ‫إمالء‬ ‫قواعد‬
We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s”
to the singular noun.
‫بإضافة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجمع‬ ‫ن‬ّ‫نكو‬
‫المفرد‬ ‫لالسم‬. “s”
Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫السابق‬

‫خاصــــــــــــــة‬ ‫حـــــــــاالت‬
‫لها‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫بالحروف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬sh, ch, z, x, ses
Singular Plural
match matches
bus buses
dish dishes
box boxes

‫ونضيف‬ ‫تحذف‬ ،‫ساكن‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
city cities
baby babies
yies y
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ،‫متحرك‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬. ys
Singular Plural
boy boys
key keys

‫نضيف‬ ،‫ساكن‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
oes
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ،‫متحرك‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫وسبقه‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬. os
Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos

‫ونضيف‬ ، ‫حرف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نحولها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬
Singular Plural
knife knives
shelf shelves
‫األخير‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫المركبة‬ ‫األسماء‬:
Singular Plural
classroom classrooms
policeman policemen
fes fev

‫الشاذة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫هناك‬:
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice

Uncountable Nouns
‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
 Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
‫بإضافة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬
‫أمثلــــــة‬:
 salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.
‫استخدام‬ ‫تستطيع‬ ‫ال‬‫قبل‬ ‫أو‬‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬
es , s
aan

Uncountable Nouns
flour ‫دقيق‬ salt ‫ملح‬ meat ‫لحم‬
information ‫معلومات‬ coffee ‫قهوة‬ knowledge ‫معرفة‬
butter ‫زبد‬ food ‫طعام‬ tea ‫شاي‬
sugar ‫سكر‬ gold ‫ذهب‬ blood ‫دم‬
news ‫أخبار‬ glass ‫زجاج‬ cheese ‫جبن‬
milk ‫حليب‬ paper ‫ورق‬ bread ‫خبز‬
rice ‫رز‬ wood ‫خشب‬ furniture ‫مفروشات‬
rain ‫مطر‬ steel ‫حديد‬ grass ‫عشب‬
cloth ‫قماش‬ music ‫موسيقى‬ marble ‫رخام‬
‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫مزيد‬

Uncountable Nouns
‫المفرد‬ ‫معاملة‬ ‫تعامل‬ ‫المعدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫جميع‬.
‫أمثلة‬:
 Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
 Milk has many minerals.
‫يعامل‬ ‫فأنه‬ ‫معدود‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫على‬ ‫تدل‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫وضعت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫و‬
‫الجمع‬ ‫معاملة‬.
 Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
 Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles
‫النكرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. ‫نكرة‬ ‫كأدوات‬ ‫تستخدمان‬.
The
is used as definite articles. ‫للتعريف‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬.
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬.
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.
‫متحرك‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬.
a
an

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
‫النكرة‬ ‫أدوات‬
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
‫ساكن‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬.
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel
sound.
‫متحرك‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫تبدأ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نضع‬.
‫المتحركة‬ ‫الحروف‬: Vowels
a – e – i – o - u
a
an

We use a/an:
Before a singular
countable noun.
‫المفردة‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫قبل‬
‫المعدودة‬.
a table
an egg
Before a job, a
particular group of
people or a nationality.
‫مجموعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوظيفة‬ ‫قبل‬
‫الجنسية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫من‬ ‫معينة‬.
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
She is an English
women.
With numbers that
mean every.
‫تعني‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األرقام‬ ‫مع‬”‫كل‬“ He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

We DO NOT use a/an:
No article is used with
abstract nouns and the
names of metals.
‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫أسماء‬ ‫و‬ ‫المعنوية‬ ‫األسماء‬
‫المعادن‬.
Love, beauty,
hatred, wood, silver,
gold
No article is used
before plural or
uncountable nouns.
‫الجمع‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫معدودة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫أو‬.
There are books on
the table.
Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”
‫التعريف‬ ‫أدوات‬”‫أل‬“
The is used before: ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬”‫أل‬“‫قبل‬:
A noun that is the only
one of its kind.
‫سوى‬ ‫نوعه‬ ‫من‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬
‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬.
The river Nile
The Ka’aba
Names of rivers, seas,
oceans, etc….
‫البحار‬ ‫و‬ ‫األنهار‬ ‫أسماء‬........‫الخ‬. The Arabian Gulf
The Red Sea
A noun which is the
object of a sentence.
‫لجملة‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬. Umar answered the
question.
The names of musical
instruments.
‫الموسيقية‬ ‫اآلالت‬ ‫أسماء‬. Can you play the duff?

The is used before: ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬”‫أل‬“‫قبل‬:
Names of some
countries.
‫البلدان‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫أسماء‬. The United Kingdom
The U.S.A.
With some time
expressions.
‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫التعابير‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
‫الوقت‬.
at the weekend
in the evening
With dates. ‫التواريخ‬ ‫مع‬. On the first day of every
month.
With some general
expressions.
‫العامة‬ ‫التعبيرات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬. Listen to the radio/news.
Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name
that is repeated.
‫االسم‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أل‬ ‫التعريف‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫نستخدم‬
‫الثانية‬ ‫للمرة‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫الذي‬.
I saw a man. The man
was young.
No article is used with the
names of studies of
subjects.
‫المواد‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫الدراسية‬.
I do not like science. My
favorite subject is
mathematics.
No article is used before
such words as school,
home, bed, work, etc.
‫معينة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
،‫سرير‬ ،‫منزل‬ ،‫مدرسة‬ ‫مثل‬
‫عمل‬....
I am going to school.
I always go to bed early.
No article is used before
such words such as day
and month names.
‫معينة‬ ‫أسماء‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫ال‬
‫الشهور‬ ‫و‬ ‫األيام‬ ‫مثل‬.
on Monday, in June
in summer (sometimes
in the summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
A pronoun replaces a noun . ‫االسم‬ ‫محل‬ ‫يحل‬ ‫الضمير‬
Subject
Pronouns
‫الفاعل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Object
Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Possessive
Adjectives
‫الملكية‬ ‫صفات‬
Possessive
Pronouns
‫الملكية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
Reflexive
Pronouns
‫االنعكاس‬ ‫ضمائر‬
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Pronouns ‫الضمائر‬
• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about .
‫نتحدث‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫من‬ ‫مع‬ ‫علم‬ ‫على‬ ‫نكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫من‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫الضمير‬ ‫نستخدم‬.
Examples ‫أمثلة‬
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

