Sustainability OF AIR Transportation
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The document discusses the sustainability of air transportation. It defines sustainability and air transport. It then discusses the three pillars of sustainability as it relates to air transport - economy, society, and environment. It outlines some of the typical problems and challenges facing air transport sustainability, including climate change, fuel consumption, noise, and safety. It then discusses some of the initiatives by governments and world bodies to promote sustainable aviation, such as improving fuel efficiency, developing more efficient aircraft technology and sustainable alternative fuels, as well as focusing on social development, environmental efficiency, and economic growth.
Sustainability OF AIR Transportation
- 1. SUSTAINABILITY OF AIR TRANSPORTATION REEFEAR EAPEAR SHAHRIL REDZWAN MASWEERA MAHADI NOOR FAIZIANA UMMI SAKINAH “Government and World Initiatives” GROUP 1
- 2. ELUCIDATION OF WORDS 1. Sustainable : Involving the use of natural products (or Bio-syntetic products) and energy in a way that does not harm the environment which can be continued for a long time 2. Air transport : Mode of transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air
- 3. SUSTAINABLE OF AIR TRANSPORT • It is contemporary civil aviation transport system which examining its three main components : 1. Airlines 2. Air traffic control 3. Airports 4. MRO • Sustainable development takes three area of economy, society and environment. • There are many conferences that has been made and the subject hit the global spotlight in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit where a number of a key international agreements agreed to develop chart progress on sustainable development known as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
- 4. TYPICAL PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES FACING 1. Climate change : CO2 emission 2. Local air quality 3. Fuel consumption 4. Aircraft noise 5. Improving safety 6. Attracting customers 7. Fares 8. Advancing security Throughout all of these, there are policy and research that has been carried out, act as prior in reducing environmental impacts, increasing safety and ensuring customers satisfaction and priority.
- 5. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION: MOST TYPICAL PROBLEM
- 6. MODERN AIRCRAFT FUEL EFFICIENCY
- 7. AVIATION CONTRIBUTION TO CO2
- 8. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM
- 9. • With the expected three-fold increase in global air travel over the next 30 years, the reliability and environmental impact of aviation are becoming critical issues for the future of flight. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM Issues: Safety Efficiency Noise NOx Co2 H2O
- 10. “Air travel is the world's fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.” - CNN Nov 6, 2007 and Friends of the Earth. Public and political pressure is mounting. SUSTAINABLE AVIATION — THE PROBLEM Each long distance flight of a B747 adds approximately 400 tons of Co2 to the atmosphere.
- 11. SUSTAINABLE OF AIR TRANSPORT Definition Pillars of sustainability Air Transport Areas of sustainability development By Government and World Bodies Sustainable Aviation: Most typical problem Safety Capacity Efficiency Environmental responsibility Society Environment Economy Skills Community lifelines Disaster response Noise Local air qualityEmployment Value to EconomyTrade
- 12. 4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY • Safety of air traffic is the top priority. It is more important than any other interests, whether commercial, operational, environmental or social. • The main challenge for aviation is to ensure that the annual rate of incidents does not increase • Increase overall level of safety by implementing Safety Management System (SMS) • SMS implementing process involves performing safety audits, identifying gaps in safety management practices and procedures and then developing the safety policy for a particular stakeholder. • The output of this activity is a set of safety manuals and procedures tailored SAFETY
- 13. CAPACITY • Long-term sustainable development of air transport is unimaginable without providing sufficient airspace capacity. • If a particular airspace is not able to fulfil the requirements of all the users at a given point in time, delays will occur as a direct consequence and those delays have both economic and environmental impacts. • Some of the delays are driven by force majeure - stakeholders must minimise delays as much as possible to provide further improvements in this area. 4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY
- 14. EFFICIENCY • Can be defined as the lack of ability to do something or produce something productive without wasting materials, time, or energy that related to operational activities in air transportation. • Inefficiencies related to the air traffic management system caused airlines a loss of $$$$$$ billions in total per year. • Innovative and competitive solutions, such as the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASAM) concept, implemented with an aim to improve the airspace management so that airspace users would benefit from the better utilisation of airspace by flying shorter routes. 4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY
- 15. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY • Aircraft noise is another negative side effect of air transport, especially for people living near aerodromes or under flight corridors. • However, aviation brings negative effects on the environment, but still can be addressed by technological innovations such as new fuel-efficient and less noisy engines and systems, but also with adjusted procedures, such as Continuous Descent Approaches (CDA) or Continuous Climb Departures (CCDs). 1. Continuous Descent Approaches - Aircraft operating technique in which an arriving aircraft descends from an optimal position with minimum thrust 2. Continuous Climb Departures - Allows the aircraft to reach the initial cruise flight level at optimum air speed with optimal engine thrust settings, thus reducing total fuel burn and emissions for the whole flight 4 PILLARS OF AIR TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY
- 17. COLLABORATIVE CLIMATE ACTION ACROSS THE AIR TRANSPORT WORLD At the 37th International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly in October 2010, governments resolved to achieve collective global aspirational goals for the international aviation sector: To improve fuel efficiency by 2% per year and keeping net CO2 emissions from 2020 at the same levels. These aspirational goals were reaffirmed by the 38th ICAO Assembly in 2013. The world governments agreed by airports, airlines, air navigation service providers and the manufacturers of aircraft and engines: a) Improving fleet fuel efficiency by 1.5% per year through until 2020. b) Stabilizing net emissions from 2020 through carbon-neutral growth, subject to concerted industry and government initiatives. c) Reducing net aviation carbon emissions 50% by 2050, relative to 2005 levels.
