Structure of dbms
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The document discusses the architecture and components of a database management system (DBMS). It describes that a DBMS is divided into modules including a query processor and storage manager. The query processor receives and optimizes SQL queries, while the storage manager is responsible for storing, retrieving, and updating data through components like a buffer manager, file manager, and transaction manager. The document also outlines some common data structures used in a DBMS like data files, data dictionaries, and indices.
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Security and AuthorizationMegha yadav Security Violations,Reasons of Security violation are,security measures,Authorization,form of authorization,Difference between drop and delete authorization ,Authorization and Views,View example ,View Query ,Granting of Privileges,Example of Granting of Privileges,Example of Granting of Privileges,Authorization grant graph ,Notion of Roles,Audit Trails ,Audit Trails ,Authorization in SQL,Read Authorization ,Update authorization ,Role creation ,The Privilege to Grant Privileges ,revoke an authorization,Cascading of Revoke
Integrity Constraints
Integrity ConstraintsMegha yadav Integrity constraints are rules used to maintain data quality and ensure accuracy in a relational database. The main types of integrity constraints are domain constraints, which define valid value sets for attributes; NOT NULL constraints, which enforce non-null values; UNIQUE constraints, which require unique values; and CHECK constraints, which specify value ranges. Referential integrity links data between tables through foreign keys, preventing orphaned records. Integrity constraints are enforced by the database to guard against accidental data damage.
Grid computing
Grid computingMegha yadav Introduction to grid computing,characteristics of Computational grid,Working of grid ,Components of grid and Its advantage and disadvantages .
Distributed Computing 
Distributed Computing Megha yadav Distributed computing is a system where the components of a computer program are distributed and run across multiple computers that communicate over a network. It involves splitting tasks between participants to solve problems faster. Key advantages include reliability through redundancy, scalability by adding more systems, and faster computation through parallel processing. However, distributed systems also present challenges like more difficult troubleshooting, less software support, and higher costs for network infrastructure.
Cluster computing
Cluster computingMegha yadav Cluster computing involves connecting multiple computers together to work as a single system. The key components of a cluster include applications, parallel programming environments, cluster middleware, computers connected via a high-speed network switch. There are three main types of clusters: load-balancing clusters which distribute work evenly, high availability clusters which ensure critical applications can failover to another node, and high performance clusters which tackle complex computations.
Introduction to SEO
Introduction to SEOMegha yadav Basic Introduction to the concept of SEO along with types of SEO (Black Hat,White Hat) and techniques of SEO (On Page ,Off Page )are explained .
Website Architecture
Website ArchitectureMegha yadav The document discusses website architecture and its key components. Website architecture defines the logical layout and components of a website based on user and business requirements. It considers technical, functional, and visual factors such as servers, user interfaces, and security. The architecture guides the development process, separating it into front-end and back-end development. Front-end developers work with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create the user interface, while back-end developers focus on the server-side logic and database communication. Creating an architecture follows steps like defining goals, analyzing data and competitors, prototyping, and testing the structure.
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CURRENT CASE COUNT: 817 (As of 05/3/2025)
• Texas: 688 (+20)(62% of these cases are in Gaines County).
• New Mexico: 67 (+1 )(92.4% of the cases are from Eddy County)
• Oklahoma: 16 (+1)
• Kansas: 46 (32% of the cases are from Gray County)
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 97 (+2)
• Texas: 89 (+2) - This is 13.02% of all TX cases.
• New Mexico: 7 - This is 10.6% of all NM cases.
• Kansas: 1 - This is 2.7% of all KS cases.
DEATHS: 3
• Texas: 2 – This is 0.31% of all cases
• New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.54% of all cases
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INTERNATIONAL SPREAD (As of 4/2/2025)
• Mexico – 865 (+58)
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 844 (+58) cases, 3 hospitalizations, 1 fatality
• Canada: 1531 (+270) (This reflects Ontario's Outbreak, which began 11/24)
‒Ontario, Canada – 1243 (+223) cases, 84 hospitalizations.
• Europe: 6,814
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- 1. Structure of DBMS By : Megha Yadav
- 3. Architecture of DBMS A database system is divided into modules Each module provides set of responsibility for system Components of database system are Storage manager Query processor
- 4. Query Processor It is one of the functional components of DBMS. The query processor receives as input queries in the form of SQL text and optimizes them, and completes their execution by employing specific data access methods and database operator implementations. Query Processor As query is very much necessary to find out only the data user need from tons of data of the database, query processor is very important to process these query requests.
- 5. Query Processor components DML Compiler – It processes the DML statements into low level instruction (machine language), so that they can be executed. DDL Interpreter – It processes the DDL statements into a set of table containing meta data (data about data). DML queries – Data manipulation language (DML) statements add, change, and delete Database table data Query Optimizer – It executes the instruction generated by DML Compiler. Query evaluation engine- which executes low-level instructions generated by the DML compiler.
- 6. Storage Manager A storage manager is a program module which is responsible for storing, retrieving and updating data in the database. Storage Manager is a program that provides an interface between the data stored in the database and the queries received. It is also known as Database Control System. It maintains the consistency and integrity of the database by applying the constraints and executes the statements.
- 8. Storage Manager Components Authorization Manager – It ensures role-based access control, checks whether the particular person is privileged to perform the requested operation or not. Integrity Manager – It checks the integrity constraints when the database is modified. Transaction Manager – It controls concurrent access by performing the operations in a scheduled way that it receives the transaction. Thus, it ensures that the database remains in the consistent state before and after the execution of a transaction. File Manager – It manages the file space and the data structure used to represent information in the database. Buffer Manager – It is responsible for cache memory and the transfer of data between the secondary storage and main memory.
- 9. Data structure used by dbms Data Files : It stores the database. Data Dictionary : is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes about data elements that are being used in a database. A Data Dictionary also provides metadata about data elements. Indices : Provide fast access to data items that hold particular values. Statistical Data : It stores statistical information about the data in the database.