Object Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 We use an object pronoun ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫نستخدم‬.
– After a preposition. ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫بعد‬
– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns
‫االنعكاسية‬ ‫ضمائر‬
 Reflexive pronouns are used: ‫ضمائراإلنعكاسية‬ ‫نستخدم‬.
– for emphasize ‫للتأكيد‬
– With some special expressions ‫الخاصة‬ ‫التعابير‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬
Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns
‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬
• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
‫ببعض‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫الوصل‬ ‫ضمائر‬ ‫تستخدم‬.
‫اآلتية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫اتبع‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫و‬:
1-‫موقعها‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نبحث‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫متكررة‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نبحث‬.
‫نستعمل‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫فاعال‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫فإذا‬
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نستعمل‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعوال‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫وإذا‬.‫عاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬
‫نستعمل‬.
‫الجمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫استعمالها‬ ‫نفضل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫إال‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫فتستخدم‬ ‫أما‬.
‫كلمة‬ ‫نستعمل‬ ‫للملكية‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬.
2-‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫حذفت‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المتكررة‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫احذف‬.
who
whom
which
whose
that

Relative Pronouns
‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستخدم‬.‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫الحظ‬:
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نحذف‬
‫فتصبح‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
‫أمثلة‬:
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
who
Who ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬[‫العاقل‬ ‫للفاعل‬]
The manwho

Relative Pronouns
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬.‫المث‬ ‫الحظ‬‫ال‬
‫التالي‬:
The man came here. I visited him.
‫و‬ ‫الموصول‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫ونضع‬ ،‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نحذف‬
‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬(‫الضمير‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫التي‬)‫فتصبح‬:
The man whom I visited came here.
‫أمثلة‬:
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
whom
Whom ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬[‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬]
himwhom

Relative Pronouns
‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أما‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نعرف‬ ‫طبعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬
‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫فيوجد‬.‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫الحظ‬:
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫في‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫فنحذفها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعود‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نرى‬
‫مثلها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الموصول‬ ‫االسم‬(‫الضمير‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫التي‬)‫فتصبح‬:
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
‫أمثلة‬:
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
which
Which ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬[‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫للجماد‬]
himhis bookwhich

Relative Pronouns
‫تحل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫محل‬ ‫لتحل‬ ‫تستعمل‬
‫شرحها‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫محل‬.‫التالية‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫الحظ‬:
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
that
That ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬[‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫للعاقل‬]

Relative Pronouns
‫للملكية‬ ‫تستعمل‬.‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫الحظ‬:
This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose his car hit the boy.
‫و‬ ‫الملكية‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫فنحذف‬ ‫لـ‬ ‫مملوكة‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نجد‬ ‫هنا‬‫ن‬‫االسم‬ ‫منه‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫ضع‬
‫كلمة‬ ‫بعدها‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الموصول‬.
whose
Whose ‫التي‬ ،‫الذي‬[‫للملكية‬]
car
car whose
the man

Making Questions
‫األسئلة‬ ‫تكوين‬
‫البداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬: Helping Verbs
 am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had –
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
‫أمثلـــــــــة‬:
 They are doctors. Are they doctors?
 She can help us? Can they help us?
 I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

Making Questions
‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
1)‫نستخدم‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬:
 They play tennis. Do they play tennis?
 I write books. Do you write books?
2)‫نستخدم‬ ‫به‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬:
 ِAhmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?
 Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV?
‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫الحظ‬(‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬)‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫لوجود‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫و‬
s
s
do
does

Making Questions
‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬
3)‫نستخدم‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬:
 They watched TV last night.
Did they watch TV last night?
 I played football yesterday.
Did you play football yesterday?
‫مالحظــــــــة‬:
‫ألنها‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫و‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫إجابتها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫جميع‬‫لم‬‫سؤال‬ ‫بأداة‬ ‫تبدأ‬.
YesNo
did

Making Questions
Where? ‫أين‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
When? ‫متى‬ ‫الزمان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Why? ‫لماذا‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
What? ‫ما‬/‫ماذا‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Which? ‫أي‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫لالختيار‬
Who? ‫من‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Whom? ‫من‬ ‫عاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
‫تسمى‬ ‫التي‬ ‫و‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫بإحدى‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫فيجب‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫معلومة‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهدف‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬:
Wh Questions

Making Questions
Whose? ‫لمن‬ ‫الملكية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How? ‫كيف‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How many? ‫عدد‬ ‫كم‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How much? ‫كمية‬ ‫كم‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How long? ‫طول‬ ‫كم‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How old? ‫عمر‬ ‫كم‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
How far? ‫بعد‬ ‫كم‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
Wh Questions (Cont.)

Steps for Making a Question
‫خطوات‬‫السؤال‬ ‫تكوين‬
1)‫مثل‬ ،‫عنه‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫للجزء‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫اختر‬:
When, Where, Why………..etc
2)‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫ضع‬(‫وجد‬ ‫إن‬)‫مباشرة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫أي‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫قبل‬.
3)‫استخدم‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬:
*‫نستخدم‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
*‫نستخدم‬ ‫به‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
*‫نستخدم‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫مع‬
4)‫أو‬ ‫أصال‬ ‫بالجملة‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫التي‬
‫األول‬ ‫تصريفه‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫استخدمناها‬.
5)‫السؤال‬ ‫جواب‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫احذف‬.
helping verb
sdo
sdoes
did

‫أمثلــــــــــــــــــــــة‬:
They are going to eat meat.
What are they going to eat?
*‫على‬ ‫الجواب‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫قدمنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫السؤال‬.
They played tennis at school.
Where did they play tennis?
*‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫و‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫استخدمنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬.‫حذف‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫الحظ‬ ‫و‬
‫أصله‬ ‫ألى‬ ‫إلعادته‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫من‬.‫السؤال‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجواب‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫حذفنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫الحظ‬ ‫و‬.
they aremeat
did
edat school

‫مالحظة‬:
‫مثل‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتناسب‬ ‫لكي‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫الحظ‬:
I ‫تصبح‬ you you ‫تصبح‬ I
your ‫تصبح‬ my you ‫تصبح‬ we
‫نضع‬ ‫بل‬ ‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫مساعدا‬ ِِِِ‫فعال‬ ‫نستخدم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
‫غير‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عاقال‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أداة‬
‫عاقال‬.
‫أمثلة‬:
Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?
The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?
who
what

‫استعماالت‬
How
He was very pleased to meet his friend.
How was he to meet his friend?
‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬
‫الكيفي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحالة‬‫ة‬
How
Thirty boys are in this class.
How many boys are in this class?
‫العدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للسؤال‬ How
many
I am twenty years old.
How old are you?
‫العمر‬
How
old
You paid five pounds for this coat.
How much did you pay for this coat?
‫الكمية‬
How
much