- 18. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW, MORE EFFICIENT AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FUELS CO2 standard to be developed by 2016 Governments, civil society and the industry are collaborating on the development by ICAO of a global CO2 standard for new aircraft – building upon the research and development already taking place amongst the manufacturers of aircraft, engines and components. The civil aerospace industry spends in excess of $15 billion a year on research and development of new technologies which will further improve fuel efficiency and airlines.
- 20. 1. SKILLS JOBS IN AIR TRANSPORT COVER A WIDE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES AND SKILLS. These include: • Skilled work by technicians building and maintaining aircraft; • A diversity of technical engineering jobs from aircraft and engine design to component production; • Air traffic control and airspace design planning; • Logistics for airlines and airports; • Complex information technology systems on board aircraft and in areas such as baggage handling systems design; • Service industry support jobs such as chefs in catering companies; • Creative positions in design and marketing; • Customer services occupations in airline ticketing, check-in, cabin crew and retail; • Manual labor on airfields; • Air traffic controllers and pilots; • Emergency response personnel at airports; and • Leadership, management and executive roles.
- 21. 2. COMMUNITY LIFELINES For areas of the world with non-existent or poor road infrastructure, aviation is the community’s lifeline. Example: rural area in Sabah and Sarawak. Due to geographical latitude, over 1,000 communities in northern Russia are inaccessible by road and the number in Alaska is more than 200. Thanks to an extensive network of regional airports and airline services throughout Norway that contribute to 99.5% of the remote population is able to travel to Oslo and back on the same day. Around 400,000 patients are transported annually on scheduled flights between their homes and hospitals.
- 22. 3. DISASTER RESPONSE Aviation’s speed and reliability is perhaps most immediately apparent during times of natural or humanitarian emergency. Air services play an essential role in assistance to regions facing natural disasters, famine and war. They are particularly important in situations where access is a problem, delivering aid, search and rescue services and medical supplies.
- 24. 1. NOISE Mandated decreases • In 2013, ICAO and the United Nations’ intergovernmental body on aviation, introduced the fourth new noise certification standard in its history, Chapter 14. • The requirement is that new aircraft types are least seven decibels quieter than those built to the previous Chapter 4 standard. • The purpose of these aircraft noise standards is to ensure that the best noise technology continues to be used on future aircraft types. Technology • The latest large aircraft, the Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 have noise ‘footprints’ that are remarkably small. • The new Bombardier C Series aircraft will make use of new Pratt & Whitney technology, ‘geared’ turbofan engines, which further cut noise and emissions.
- 25. Air traffic management • Controlling where the planes fly when departing and approaching airports has an important impact on noise exposure. • The placement and use of runways is fundamental for example try to minimize night time approach and maximize departure tracks over a sea or lake where the noise impact is minimal. Land-use planning • land-use planning is a crucial process for minimizing the number of people exposed to high levels of aircraft noise. • Airports need to work with local authorities to put in place zoning rules in areas impacted by high levels of aircraft noise. • In some areas, sound insulation and ventilation can be required for new or existing dwelling to at least improve the indoor noise levels.
