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STRUCTURED QUERY
LANGUAGE
FUNCTIONS IN MYSQL
FUNCTIONS IN MYSQL
There are two types of functions in MySQL:
Single Row Functions : Single row functions operate on a single value to
return a single value. They return only one result per row. They are further
categorized into:
Numeric functions
String functions Date
Time functions
Multiple Row Functions: Multiple row functions operate on a set of rows to
return a single value. Examples include SUM(), AVG() and COUNT().
TABLE: ITEM
Consider the table ITEM:
Itemno Name Price Quantity DOP
A001 Bread 20.25 10 2015-05-21
A002 Butter 50.75 6 2015-06-12
A003 Biscuits 10.32 20 2015-12-23
A004 Eggs 70.75 10 2015-09-18
A005 Chocolate 100.35 20 2015-10-19
NUMERIC FUNCIONS
Numeric functions perform operations on numeric values and return numeric values. There are
three numeric functions which are available:
POWER(X,Y) OR POW(X,Y): It returns the value of X raised to the power of Y.
COMMAND OUTPUT EXPLANATION
SELECT POW(2,3) ; 8 2 X 2 X 2 =8
SELECT POW(2, -2); 0.25 1/22 = ¼ = 0.25
SELECT POW(-2,2); 4 -2 X -2 = 4
SELECT POW (-2,3); -8 -2 X -2 X -2 = -8
SELECT ITEMNO,
POW(PRICE,2) FROM ITEM;
ROUND FUNCTION
 ROUND(X,D) function is used to round the value of argument X upto D decimal places.
 If number of decimal places is not specified or is zero, the number rounds to the nearest integer OR 0
decimal places.
 If negative value is specified for precision, it counts off that value left from the decimal point. If positive
value is specified for precision, it counts off that value right from the decimal point.
COMMAND RESULT EXPLNATION
SELECT ROUND(-4.45); -4 No. after decimal is less than 5
SELECT ROUND(-4.67); -5 No. after decimal is more than 5
SELECT ROUND(4.45); 4 No. after decimal is less than 5
SELECT ROUND(4.678,1); 4.7 No. at second place after decimal is more than 5
SELECT ROUND(4.678,0); 5 No. after decimal is more than 5
SELECT ROUND(56.345, -1); 60
SELECT ITEMNO, ROUND(PRICE) FROM
ITEM;
TRUNCATE FUNCTION
 TRUNCATE(X,D) or TRUNC(X,D) returns the number X, truncated to D decimal places.
 If D is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part.
 If D is negative, it causes D digits left of the decimal point of the value X to become zero.
COMMAND OUTPUT
SELECT TRUNC(5.678,0); 5
SELECT TRUNC(3.768,1); 3.7
SELECT TRUNC(-9.87,1); -9.8
SELECT TRUNC(345, -2); 300
SELECT ITEMNO,TRUNC(PRICE,1)
ITEM;
STRING(CHARACTER) FUNCTION
String functions operate on character type data. They return either character or numeric
values.
LENGTH(str): Returns the length of the string str.
COMMAND OUTPUT
SELECT LENGTH(“COMPUTER”); 8
SELECT LENGTH(“ I AM LEARNING”); 13
SELECT ITEMNO, LENGTH(NAME) FROM
ITEM;
CONCAT FUNCTION
CONCAT(str1, str2,...) : Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments.