‫استعماالت‬
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
‫المسافات‬
How
far
This rope is two meters long.
How long is this rope?
‫األطوال‬
How
long
This fence is four meters high.
How high is this fence?
‫اإلرتفاعات‬
How
high
Sami is meter and a half tall.
How tall is Sami?
‫أطوال‬
‫األشخاص‬
How
tall

some/‫بعض‬
any/‫أي‬
‫السؤال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المنفية‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫و‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫أخواتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫تستخدم‬.
‫النفي‬ ‫و‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫أخواتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫وتستخدم‬.
‫السؤال‬ ‫مع‬:
‫النفي‬ ‫مع‬:
some
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative
‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬
‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬: Helping Verbs
am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
 They are happy. They are not happy?
 He can help us? He can not help us?
not

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
Long Forms Short Forms
I am not I’m not
He is not He’s not
She is not She’s not
It is not It’s not
You are not You’re not
We are not We’re not
They are not They’re not
Long Forms Short Forms
I am I’m
He is He’s
She is She’s
It is It’s
You are You’re
We are We’re
They are They’re
(Affirmative) ‫في‬‫اإلثبات‬ (Negative) ‫النفي‬ ‫في‬
Making Negative
‫النفي‬ ‫تكوين‬

Making Negative
‫تكوين‬‫النفي‬
‫عندنا‬ ‫من‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫بفعل‬ ‫فنأتي‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫إذا‬.
‫هي‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫وهذه‬:‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعده‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬
‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أصله‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫إعادة‬.
‫مالحظة‬:‫التالي‬ ‫الجدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫بنفي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫فننفي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اآلتية‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬:
(do, does, did)(not)
Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ Negative ‫نفي‬
some ‫بعض‬ no, any
both……and ‫من‬ ‫كل‬....‫و‬ neither………….nor
either…..or ‫إما‬......‫أو‬ neither………….nor
sometimes ‫أحيانا‬ never
as………as ‫مثله‬.......‫مثل‬ not so…………..as
all ‫كل‬ not all
every ‫كل‬ no, not every

‫الحقائق‬ ‫و‬ ‫القدرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫التقاليد‬ ‫و‬ ‫العادات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫المجرد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬.
‫مثل‬ ‫كلمات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يأتي‬:
every ‫كل‬ always ‫دائما‬ usually ‫عادة‬
generally ‫ا‬‫عموم‬ often ‫غالبا‬ sometimes ‫أحيانا‬
rarely ‫نادرا‬ never ‫أبدا‬ from time to time
‫آلخر‬ ‫حين‬ ‫من‬
1. Present Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬
TENSES ‫األزمنة‬

‫أمثلــــــــــــــــــــــة‬
1. I go to school everyday.
2. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
3. We often drink coffee in the morning.
4. She is never late to school.
‫مالحظة‬:‫للفعل‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫غائب‬ ‫مفرد‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.
s

‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫مالحظة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬
‫الشاذة‬ ‫األفعال‬.
yesterday ‫أمس‬ last ‫الماضي‬ ago ‫مضى‬
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: ‫مثل‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تاريخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬
2. Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬
ed
Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬

I, He, She, it was
They, We, You were
1. I watched television last night.
2. They visited their uncle yesterday.
3. We went to Makkah two months often.
2. Past Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬

‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫او‬ ‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫فتأتي‬ ‫أما‬ ‫و‬ ‫المتكلم‬ ‫ضمير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تأتي‬.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بدلها‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫حلت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الحديثة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫في‬ ‫استخدامها‬ ‫ندر‬ ‫ولكن‬.
tomorrow ‫غدا‬ next ‫القادم‬ in the future ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH: ‫مثل‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تاريخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬
3. Future Simple Tense ‫المستقبل‬
‫البسيط‬
shall will
shallwe Iwill
shallwill
3. Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
‫باستخدام‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫للمستقبل‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫تكوين‬ ‫هناك‬:
am , is , are going to
3. Future Simple Tense ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫فقط‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫من‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يتكون‬:
I am + verb + ing
He, she, it is + verb + ing
They, we, you are + verb + ing
now ‫اآلن‬ at the moment ‫اللحظة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ look ‫انظر‬
listen ‫استمع‬ at the present time ‫الوقت‬ ‫في‬
‫الحاضر‬
4. Present Continuous
Tense ‫المضارع‬
‫المستمر‬
am / is / are ‫فعل‬+ + ing
4. Present Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I am reading a story at the moment.
2. They are watching television now.
3. Look! the bus is coming.

like ‫يحب‬ love ‫يحب‬ want ‫يريد‬ prefer ‫يفضل‬
wish ‫يتمنى‬ hate ‫يكره‬ dislike ‫يكره‬ feel ‫يشعر‬
hope ‫يأمل‬ hear ‫يسمع‬ think ‫يعتقد‬ seem ‫يبدو‬
appear ‫يظهر‬ fear ‫يخشى‬ consider ‫يعتبر‬ fit ‫يناسب‬
believe ‫يصدق‬ trust ‫يثق‬ understand ‫يفهم‬
‫األفعال‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫االستمرار‬ ‫في‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫بعض‬
‫األفعال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫واإلحساس‬ ‫واألذى‬ ‫الشعور‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬:

‫أخر‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫ملحوظة‬:
‫وقع‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫أي‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫تخلل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫و‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬
‫حدوثه‬ ‫أثناء‬.
when ‫عندما‬ while ‫بينما‬ as ‫حيث‬
‫أن‬
because
‫ألن‬
was / were ‫فعل‬+ + ing
5. Past Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬

While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.
(‫غرفتي‬ ‫لص‬ ‫دخل‬ ، ‫نائما‬ ‫كنت‬ ‫بينما‬)‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ‫حدثين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫النوم‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الغرفة‬ ‫اللص‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫واآلخر‬ ‫النوم‬ ‫وهو‬.
When we were eating , my father came .
(‫والدي‬ ‫جاء‬ ، ‫نأكل‬ ‫كنا‬ ‫بينما‬)‫األكل‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ‫حدثين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫األكل‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫والدي‬ ‫مجيء‬ ‫واآلخر‬.
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬

‫مالحظة‬:‫ك‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫الجملتان‬ ‫فتصبح‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫يتغير‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يمكن‬‫ما‬
‫يلي‬:
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .
‫نائما‬ ‫كنت‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫غرفتي‬ ‫لص‬ ‫دخل‬
My father came when we were eating .
‫نأكل‬ ‫كنا‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫والدي‬ ‫جاء‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬
‫مستمر‬ ‫ماضي‬

