![Structures and Unions 6
Constants
Allow consistent use of the same constant
throughout the program
Improves clarity of the program
Reduces likelihood of simple errors
Easier to update constants in the program
int array[10];
for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
…
}
#define SIZE 10
int array[SIZE];
for (i=0; i<SIZE; i++) {
…
}
Preprocessor directive
Constant names are
capitalized by convention
Define once,
use throughout
the program](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/structureandunion-221130070012-348d83e9/85/Structure-and-Union-ppt-6-320.jpg)
![Structures and Unions 7
Arrays of Structures
Date birthdays[NFRIENDS];
bool
check_birthday(Date today)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < NFRIENDS; i++) {
if ((today.month == birthdays[i].month) &&
(today.day == birthdays[i].day))
return (true);
return (false);
}
Constant
Array declaration
Array index, then
structure field](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/structureandunion-221130070012-348d83e9/85/Structure-and-Union-ppt-7-320.jpg)
Structure and Union.ppt
- 1. Structures and Unions in C D.SEETHALAKSHMI Assistant Professor of Computer Applications Bon Secours College for Women Thanjavur
- 2. Objectives Be able to use compound data structures in programs Be able to pass compound data structures as function arguments, either by value or by reference Be able to do simple bit-vector manipulations Structures and Unions 2
- 3. Structures and Unions 3 Structures Compound data: A date is an int month and an int day and an int year Unlike Java, C doesn’t automatically define functions for initializing and printing … struct ADate { int month; int day; int year; }; struct ADate date; date.month = 2; date.day = 4; date.year = 2021;
- 4. Structures and Unions 4 Structure Representation & Size sizeof(struct …) = sum of sizeof(field) + alignment padding Processor- and compiler-specific 62 61 EF BE AD DE c1 c2 i padding struct CharCharInt { char c1; char c2; int i; } foo; foo.c1 = ’a’; foo.c2 = ’b’; foo.i = 0xDEADBEEF; x86 uses “little-endian” representation
- 5. Structures and Unions 5 Typedef Mechanism for creating new type names New names are an alias for some other type May improve the portability and/or clarity of the program typedef long int64_t; typedef struct ADate { int month; int day; int year; } Date; int64_t i = 100000000000; Date d = { 2, 4, 2021 }; Overload existing type names for portability Simplify complex type names
- 6. Structures and Unions 6 Constants Allow consistent use of the same constant throughout the program Improves clarity of the program Reduces likelihood of simple errors Easier to update constants in the program int array[10]; for (i=0; i<10; i++) { … } #define SIZE 10 int array[SIZE]; for (i=0; i<SIZE; i++) { … } Preprocessor directive Constant names are capitalized by convention Define once, use throughout the program
- 7. Structures and Unions 7 Arrays of Structures Date birthdays[NFRIENDS]; bool check_birthday(Date today) { int i; for (i = 0; i < NFRIENDS; i++) { if ((today.month == birthdays[i].month) && (today.day == birthdays[i].day)) return (true); return (false); } Constant Array declaration Array index, then structure field
- 8. Structures and Unions 8 Pointers to Structures Date create_date1(int month, int day, int year) { Date d; d.month = month; d.day = day; d.year = year; return (d); } void create_date2(Date *d, int month, int day, int year) { d->month = month; d->day = day; d->year = year; } Copies date Pass-by-reference Date today; today = create_date1(2, 4, 2021); create_date2(&today, 2, 4, 2021);
- 9. Structures and Unions 9 Pointers to Structures (cont.) void create_date2(Date *d, int month, int day, int year) { d->month = month; d->day = day; d->year = year; } void fun_with_dates(void) { Date today; create_date2(&today, 2, 4, 2021); } today.month: today.day: today.year: 0x1000 0x1004 0x1008 month: 2 day: 4 year: 2021 0x30A0 0x30A4 0x30A8 d: 0x1000 0x3098 2 4 2021
- 10. Structures and Unions 10 Pointers to Structures (cont.) Date * create_date3(int month, int day, int year) { Date *d; d->month = month; d->day = day; d->year = year; return (d); } What is d pointing to?!?! (more on this later)
- 11. Structures and Unions 11 Abstraction in C struct widget; struct widget *widget_create(void); int widget_op(struct widget *widget, int operand); void widget_destroy(struct widget *widget); From the #include file widget.h: From the file widget.c: #include “widget.h” struct widget { int x; … }; Definition is hidden! Structures and Unions 11
- 12. Structures and Unions 12 Collections of Bools (Bit Vectors) Byte, word, ... can represent many Booleans One per bit, e.g., 00100101 = false, false, true, ..., true Bit-wise operations: Bit-wise AND: 00100101 & 10111100 == 00100100 Bit-wise OR: 00100101 | 10111100 == 10111101 Bit-wise NOT: ~ 00100101 == 11011010 Bit-wise XOR: 00100101 ^ 10111100 == 10011001
- 13. Structures and Unions 13 Operations on Bit Vectors const unsigned int low_three_bits_mask = 0x7; unsigned int bit_vec = 0x15; 0…00 0111 0…01 0101 Always use C’s unsigned types for bit vectors A mask indicates which bit positions we are interested in 0…00 0101 == 0…01 0101 & 0…00 0111 important_bits = bit_vec & low_three_bits_mask; Selecting bits: Result = ?
- 14. Structures and Unions 14 Operations on Bit Vectors const unsigned int low_three_bits_mask = 0x7; unsigned int bit_vec = 0x15; 0…00 0111 0…01 0101 bit_vec |= low_three_bits_mask; Setting bits: Result = ? 0…01 0111 == 0…01 0101 | 0…00 0111
- 15. Structures and Unions 15 Operations on Bit Vectors const unsigned int low_three_bits_mask = 0x7; unsigned int bit_vec = 0x15; 0…00 0111 0…01 0101 bit_vec &= ~low_three_bits_mask; Clearing bits: Result = ? 0…01 0000 == 0…01 0101 & ~0…00 0111
- 16. Structures and Unions 16 Bit-field Structures Special syntax packs structure values more tightly Similar to bit vectors, but arguably easier to read Nonetheless, bit vectors are more commonly used. Padded to be an integral number of words Placement is compiler- specific. 1 1 0 1 1 0 … … f1 f2 f3 struct Flags { int f1:3; unsigned int f2:1; unsigned int f3:2; } my_flags; my_flags.f1 = -2; my_flags.f2 = 1; my_flags.f3 = 2;
- 17. Structures and Unions 17 Unions Choices: An element is an int i or a char c sizeof(union …) = maximum of sizeof(field) EF BE AD DE c i padding union AnElt { int i; char c; } elt1, elt2; elt1.i = 4; elt2.c = ’a’; elt2.i = 0xDEADBEEF;
- 18. Structures and Unions 18 Unions A union value doesn’t “know” which case it contains union AnElt { int i; char c; } elt1, elt2; elt1.i = 4; elt2.c = ’a’; elt2.i = 0xDEADBEEF; if (elt1 currently has a char) … How should your program keep track whether elt1, elt2 hold an int or a char? ? ? Basic answer: Another variable holds that info
- 19. Structures and Unions 19 Tagged Unions Tag every value with its case I.e., pair the type info together with the union Implicit in Java, Scheme, ML, … Enum must be external to struct, so constants are globally visible. Struct field must be named. enum Union_Tag { IS_INT, IS_CHAR }; struct TaggedUnion { enum Union_Tag tag; union { int i; char c; } data; };