COMMAND OUTPUT
SELECT CONCAT(“My”,
“SQL”, “CLASS”);
MySQLCLASS
SELECT CONCAT(“My”,
“SQL”,NULL, “CLASS”);
NULL
SELECT CONCAT(ITEMNO,
NAME), PRICE FROM ITEM;
CONCAT(Itemno, Name)
A001Bread
A002Butter
A003Biscuits
A004Eggs
A005Chocolate
INSTR FUNCTION
INSTR(str, substr) : Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in
string str
COMMAND RESUL
T
EXPLANATION
SELECT INSTR(“My SQL”,
“SQL);
4 First match found
at 4th position
SELECT INSTR(“My SQL”,
“SQR”);
0 No match found
SELECT INSTR(NAME,
“BREAD”) FROM ITEM;
INSTR(NAME,”BREAD
”)
1
0
0
0
0
LOWER FUNCTION
LOWER(str) or LCASE(str): Returns the string str in lowercase.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT
LOWER(“INFORMATICS”)
informatics
SELECT LOWER(NAME)
FROM EMP;
LOWER(Name)
bread
butter
biscuits
eggs
chocolate
UPPER FUNCTION
UPPER(str) or UCASE(str): Returns the string str in lowercase.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT
UPPER(“INforMAtiCS”);
INFORMATICS
SELECT UPPER(NAME)
FROM EMP;
UPPER(Name)
BREAD
BUTTER
BISCUITS
EGGS
CHOCOLATE
LEFT FUNCTION
LEFT(str, N) : Returns the N characters from the left side of the string str.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT LEFT(“My SQL”, 2); My
SELECT LEFT(NAME, 3) FROM ITEM;
LEFT(Name, 3)
Bre
But
Bis
Egg
Cho
RIGHT FUNCTION
RIGHT(str, N) : Returns the N characters from the right side of the string str.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT RIGHT(“My SQL”, 3); SQL
SELECT RIGHT(NAME, 3) FROM ITEM;
RIGHT(Name)
ead
ter
its
ggs
ate
LTRIM FUNCTION
LTRIM(str) : Returns the leading spaces ie from the left side of the string str.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT LTRIM(“
INFORMATICS”);
INFORMATICS
SELECT LTRIM(NAME)
FROM EMP;
LTRIM(Name)
Bread
Butter
Biscuits
Eggs
Chocolate
RTRIM FUNCTION
RTRIM(str) : Removes the trailing spaces ie from the right side of the string str.
COMMAND RESULT
SELECT RTRIM(“INFORMATICS
”);
INFORMATICS
SELECT RTRIM(NAME) FROM
EMP;
RTRIM(Name)
Bread
Butter
Biscuits
Eggs
Chocolate
TRIM FUNCTION
TRIM(str) : Removes both leading and trailing spaces from the string str .
COMMAND OUTPUT
SELECT TRIM(“ INFORMATICS
PRACTICES ”);
INFORMATICS
SELECT TRIM(NAME) FROM EMP;
TRIM(Name)
Bread
Butter
Biscuits
Eggs
Chocolate
SUBSTRING/SUBSTR/MID FUNCTION
SUBSTRING(str, M,N) or MID(str, M,N): Returns the specified number of characters from
the middle of the string. There are 3 arguments.
 The first argument is the source string.
 The second argument is the position of first character to be displayed.
 The third argument is the number of characters to be displayed.
If the third argument is missing, then starting from the position specified, the rest of the
string is returned.
If the second argument is negative, then the beginning of the substring is M characters
from the end of the string.
SUBSTRING/SUBSTR/MID FUNCTION Contd…
COMMAND OUTPUT
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, 4 ); or
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” FROM 4 );
LD OF COMPUTERS
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” , 3, 4 ); LD O
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, -4 ); TERS
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, -6,3 ); PUT
SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” FROM -4
FOR 2 );
TE
SELECT SUBSTR(NAME,2,3) FROM ITEM;
SUBSTR(Nam
e,2,3)
rea
utt
isc
ggs
hoc
ASCII FUNCTION
ASCII(str): Returns the ASCII value of the leftmost character of the string str.
 Returns 0 if str is an empty string.
 Returns NULL if str is NULL.