- 26. 2. LOCAL AIR QUALITY Aircraft technology • Technical developments since the 1960s mean today’s new aircraft emit 50% less carbon monoxide and 90% less smoke and unburned hydrocarbons than those made 50 years ago. • modern aircraft now emit 40% less NOx than in 1981. • The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets standards for NOx emissions and regularly tightens these for each new generation of aircraft. Limiting the impact • Aircraft emissions can be further reduced when airports provide fixed electrical ground power and pre-conditioned air supplies at the terminal gates. • These allow aircraft to switch off their auxiliary power units at terminal gates, reducing fuel burn and pollutants. • Reducing taxiing and holding times may be achieved by construction of more direct taxiways, holding aircraft at the gate until departure slots are ready and the relief of congestion in general.
- 27. ECONOMIC GROWTH
- 28. 1. EMPLOYMENT THE AVIATION INDUSTRY SUPPORTS 58.1 MILLION JOBS AROUND THE WORLD. 8.7 million direct jobs : • Airport operators: 470,000 (work for the airport operator). • Other on-airport: 4,602,000 (retail, car rental, government agencies such as customs and immigration, freight forwarders and some catering). • Airlines: 2,272,000 (flight and cabin crews, executives, ground services, check-in, training, maintenance staff). • Civil aerospace: 1,203,000 (engineers and designers of civil aircraft, engines and components) • Air navigation service providers: 195,000 (air traffic controllers, executives).
- 29. 9.8 million indirect jobs • Suppliers to the air transport industry • For example, aviation fuel suppliers; construction companies that build airport facilities; suppliers of sub-components used in aircraft; manufacturers of goods sold in airport retail outlets; and a wide variety of activities in the business services sector (such as call centre, information technology and accountancy) 4.6 million induced jobs • The spending of those directly or indirectly employed in the air transport sector supports jobs in industries such as retail outlets, companies producing consumer goods and a range of service industries (such as banks and restaurants).
- 30. 35 million jobs in tourism • Tourism is fast becoming the world’s largest industry and the international air transport facilitates the fast-growing global tourism industry. • It is estimated that over 52% of international tourists travel to their destination by air. • Direct: 14.6 million direct jobs in tourism globally are estimated to be supported by the spending of foreign visitors arriving by air such as hotels, restaurants, visitor attractions, local transport and car rental. • Indirect: A further 13.4 million indirect jobs in industries supplying the tourism industry. • Induced: These direct and indirect tourism jobs supported by air transport generate a further 6.9 million jobs in other parts of the economy, through employees spending their earnings on other goods and services.
- 31. 2. VALUE TO THE ECONOMY THE AVIATION INDUSTRY SUPPORTS $2.4 TRILLION OF THE WORLD’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP). THE FOLLOWING SECTION OUTLINES FROM WHERE THIS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY COMES. $606 billion in direct GDP benefits • The world’s airlines carry over 3 billion passengers a year and 50 million tones of freight. • Providing these services generates 8.7 million direct jobs within the air transport industry and contributes $606 billion to global GDP. • Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($451 billion), textiles ($223 billion) or automotive industries ($555 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($1,282 billion) and food and beverage ($984 billion) sectors. • In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 21st in the world, roughly equal to that of Switzerland and more than twice as large as Chile or Singapore.
- 32. $697 billion indirect GDP impact • These include employment and activities of suppliers to the air transport industry – for example, aviation fuel suppliers; construction companies that build airport facilities; suppliers of sub-components used in aircraft. • These indirect activities contributed approximately $697 billion to global GDP in 2012. $324 billion induced GDP • Worldwide, nearly $324 billion induced GDP impact globally is supported through employees in the air transport industry (whether direct or indirect) using their income to purchase goods and services for their own consumption. $807 billion in tourism GDP • Conservative analysis suggests that aviation supports $807 billion in economic activity within the tourism industry that equal to 35 million jobs.
- 33. 3. TRADE WORLD TRADE IS EXPECTED TO NEARLY DOUBLE, RISING AT MORE THAN TWICE THE RATE OF GLOBAL GDP GROWTH, WITH CHINA, INDIA AND OTHER EMERGING MARKETS LEADING THE WAY. In 2012, it is estimated $6.4 trillion in cargo value was sent by air. Part of everyday manufacturing • Today, air transport is used primarily for the transfer of time-sensitive goods. • Rapid delivery is important to businesses whose customers are running streamlined production processes or who need urgent delivery of spare parts for machinery and equipment. • High-value, lightweight and sensitive electrical components are transported by air to be assembled all over the world. Supporting sustainable development • Exporters of perishable products such as food and flowers can only reach export markets by air. • providing steady employment and economic growth to regions that benefit from such trade.
- 34. THANK YOU