‫مالحظة‬:
‫وتح‬ ‫بكلمة‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫الفاصلة‬ ‫تكتب‬‫ذف‬‫في‬ ‫وقعت‬ ‫إذا‬
‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫منتصف‬.
‫قاعدة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫تذكر‬‫اآلخر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫فعالن‬ ‫بها‬
‫بسيط‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫مفاجئ‬.
while
while

‫لفترة‬ ‫ويستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
( will + be ‫فعل‬+ + ing )
at ‫للزمن‬ ‫عند‬ by ‫بحلول‬ in ‫غضون‬ ‫في‬
from…to ‫من‬..‫إلى‬ all ‫،جميع‬ ‫كل‬ after ‫بعد‬
6. Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.
2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .
6. Future Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫أو‬ ‫لحظات‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬
‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫آثاره‬ ‫الزالت‬.
has / have ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬+ II
since ‫منذ‬ for ‫لمدة‬ just ‫التو‬ ‫في‬
yet ‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ever ‫األبد‬ ‫في‬ never ‫أبدا‬
recently ‫حديثا‬ already ‫تماما‬
7. Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I have lived in Riyadh for six years.
2. I have not visited him since 1995.
3. Ahmed has already finished his homework.
4. She has written three letters just now.
7. Present Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
‫كلمة‬ ‫تعني‬”‫منذ‬“‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫من‬ ‫اعتبارا‬.
• For means “a definite period of time”
‫كلمة‬ ‫تعني‬”‫لمدة‬“‫زمنية‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫على‬.
since ‫منذ‬ For ‫لمدة‬
2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century
Since & For

‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫ما‬ ‫لحظة‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهى‬ ‫و‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
had ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬+ II
after ‫منذ‬ before ‫لمدة‬
which ‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ as soon as ‫في‬
‫األبد‬
8. Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬

1. I had washed before I prayed.
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
‫حدث‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫معه‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬‫بعد‬‫الماضي‬ ‫انتهاء‬
‫التام‬.
8. Past Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬

‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫ما‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫انتهاؤه‬ ‫و‬ ‫حدوثه‬ ‫متوقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
will + have ‫للفعل‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬+ II
by ‫بحلول‬ at ‫عند‬
9. Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬

1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my
work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.
9. Future Perfect Tense ‫التام‬ ‫المستقبل‬

‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫لكنه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تم‬ ‫و‬ ‫منه‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للتعبير‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
has / have + been ‫فعل‬+ + ing II
for ‫لمدة‬ since ‫منذ‬
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬

1. I have been studying English for six years.
2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.

‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫و‬ ‫المستمر‬ ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫نفرق‬ ‫لكي‬:‫األمثلة‬ ‫الحظ‬
‫التالية‬:
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.
‫ن‬ ّ‫نكو‬ ‫الجملتين‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬‫التام‬
• She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense ‫المضارع‬‫التام‬
• She has made 100 cakes.
Present Perfect

Imperatives ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
• Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences
either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
،‫التعليمات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫لتعبر‬ ‫اإلثبات‬ ‫في‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أما‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫بداية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫أفعال‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬
‫يفعل‬ ‫ماذا‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫إخبار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المالحظات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اإلشارات‬ ،‫الدعوى‬.
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.
‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫البسيطة‬ ‫الصيغة‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫تستخدم‬.

Give Instructions ‫تعليمات‬ ‫إعطاء‬
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Invitations ‫الدعوى‬ ‫صيغة‬
• Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative ‫)نفي‬
Tell someone what to do ‫سيفعله‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫إخبار‬
• Open your book. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ‫)نفي‬

Give Warnings ‫تحذيرات‬ ‫إعطاء‬
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Signs & Notices ‫مالحظات‬ ‫و‬ ‫إشارات‬ ‫تكوين‬
• Push. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
• Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬
Make Requests ‫الطلب‬ ‫تكوين‬
• Please open the door. (Affirmative ‫)إثبات‬

Modals ‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
 A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.
‫حسب‬ ‫زمنية‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫و‬ ‫معاني‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫له‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫األشخاص‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫له‬ ‫الناقص‬ ‫الفعل‬
‫فيه‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المحتوى‬.
 Form ‫الصيغة‬
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +
(‫للفعل‬ ‫األول‬ ‫التصريف‬)
 Modals have no infinitives or past participles.
‫ثالث‬ ‫تصريف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫الناقص‬ ‫للفعل‬ ‫ليس‬.

Modals
‫الناقصة‬ ‫األفعال‬
Expresses:
‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬:
Example
‫مثال‬
shall
Promise
‫وعد‬
You shall take a reward.
Determination
‫تصميم‬
He does not want to obey me: but he
shall.
Threat
‫تهديد‬
You shall be punished if you come late.
should
Duty
‫الواجب‬
You should obey your teachers.
Advice or opinion
‫الرأي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النصيحة‬
You should stop smoking.
will
The simple future tense.
‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬ ‫صيغة‬
He will visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promise
‫الوعد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التصميم‬
I will travel when I like.
We will do as you wish.

Modals
Expresses:
Example
‫مثال‬
might
Possibility
‫اإلمكانية‬
I hoped that I might succeed.
I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are
able to
Ability
‫المقدرة‬
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future
‫المستقبل‬ ‫على‬ ‫المقدرة‬
I shall be able to help you.
could
Past, present or future possibility
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلمكانية‬/‫المضارع‬/‫المستقبل‬
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must
Necessity
‫الضرورة‬
You must listen to your teachers.
had to
The past form of must :past necessity
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضرورة‬
Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
He had to stay home to study.

Modals
Expresses:
Example
‫مثال‬
ought to
Advice
‫النصيحة‬
You ought to help the poor.
ought to
have
Actions that were advisable in the past
‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫عملها‬ ‫المستحسن‬ ‫من‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أحداث‬
You ought to have studied.
(You did not. That was a mistake)

Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Question
‫إثبات‬
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
They should eat
now.
They should not
eat now.
Should they eat
now?
Yes, they should. No, they should not.
He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.
He would
succeed.
He would not
succeed.
Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.
I might succeed. I might not
succeed.
Might I succeed?
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?

Affirmative
‫إثبات‬
Negative
‫نفي‬
Question
‫إثبات‬
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could talk. He could not
talk.
Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.
We could have a
test tomorrow.
We could not
have a test
tomorrow.
Could we have a
test tomorrow?
Yes, you could. No, he could not.
You must go now. You must not go
now.
Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.
You ought to help
them.
You ought not to
help them.
Ought you to help
them?
Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.