COMMAND RESUL
T
EXPLANATION
SELECT ASCII(‘2’); 50 ASCII value of ‘0’ is 48, ‘1’ is 49 , ‘2’ is 50 and so on
SELECT ASCII(‘CG’); 67 ASCII value of ‘A’ is 65, ‘B’ is 66, ‘C’ is 67 and so on
SELECT ASCII(‘are’); 97 ASCII value of ‘a’ is 97, ‘b’ is 98 and so on
DATE AND TIME FUNCTION
COMMAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE RESULT
CURDATE() Returns the current date in YYYY-
MM-DD format
SELECT CURDATE(); 2015-10-14
NOW() Returns the current date and time in
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
SELECT NOW(); 2015-10-14 20:10:30
SYSDATE() Returns the current date and time in
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
SELECT SYSDATE(); 2015-10-14 20:10:30
DATE(exp) Extracts the date part of a date or
date time expression
SELECT DATE(‘2015-10-14
20:10:30’);
2015-10-14
MONTH(date) Returns the numeric month from the
date passed, in the range 0 to 12
SELECT MONTH(‘2015-10-
14’);
SELECT MONTH(DOP)
FROM ITEM;
10
DATE AND TIME FUNCTION Contd……
COMMAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE RESULT
YEAR(date) Returns the year for date passed in
the range 0 to 9999
SELECT YEAR (‘2015-10-14’);
SELECT YEAR(DAP) FROM ITEM;
2015
DAYNAME(da
te)
returns the name of the weekday for
the date passed
SELECT DAYNAME(2015-10-14);
SELECT DAYNAME(DAP) FROM ITEM;
MONDAY
DAYOFMONT
H(date)
Returns the day of the month in the
range 0 to 31.
SELECT DAYOFMONTH(2015-10-14);
SELECT DAYOFMONTH(DAP) FROM
ITEM;
DAYOFWEEK(
date)
Returns the day of week in number
1 for Sunday, 2 for Monday and so
SELECT DAYOFWEEK(2015-10-14);
SELECT DAYOFWEEK(DAP) FROM
ITEM;
DAYOFYEAR(
ate)
Return the day of the year for the
given date in numeric format in the
range 1 to 366.
SELECT DAYOFYEAR(2015-10-14);
SELECT DAYOFYEAR(DAP) FROM ITEM;
SYSDATE() vs NOW()
SYSDATE() returns the time at which the function executes.
While NOW() which returns a constant time that indicates the
time at which the statement began to execute.

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Structured query language functions

  • 2. FUNCTIONS IN MYSQL There are two types of functions in MySQL: Single Row Functions : Single row functions operate on a single value to return a single value. They return only one result per row. They are further categorized into: Numeric functions String functions Date Time functions Multiple Row Functions: Multiple row functions operate on a set of rows to return a single value. Examples include SUM(), AVG() and COUNT().
  • 3. TABLE: ITEM Consider the table ITEM: Itemno Name Price Quantity DOP A001 Bread 20.25 10 2015-05-21 A002 Butter 50.75 6 2015-06-12 A003 Biscuits 10.32 20 2015-12-23 A004 Eggs 70.75 10 2015-09-18 A005 Chocolate 100.35 20 2015-10-19
  • 4. NUMERIC FUNCIONS Numeric functions perform operations on numeric values and return numeric values. There are three numeric functions which are available: POWER(X,Y) OR POW(X,Y): It returns the value of X raised to the power of Y. COMMAND OUTPUT EXPLANATION SELECT POW(2,3) ; 8 2 X 2 X 2 =8 SELECT POW(2, -2); 0.25 1/22 = ¼ = 0.25 SELECT POW(-2,2); 4 -2 X -2 = 4 SELECT POW (-2,3); -8 -2 X -2 X -2 = -8 SELECT ITEMNO, POW(PRICE,2) FROM ITEM;
  • 5. ROUND FUNCTION  ROUND(X,D) function is used to round the value of argument X upto D decimal places.  If number of decimal places is not specified or is zero, the number rounds to the nearest integer OR 0 decimal places.  If negative value is specified for precision, it counts off that value left from the decimal point. If positive value is specified for precision, it counts off that value right from the decimal point. COMMAND RESULT EXPLNATION SELECT ROUND(-4.45); -4 No. after decimal is less than 5 SELECT ROUND(-4.67); -5 No. after decimal is more than 5 SELECT ROUND(4.45); 4 No. after decimal is less than 5 SELECT ROUND(4.678,1); 4.7 No. at second place after decimal is more than 5 SELECT ROUND(4.678,0); 5 No. after decimal is more than 5 SELECT ROUND(56.345, -1); 60 SELECT ITEMNO, ROUND(PRICE) FROM ITEM;
  • 6. TRUNCATE FUNCTION  TRUNCATE(X,D) or TRUNC(X,D) returns the number X, truncated to D decimal places.  If D is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part.  If D is negative, it causes D digits left of the decimal point of the value X to become zero. COMMAND OUTPUT SELECT TRUNC(5.678,0); 5 SELECT TRUNC(3.768,1); 3.7 SELECT TRUNC(-9.87,1); -9.8 SELECT TRUNC(345, -2); 300 SELECT ITEMNO,TRUNC(PRICE,1) ITEM;
  • 7. STRING(CHARACTER) FUNCTION String functions operate on character type data. They return either character or numeric values. LENGTH(str): Returns the length of the string str. COMMAND OUTPUT SELECT LENGTH(“COMPUTER”); 8 SELECT LENGTH(“ I AM LEARNING”); 13 SELECT ITEMNO, LENGTH(NAME) FROM ITEM;
  • 8. CONCAT FUNCTION CONCAT(str1, str2,...) : Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. COMMAND OUTPUT SELECT CONCAT(“My”, “SQL”, “CLASS”); MySQLCLASS SELECT CONCAT(“My”, “SQL”,NULL, “CLASS”); NULL SELECT CONCAT(ITEMNO, NAME), PRICE FROM ITEM; CONCAT(Itemno, Name) A001Bread A002Butter A003Biscuits A004Eggs A005Chocolate
  • 9. INSTR FUNCTION INSTR(str, substr) : Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in string str COMMAND RESUL T EXPLANATION SELECT INSTR(“My SQL”, “SQL); 4 First match found at 4th position SELECT INSTR(“My SQL”, “SQR”); 0 No match found SELECT INSTR(NAME, “BREAD”) FROM ITEM; INSTR(NAME,”BREAD ”) 1 0 0 0 0
  • 10. LOWER FUNCTION LOWER(str) or LCASE(str): Returns the string str in lowercase. COMMAND RESULT SELECT LOWER(“INFORMATICS”) informatics SELECT LOWER(NAME) FROM EMP; LOWER(Name) bread butter biscuits eggs chocolate
  • 11. UPPER FUNCTION UPPER(str) or UCASE(str): Returns the string str in lowercase. COMMAND RESULT SELECT UPPER(“INforMAtiCS”); INFORMATICS SELECT UPPER(NAME) FROM EMP; UPPER(Name) BREAD BUTTER BISCUITS EGGS CHOCOLATE
  • 12. LEFT FUNCTION LEFT(str, N) : Returns the N characters from the left side of the string str. COMMAND RESULT SELECT LEFT(“My SQL”, 2); My SELECT LEFT(NAME, 3) FROM ITEM; LEFT(Name, 3) Bre But Bis Egg Cho
  • 13. RIGHT FUNCTION RIGHT(str, N) : Returns the N characters from the right side of the string str. COMMAND RESULT SELECT RIGHT(“My SQL”, 3); SQL SELECT RIGHT(NAME, 3) FROM ITEM; RIGHT(Name) ead ter its ggs ate
  • 14. LTRIM FUNCTION LTRIM(str) : Returns the leading spaces ie from the left side of the string str. COMMAND RESULT SELECT LTRIM(“ INFORMATICS”); INFORMATICS SELECT LTRIM(NAME) FROM EMP; LTRIM(Name) Bread Butter Biscuits Eggs Chocolate
  • 15. RTRIM FUNCTION RTRIM(str) : Removes the trailing spaces ie from the right side of the string str. COMMAND RESULT SELECT RTRIM(“INFORMATICS ”); INFORMATICS SELECT RTRIM(NAME) FROM EMP; RTRIM(Name) Bread Butter Biscuits Eggs Chocolate
  • 16. TRIM FUNCTION TRIM(str) : Removes both leading and trailing spaces from the string str . COMMAND OUTPUT SELECT TRIM(“ INFORMATICS PRACTICES ”); INFORMATICS SELECT TRIM(NAME) FROM EMP; TRIM(Name) Bread Butter Biscuits Eggs Chocolate
  • 17. SUBSTRING/SUBSTR/MID FUNCTION SUBSTRING(str, M,N) or MID(str, M,N): Returns the specified number of characters from the middle of the string. There are 3 arguments.  The first argument is the source string.  The second argument is the position of first character to be displayed.  The third argument is the number of characters to be displayed. If the third argument is missing, then starting from the position specified, the rest of the string is returned. If the second argument is negative, then the beginning of the substring is M characters from the end of the string.