Comparing Adjectives
‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
1.‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬:
‫كلمة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫ألغلب‬ ‫الالحقة‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫نالحظ‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬
• Ali is older than Ahmed.
• My Car is faster than yours.
‫فقط‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬.
• safe safer than
• simple simpler than
‫كالعادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نقلب‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬.
• easy easier than
• heavy heavier than
er
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
than
er
er yyi

2.‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬:
‫المرة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫إضافة‬ ‫يالحظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫نالحظ‬.
• Everest is the highest mountain.
• This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
‫جديدة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬.
• safe the safest
‫كالعادة‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نقلب‬ ‫فأننا‬ ‫بحرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫انتهت‬ ‫إذا‬.
• easy the easiest
the
est
1. Comparing Short Adjectives ‫القصيرة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
ee
est yyi

1.‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬:
‫متباعدين‬ ‫متحركين‬ ‫حرفين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫مقطع‬ ‫كل‬ ،‫مقطع‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫هنا‬.
‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫يقبل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬.
‫كلمة‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫ففي‬
• Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.
• French is more difficult than English.
erest
beautiful ‫جميل‬ difficult ‫صعب‬
dangerous ‫خطر‬ correct ‫صحيح‬
Important ‫مهم‬ Fluent ‫فصيح‬
2. Comparing Long Adjectives ‫الطويلة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫مقارنة‬
than more

2.‫شخصين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬:
‫كلمة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تسبق‬ ‫شيئين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬
• Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.
• This is the most important subject in this book.
the most

‫مالحظــــــــــــة‬:
• Adel is better than his brother at school.
• This girl is the worst one in her class.
‫المعنى‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫أثنين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫أثنين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬
‫جيد‬ good better than the best
‫سيئ‬ bad worse than the worst
‫كثير‬(‫للمعدود‬)
‫كثير‬(‫المعدود‬ ‫لغير‬)
many
much
more than the most
‫قليل‬(‫المعدود‬ ‫لغير‬) little less than the least
‫بعيد‬ far farther than the farthest
‫التالي‬

as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬(‫بالضبط‬)
not as….as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬
‫صفتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫حين‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
• Ali is as tall as his brother.
• This bag is as big as my bag.
‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬‫عدم‬‫صفتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬.
• Ali is not as tall as his brother.
• This bag is not as big as my bag.
as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬(‫بالضبط‬)
not as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬

Adverbs ‫الظروف‬[‫األحوال‬]
• An Adverb always modifies a verb.
‫دائما‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫يصف‬ ‫الظرف‬
• Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.
‫للصفة‬ ‫بإضافة‬ ‫ن‬ ّ‫تكو‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫معظم‬.
slow slowly nice nicely
happy happily careful carefully
ly
ly

There are many kinds of adverbs:
‫الظروف‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫هناك‬:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
‫السلوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظروف‬:‫الحدث‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬.
• I closed the window carefully.
• The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.
‫الزمان‬ ‫ظروف‬:‫الفعل‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬.
• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.
• What’s going to happen next?

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
‫ظروف‬‫المكان‬:‫الحدث‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تعبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬.
• I shall stand here.
• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
‫صفات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫بـ‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بعض‬.‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫تدل‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫معظم‬.‫مثل‬:
• A daily newspaper is published daily.
• We get up early to catch an early train.
ly
ly
daily ‫يوميا‬ weekly ‫أسبوعيا‬
monthly ‫شهريا‬ yearly ‫سنويا‬

4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
‫التكرار‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظروف‬:‫الشيء‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫مرات‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تخبرنا‬ ‫التي‬.‫الظروف‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ومن‬:
Verb to BE: ‫يكون‬ ‫فعل‬:‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫التكرار‬ ‫ظرف‬ ‫يأتي‬
Ali is always on time.
Other Verbs: ‫األخرى‬ ‫األفعال‬:‫العادي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫التكرار‬ ‫ظرف‬ ‫يأتي‬
Ali sometimes reads a book.
always ‫دائما‬ often ‫غالبا‬
usually ‫عادة‬ sometimes ‫أحيانا‬
seldom ‫نادرا‬ Rarely ‫جدا‬ ‫نادرا‬
Never ‫أبدا‬ Occasionally ‫آلخر‬ ‫حي‬ ‫من‬

Adverbial Clause of Time
‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
Conjunctions: ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with
the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الوقت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place
‫المكان‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
where, wherever
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with
the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause
‫السبب‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
because, since, as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with
the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner
‫السلوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
As, as if, as through
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the
main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫حقيقي‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫دائما‬.
‫مثال‬:
• He speaks as if he were a king.
‫خيال‬ ‫مجرد‬ ‫و‬ ‫حقيقية‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫من‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫الحظ‬.
• It looks as if it would rain.
‫توقع‬ ‫مجرد‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫و‬ ‫حقيقي‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ماضي‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫من‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫الحظ‬.
as if
will would
was were

Adverbial Clause of Purpose
‫الغرض‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الغرض‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
‫نستخدم‬(‫ربما‬+‫المصدر‬)‫المستقبل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫عندما‬.
‫مثال‬:
 He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
 He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
‫نستخدم‬(‫ربما‬+‫المصدر‬)‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫عندما‬.
‫مثال‬:
 He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result
‫النتيجة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
We use:
to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫النتيجة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫الصيغات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تستخدم‬.
‫مثال‬:
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

Adverbial Clause of Contrast
‫التناقض‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
though, although
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast
with the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التناقض‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast
‫المقارنة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
as….as, so……as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast
with the main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.

Adverbial Clause of Condition
‫الحالة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬
if, unless
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الظرفية‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أدوات‬.
‫مثال‬:
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.
‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬‫السابق‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عودة‬ ‫التالي‬

as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬[‫بالضبط‬]
not as….as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬
‫حالين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫حين‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫االصطالح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬‫عدم‬‫حالين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫وجود‬.
• Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.
as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬[‫بالضبط‬]
not as……..as ‫مثل‬ ‫مثله‬ ‫ليس‬

Active & Passive
‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫المبني‬
ً‫ا‬‫معلوم‬ ‫فاعلها‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫بالمبني‬ ‫يقصد‬.
‫األهمية‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫فاعلها‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫للمجهول‬ ‫بالمبني‬ ‫يقصد‬.
‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫هناك‬:
• Statements ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجمل‬
• Questions ‫األسئلـــــــــــة‬
• Command ‫األمـــــــــــــر‬

Active & Passive
Ahmed broke the window yesterday.
‫وهو‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫مبني‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬.
_____________________________________________________
_
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.
‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫للمجهول‬ ‫مبني‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫الثانية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫كما‬ ‫بــ‬ ‫مسبوقا‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الجملة‬.
by
Active
Ahmed
Passive
Ahmed
A. Statements ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجمل‬

Active & Passive
‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتحويل‬
‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجمل‬:
1.‫فاعال‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬( .‫مباشرة‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫بوجوده‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫يعرف‬)
2.‫به‬ ‫للمفعول‬ ‫مناسبا‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫في‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫نضع‬.
3.‫الثالث‬ ‫التصريف‬ ‫في‬ ‫األصلي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫ضع‬.
4.‫ضميرا‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫يشطب‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫بــ‬ ‫مسبوقا‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نضع‬.
5.‫تغيير‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫هو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫يوضع‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫أي‬.
by
Active
to be
Passive

Active & Passive
‫أمثلـــــــــــــــــــة‬:
Active ‫للمعلوم‬ ‫مبني‬ Passive ‫للمجهول‬ ‫مبني‬
Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

Active & Passive
‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫األزمنة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫يصرف‬:
am, is, are ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬
was, were ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬
shall be, will be ‫البسيط‬ ‫المستقبل‬
am being, is being, are being ‫المستمر‬ ‫المضارع‬
was being, were being ‫المستمر‬ ‫الماضي‬
has been, have been ‫التام‬ ‫المضارع‬
had been ‫التام‬ ‫الماضي‬
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought
to be
‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫كل‬
to be

Active & Passive
‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫األسئلة‬:
2.‫السؤال‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫في‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫نضع‬.
4.‫ضميرا‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫يشطب‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫بــ‬ ‫مسبوقا‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫نضع‬.
5.‫تغيير‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫هو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫يوضع‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫أي‬.
by
Active
to be
Passive
B. Questions ‫األسئلة‬

Active & Passive
Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?
B. Questions ‫األسئلة‬

Active & Passive
‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫األمر‬:
1.‫الجملة‬ ‫أول‬ ‫في‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫ضع‬.
3.‫فيكون‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫أي‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫في‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫ضع‬.
be
Active
to be
Passive
C. Command ‫األمر‬
let

Active & Passive
Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.
C. Command ‫األمر‬

Active & Passive
‫أ‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫صيغة‬ ‫على‬ ‫المحافظة‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫مذيال‬ ‫سؤاال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫منفية‬ ‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحويلها‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قد‬‫و‬
‫للمجهول‬ ‫المبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التحويل‬ ‫عند‬ ‫التذييل‬.
‫أمثلـــــــــــــــــــة‬
Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali).
Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens,
weren’t they?
Dickens didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?
‫مالحظـــــــــــــــــــــــة‬

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
‫المتعدية‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬
:Intransitive Verbs (‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬)
‫به‬ ‫مفعوال‬ ‫تأخذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬.‫مثل‬:
The sun rises.
:Intransitive Verbs (‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬)
‫أكثر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واحدا‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعوال‬ ‫تأخذ‬ ‫التي‬ ‫هي‬.
Ali raised his hand.
*‫متعدية‬ ‫أفعال‬ ‫تحوي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫أما‬ ،‫بها‬ ‫به‬ ‫مفعول‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫للمجهول‬ ‫مبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحويلها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫األفعال‬
‫للمجهول‬ ‫مبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحويلها‬ ‫فيمكن‬.
*‫للمجهول‬ ‫مبني‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحويلها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫لمفعولين‬ ‫المتعدية‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫هناك‬.‫مثال‬:
Ahmed gave Huda a flower . ‫بطريقتين‬ ‫تبنى‬:
a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).
b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) ‫تأخيره‬ ‫حين‬ ‫العاقل‬ ‫به‬ ‫للمفعول‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الحظ‬.
‫الفاعل‬ ‫المفعول‬‫به‬‫الفعل‬
‫الفاعل‬ ‫مفعول‬‫به‬‫الفعل‬ ‫مفعول‬‫به‬
toHuda

Prepositions
‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬
‫وذلك‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫الواحد‬ ‫للحرف‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫فقد‬ ،‫متشابكة‬ ‫و‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬
‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫موقعه‬ ‫حسب‬.‫التدرب‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫لتعلم‬ ‫المثلى‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫و‬
‫منفصلة‬ ‫كحروف‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫و‬ ‫جمل‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫عليها‬.
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.
There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.
‫دالة‬ ‫جر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫و‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫على‬ ‫دالة‬ ‫جر‬ ‫حروف‬ ً‫ا‬‫أيض‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫و‬ ‫به‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫تدل‬
‫المكان‬ ‫على‬.

Use of Prepositions
‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫استخدام‬
Prepositions
Use ‫االستخدام‬ Example ‫مثال‬
on
Day ‫األيام‬ On Monday
Day + morning, night ‫األيام‬+‫الفترة‬ On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, date ‫التاريخ‬ My birthday is on June 10.
Special days ‫خاصة‬ ‫أيام‬ I will travel on National Day.
To mean above ‫فوق‬ ‫بمعنى‬ The tea is on the table.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
in
Season ‫فصل‬ The trees grow in spring.
Year ‫سنة‬ I was born in 1968.
Month ‫شهر‬ The test is in May.
The morning ‫الصباح‬ I go to work in the morning.
The evening ‫السماء‬ I go home in the evening
To mean above ‫الداخل‬ ‫في‬ He is in the mosque.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
at
Time ‫الوقت‬ I will come back at 2 o’clock.
Festival ‫االحتفاالت‬ ‫و‬ ‫األعياد‬ I will meat you at the school festival.
Meal times ‫الوجبات‬ ‫أوقات‬ I will talk to my father at lunch.
The weekend ‫األسبوع‬ ‫نهاية‬ We will travel at the weekend.
Noon ‫الظهر‬ We pray at noon everyday.
Night ‫الليل‬ We sleep at night.
To mean place ‫للمكان‬ He is at the grocer’s.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
at
at an exact place ‫محدد‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫في‬ He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.
at work ‫العمل‬ ‫في‬ Ahmed is at work.
at the table ‫الطاولة‬ ‫على‬ They are standing at the dinner table
under
‫تحت‬ ‫بمعنى‬ The cat is under the table.
in front of
‫أمام‬ ‫بمعنى‬ The teacher is in front of the class.
to
direction/place ‫مكان‬/‫اتجاه‬ I go to school everyday.
Prepositions of Place ‫المكان‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الجر‬ ‫حروف‬

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
in
To mean inside ‫داخل‬ ‫بمعنى‬ Put this book in the box.
In a country ‫بلد‬ ‫في‬ I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a town./street ‫مدينة‬ ‫في‬/‫شارع‬ ‫في‬ I live in Al-Madina.
in bed ‫الفراش‬ ‫في‬ The baby is in bed.
In a building or area‫منطقة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫في‬ You were in the club last night.
In a chair ‫الكرسي‬ ‫على‬ Ali is sitting in his chair.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
with
‫بـ‬ ‫بمعنى‬ I write with a pen.
from
‫من‬ ‫بمعنى‬ I am from Riyadh.
behind
‫خلف‬ ‫بمعنى‬ The wall is behind the class.
between
‫بين‬ ‫بمعنى‬ Samah is sitting between Fatma and
Salwa.
on
TV ‫التلفزيون‬ ‫شاشة‬ ‫على‬ Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.
Time ‫المحدد‬ ‫الوقت‬ He arrives on time.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
Example ‫مثال‬
in ‫في‬ The medicine is in the bottle.
on ‫على‬ The knife is on the table.
at ‫بالقرب‬ ،‫عند‬ Someone is at the door.
near ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between ‫بين‬ The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite ‫مقابل‬ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into ‫في‬ ،‫داخل‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto ‫على‬ The water is spilling onto the floor.
More Examples ‫األمثلة‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫مزيد‬

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
off ‫على‬ ‫من‬ The man is falling off the chair.
out of ‫فوق‬ ‫من‬ The child is falling out of the window.
across ‫خالل‬ ،‫عبر‬ The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above ‫أعلى‬ ،‫فوق‬ The light is over (above) the table.
under/below ،‫تحت‬‫أسفل‬ The fire is under (below) the stairs.
through ‫خالل‬ ،‫عبر‬ The ball is going through the window.
among ‫وسط‬ The teacher is sitting among the students.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions
round ‫حول‬ The car is going round the tree.
in front of ‫أمام‬ The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind ‫وراء‬ ،‫خلف‬ The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of ‫على‬ ،‫فوق‬ The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of ‫بجانب‬ The garage is at the side of the house.
along ‫طول‬ ‫على‬ The man is walking along the street.
next to ‫بجوار‬ The bank is next to the baker’s.

Question-Tags
‫المذيلة‬ ‫األسئلة‬
‫تعادل‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫المذيلة‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫يطلق‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬”‫كذلك؟‬ ‫أليس‬“‫العربية‬ ‫باللغة‬.
‫هذه‬ ‫يخالف‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫وهذا‬ ‫تسبقه‬ ‫خبرية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫يتبع‬ ‫مختصر‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫وهو‬
‫ألنفي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلثبات‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجملة‬.‫في‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫مثبتة‬ ‫تسبقه‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫فإذا‬
ً‫ا‬‫مثبت‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫منفية‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫و‬ ‫النفي‬.
*‫السؤال‬ ‫يخالف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫النفي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلثبات‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫فيتبع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫جواب‬ ‫أما‬.
*‫في‬ ‫استخدامه‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫إال‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫باللغة‬ ‫التحدث‬ ‫عند‬ ً‫ا‬‫كثير‬ ‫متداول‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬
‫المكتوبة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬.

‫عليه‬ ‫اإلجابة‬ ‫و‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫انظر‬:
* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there?
Yes , there is.
*‫عليها‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫جاء‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫مثبتة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫تقدمت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجملة‬(‫التذييل‬)‫منفيا‬.‫باإلثبات‬ ‫فيكون‬ ‫الجواب‬ ‫أما‬
.
*‫للنفي‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫بعده‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫نقدم‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫من‬ ‫سؤاال‬ ‫نكون‬ ‫ولكي‬.
‫التالي‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫انظر‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫و‬:
* You come from the United States, don’t you?
Yes, I do.
*‫مساعد‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تذييل‬ ‫تم‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬.
do
Yes
not
Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”
‫بـ‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫اإلجابة‬ ‫نتوقع‬ ‫أسئلة‬“‫نعم‬“
Question-Tags

1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I don’t.
2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it?
No, it doesn’t.
*‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫استخدمنا‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫الحظ‬.
3) You didn’t travel last year, did you?
No, I didn’t.
*‫مساعد‬ ‫كفعل‬ ‫استخدمنا‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫في‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫الحظ‬.
did
do/does
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
‫بـ‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫اإلجابة‬ ‫نتوقع‬ ‫أسئلة‬“‫ال‬“
Question-Tags

Conditional “if”
”‫لو‬“‫الشرطية‬
‫وقوعه‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫الحدث‬ ‫هذا‬.
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (‫البيت‬ ‫في‬ ‫سأبقى‬ ، ‫غدا‬ ‫تمطر‬ ‫إن‬)
If you eat too much, you will become fat. ‫مثال‬:
if + present ‫مضارع‬ will ‫أول‬ ‫تصريف‬+1)

if + past ‫ماضي‬ would ‫أول‬ ‫تصريف‬+2)
‫وقوعه‬ ‫مستحيل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الحدث‬ ‫هذا‬.
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
‫اليوم‬ ‫حيا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫مستحيل‬ ‫شكسبير‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬.‫لكن‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫استخدمنا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫الحظ‬‫ال‬ ‫ه‬
‫الماضي‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬.
‫استخدمنا‬ ‫و‬(‫المصدر‬) +‫القاعدة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬:
‫مفردا‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫نستطيع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫القاعدة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تتحول‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫الحظ‬.
If I were you, I would buy a new car.
‫مثال‬:
if + subject + past subject+ would ‫أول‬ ‫تصريف‬+
would
bewerewas

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.
If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.
if + had + ‫ثالث‬ ‫تصريف‬ would have ‫ثالث‬ ‫تصريف‬+3)

‫ثابتة‬ ‫و‬ ‫دائمة‬ ‫حقيقة‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التركيب‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
If you boil water, it becomes steam. (‫بخارا‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫فأنه‬ ،‫الماء‬ ‫غلينا‬ ‫أننا‬ ‫لو‬)
‫المستقبل‬ ‫في‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫و‬ ‫المضارع‬ ‫في‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫جاءت‬ ‫لذا‬ ‫معين‬ ‫بوقت‬ ‫مقيدة‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫و‬ ‫ثابتة‬ ‫حقيقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫و‬.
if + present ‫مضارع‬ present ‫مضارع‬4)
if + present ‫مضارع‬ instructions ‫تعليمات‬5)
If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.
If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.
becomes

Reported Speech
‫المنقول‬ ‫الكالم‬
‫مباشر‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫يسمى‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬.
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.
‫المباشر‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫المباشر‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫هناك‬:
1) Statement ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬
2) Question ‫السؤال‬
3) Command ‫الطلب‬
4) Exclamation ‫التعجب‬

Reported Speech
*‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫منقول‬ ‫كالم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫من‬ ‫خبرية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
1-‫القول‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الضمير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫نضع‬
2-‫عنها‬ ‫االستغناء‬ ‫يمكننا‬ ‫و‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫نضع‬.
3-‫الضمائر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫و‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫نحول‬:
I he, she we they
My his, her our their
4-‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫األزمنة‬ ‫نحول‬:
Present ‫مضارع‬ Past ‫ماضي‬
Past ‫ماضي‬ Past Perfect ‫تام‬ ‫ماضي‬
5-‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫وجدت‬ ‫إن‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫نحول‬:
Now ‫اآلن‬ then ‫حينئذ‬
here ‫هنا‬ there ‫هناك‬
Last night ‫هنا‬ the night before ‫هناك‬
this ‫هنا‬ that ‫هناك‬
yesterday ‫هنا‬ the day before ‫هناك‬
tomorrow ‫هنا‬ the following day ‫هناك‬
Statement ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬
that
DirectReported
said

Reported Speech
Statement ‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬
Direct ‫مباشر‬ Indirect ‫مباشر‬ ‫غير‬
“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.
“We are happy” They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library
recently”.
She said that she had not been to the school library
recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.
‫هناك‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬).(‫عبارة‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫نضع‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫متكلم‬ ‫لشخص‬ ‫جملتين‬ ‫بين‬:‫أضاف‬ ‫تعني‬ ‫والتي‬:
They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We
shall visit Ahmed”.
They told him that they would see him the next day
and added that they would visit Ahmed.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫في‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التغيير‬ ‫إنما‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أزمنة‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حينئذ‬ ‫مضارع‬ ‫القول‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬:
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.
and added that
say, says

Reported Speech
*‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫منقول‬ ‫كالم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫من‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
1-‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫وهي‬ ، ‫السؤال‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫يحدد‬ ‫الفعل‬:
Present ‫مضارع‬ Past ‫ماضي‬
Past ‫ماضي‬ Past Perfect ‫تام‬ ‫ماضي‬
2-‫ربط‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
3-‫المساعد‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫بتقديم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫و‬ ‫خبرية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫تحويل‬ ‫يتم‬.
4-‫الجملة‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫يالحظ‬.
Question ‫السؤال‬
DirectReported
asked

Reported Speech
“What is your name?”. He asked me what my name was.
“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.
“Where is your book?”. He asked me where my book was.
‫سؤال‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫للسؤال‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫كأداة‬ ‫تستخدم‬:
“Is your school very large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.
‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫حول‬ ‫و‬ ‫احذفها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
“Where do you live”. He asked me where I lived.
“Does he go to school?”. I asked him if he went to school.
if
does do

Reported Speech
‫البسيط‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫حول‬ ‫و‬ ‫احذفها‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬(‫ثالث‬ ‫تصريف‬.) +
“Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
‫الضمائر‬ ‫في‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫التغيير‬ ‫إنما‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫أزمنة‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حينئذ‬ ‫مضارع‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫إذا‬:
“Who is your English teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is.
“What are your marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.
didhad
ask, asks

Reported Speech
*‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫منقول‬ ‫كالم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫من‬ ‫طلبية‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
1-‫نستخدم‬(‫أمر‬)‫األمر‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقصد‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
‫نستخدم‬ ‫و‬(‫رجاء‬)‫التوسل‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرجاء‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقصد‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
‫نستخدم‬ ‫و‬(‫نصح‬)‫النصيحة‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقصد‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
‫نستخدم‬ ‫و‬(‫أخبر‬)‫المرتبة‬ ‫في‬ ‫يساويه‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫من‬ ‫موجه‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬.
2-‫الفعل‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫المفتوحة‬ ‫األقواس‬ ‫احذف‬
3-‫وجدتا‬ ‫إن‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كلمتي‬ ‫احذف‬.
4-‫سبق‬ ‫وكما‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫غير‬.
II
Command ‫الطلب‬
DirectReported
ordered
begged
advised
told
to
Please, do

Reported Speech
He said to the servant: “bring me a
glass of water”.
He ordered the servant to bring him a
glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please ,
give me some money”.
The son begged his father to give him
some money.
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of
water”.
The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the
market tonight”.
He told me not to go to the market that
night.
Command ‫الطلب‬

Reported Speech
*‫التالية‬ ‫الخطوات‬ ‫نتبع‬ ‫منقول‬ ‫كالم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫من‬ ‫تعجب‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫لتحويل‬:
1-‫مثل‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫تدل‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدال‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫التعجب‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫احذف‬:
2-‫كلمة‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫األقواس‬ ‫احذف‬
3-‫الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة‬ ‫في‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫وكما‬ ‫المعنى‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫األفعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫الضمائر‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫غير‬.
‫مالحظة‬:‫مثل‬ ‫تعجب‬ ‫ككلمة‬ ‫استعمل‬ ‫استفهام‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫إما‬ ‫التعجب‬ ‫كلمات‬:‫تعجب‬ ‫عالمة‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫وتعرفها‬
‫الجملة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬
‫مثل‬ ‫بذاتها‬ ‫تعجب‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫أو‬:‫التعجب‬ ‫عالمة‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫تعرفها‬ ‫و‬!.
Exclamation ‫التعجب‬
DirectReported
Alas, Hurrah, Oh
that
With regret ‫بندم‬ With anger ‫بغضب‬
With joy ‫بفرح‬ With admiration ‫بإعجاب‬
With sadness ‫بحزن‬
how, what

Reported Speech
He said : “Alas! I will not find my
money”.
He said with sorrow that he would not
find his money.
He said : “How foolish I have been”. He said with regret that he had been
foolish.
Exclamation ‫التعجب‬

Countries and Nationalities
‫الجنسيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫البلدان‬
‫حرف‬ ‫نضيف‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬”‫ي‬“‫مثال‬ ‫فنقول‬ ‫الجنسية‬ ‫لتكوين‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫و‬ ‫البلد‬ ‫السم‬:
‫السعودية‬:‫سعودي‬
‫هي‬ ‫و‬ ‫لإلضافة‬ ‫محتملة‬ ‫حروف‬ ‫خمس‬ ‫فهناك‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬ ‫أما‬:
i, n, ian, ish, ese
‫الحروف‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫ثابتة‬ ‫قاعدة‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫و‬.‫األمثلة‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫وهذه‬:
Country Nationality
Saudi Arabia Saudi
Oman Omani
Algeria Algerian
Libya Libyan
Palestine Palestinian
Syria Syrian
Country Nationality
Britain British
Turkey Turkish
China Chinese
Lebanon Lebanese
France French
Switzerland Swiss

قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

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