  • 18. SUBSTRING/SUBSTR/MID FUNCTION Contd… COMMAND OUTPUT SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, 4 ); or SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” FROM 4 ); LD OF COMPUTERS SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” , 3, 4 ); LD O SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, -4 ); TERS SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS”, -6,3 ); PUT SELECT SUBSTR(“WORLD OF COMPUTERS” FROM -4 FOR 2 ); TE SELECT SUBSTR(NAME,2,3) FROM ITEM; SUBSTR(Nam e,2,3) rea utt isc ggs hoc
  • 19. ASCII FUNCTION ASCII(str): Returns the ASCII value of the leftmost character of the string str.  Returns 0 if str is an empty string.  Returns NULL if str is NULL. COMMAND RESUL T EXPLANATION SELECT ASCII(‘2’); 50 ASCII value of ‘0’ is 48, ‘1’ is 49 , ‘2’ is 50 and so on SELECT ASCII(‘CG’); 67 ASCII value of ‘A’ is 65, ‘B’ is 66, ‘C’ is 67 and so on SELECT ASCII(‘are’); 97 ASCII value of ‘a’ is 97, ‘b’ is 98 and so on
  • 20. DATE AND TIME FUNCTION COMMAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE RESULT CURDATE() Returns the current date in YYYY- MM-DD format SELECT CURDATE(); 2015-10-14 NOW() Returns the current date and time in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' SELECT NOW(); 2015-10-14 20:10:30 SYSDATE() Returns the current date and time in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS SELECT SYSDATE(); 2015-10-14 20:10:30 DATE(exp) Extracts the date part of a date or date time expression SELECT DATE(‘2015-10-14 20:10:30’); 2015-10-14 MONTH(date) Returns the numeric month from the date passed, in the range 0 to 12 SELECT MONTH(‘2015-10- 14’); SELECT MONTH(DOP) FROM ITEM; 10
  • 21. DATE AND TIME FUNCTION Contd…… COMMAND EXPLANATION EXAMPLE RESULT YEAR(date) Returns the year for date passed in the range 0 to 9999 SELECT YEAR (‘2015-10-14’); SELECT YEAR(DAP) FROM ITEM; 2015 DAYNAME(da te) returns the name of the weekday for the date passed SELECT DAYNAME(2015-10-14); SELECT DAYNAME(DAP) FROM ITEM; MONDAY DAYOFMONT H(date) Returns the day of the month in the range 0 to 31. SELECT DAYOFMONTH(2015-10-14); SELECT DAYOFMONTH(DAP) FROM ITEM; DAYOFWEEK( date) Returns the day of week in number 1 for Sunday, 2 for Monday and so SELECT DAYOFWEEK(2015-10-14); SELECT DAYOFWEEK(DAP) FROM ITEM; DAYOFYEAR( ate) Return the day of the year for the given date in numeric format in the range 1 to 366. SELECT DAYOFYEAR(2015-10-14); SELECT DAYOFYEAR(DAP) FROM ITEM;
  • 22. SYSDATE() vs NOW() SYSDATE() returns the time at which the function executes. While NOW() which returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute.