Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition: FTA for better food systems and improved nutrition: Needs of Stakeholders and priorities for research
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Forests play a crucial role in food security and nutrition in three key ways: 1) Forests directly provide food and generate income that supports food access for over 1 billion people worldwide. Forest foods contribute significantly to dietary diversity and quality. 2) Forests sustain agriculture through ecosystem services like water regulation, soil health, and pollination that support food production. 3) Maintaining forest and landscape diversity increases the resilience of food systems and dependent communities to climate change and other shocks by acting as a safety net during crises.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition: FTA for better food systems and improved nutrition: Needs of Stakeholders and priorities for research
- 1. Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition FTA for better food systems and improved nutrition: Needs of Stakeholders and priorities for research International Workshop Rome 3rd July 2019
- 2. 2 Forests and livelihoods: the evidence • One billion+ people rely on forest products for consumption and income in some way (Agrawal et al. 2013) • Safety-net during times of food and income insecurity (Wunder et al. 2014) • Wild harvested meat and freshwater fish provides 30-80% of protein intake for many rural communities (Nasi et al. 2011; McIntyre et al. 2016) • 75% of world’s population rely on biodiversity for primary health care (WHO, 2003) • 40%-60% of global food production comes from diverse smallholder agricultural systems in complex landscapes (FAO 2011; IFAD 2016) • Long tradition of managing forests for food – e.g. shifting cultivation (van Vliet et al. 2011) • Forests sustaining agriculture through ecosystem services provision (Reed et al. 2017)
- 3. 3 Forest functions and their links to FSN
- 4. 4 Forest-dependent people Three categories of forest-dependent people can be distinguished: • Forest dwellers, including indigenous peoples, who depend primarily on forest for their FSN and livelihoods, • Rural people living in or at the margins of forest • People engaged in forest related economic activities, whether formal or informal. Worldwide, 1 to 1.7 billion people are estimated to be forest-dependent.
- 5. 5 Direct provision of food Although forest foods represent only 0.6 percent of global food energy supply: • Nutrient-rich forest foods make an important contribution to dietary diversity and quality, • Bushmeat, fish and insects are an important source of protein and other nutrients in many countries, not only in rural but also in urban area. • 4.6 Mt of bushmeat are extracted annually from the Congo Basin and 1.3 Mt from Amazonia. • In Madagascar, loss of access to wild bushmeat would result in a 29 % increase in the number of children with anaemia.
- 6. 6 Forests and food security: the missing pieces? Seasonality Off-farm income Agriculture *Rights and access*
- 7. 7 Provision of woodfuel Globally, woodfuel represent 6 percent of the total primary energy supply (27 percent in Africa). 2.4 billion people rely on woodfuel for cooking. In Africa, two-thirds of the households use woodfuel as their main fuel for cooking. 764 million people use woodfuel to boil and sterilize water. 2.5 million people die each year due to the effects of long-term smoke inhalation.
- 8. 8 Income generation In 2011, the gross value added in the formal forest sector represented USD 606 billion (0.9 percent of the global GDP). When including the informal sector, this figures increases to almost USD 730 billion, including: • USD 88 billion for NWFPs collection, and • USD 33 billion for construction and energy. Payments for Environmental Services (PES) represents an estimated USD 2.4 billion.
- 9. 9 Employment in the formal sector In 2011, worldwide, the formal forest sector employed 13.2 million people. An estimated 40-60 million people are employed in the informal forestry sector, Including at least 41 million people engaged full time in woodfuel production
- 10. 10 Gender roles Available data suggest that women: • play a lesser role in the formal forest sector and in informal activities that generate income, • and are largely confined to the collection of forest products for subsistence use. More gender-disaggregated data are needed to better understand: • the gender repartition of roles in forest activities, • and the gender distribution of benefits from forests at the household level.
- 11. 11 Ecosystem services Forests and trees deliver numerous ecosystem services essential for agriculture and FSN in the long term, including: • Water regulation (quantity, quality), • Soil formation, protection and nutrient circulation, • Biodiversity (forests host the major part of terrestrial biodiversity), • Pollination and pest control, • Climate change mitigation and adaptation.
- 12. 12 Forests sustaining agriculture How does landscape configuration maximise the provision of these goods and services for both forestry and food production??? Water regulation Climate regulation Pollination Pest control
- 13. 13 Contributions to resilience Forests and trees play a crucial role to strengthen resilience of food systems, and ecosystems to climate change, natural disasters or economic shocks. They act as a safety net in period of scarcity or conflicts, contributing to a diversification of sources of food and income. These additional sources of food and income can be particularly important for the more vulnerable groups.
- 14. 14 Contrasted evolutions (1990-2015) • Decrease in primary forests in the tropics (62 million ha) and subtropics (6 million ha). • Growing importance of planted forests in terms of surface (from 4 to 7 percent of total forest area) and production (46.3 percent of industrial roundwood) • Important potential for forest and landscape restoration: more than 2 billion ha worldwide
- 15. 15 Increasing and competing demands • Increasing demand for food due to population growth (9.7 billion in 2050) and changing diets. • Demand for wood and fibre is expected to double by 2030. (planted forests could represent 69 percent of wood production by 2050). • Increased recognition of the protection roles of forests (for biodiversity, soil and water) and of their recreational, spiritual and cultural value. This creates new challenges and opportunities.
- 16. 16 Forests, trees, climate change and FSN • Signs of climate stress are already apparent • Healthy forests could play a crucial role to strengthen ecosystem and forest-dependent people’s resilience to climate change. • Forest mitigation potential could reach nearly 14 GtCO2 eq/year through reduced deforestation and improved forest management. • Following the Paris Agreement, most countries have integrated forestry in their national determined contributions (NDCs).
- 17. 17 Ways forward: SFM for FSN Enabling conditions to SFM for FSN : • Preserve permanent forest land and develop appropriate forest management plans. • Promote an integrated landscape approach moving beyond the debate on land sparing vs. land sharing. • Ensure full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders in forest policies and forest management. • Adopt a rights-based approach.
- 18. “Forests are a major repository of food and other resources that play a crucial role in food security. In addition, maintaining diversity in agricultural production systems leads to increased resilience to shocks particularly in the context of a changing climate”. Editorial: Arnold et al. 2011
- 19. “Our main findings can be summarized as follows: there is a statistically significant positive relationship between tree cover and dietary diversity; fruit and vegetable consumption increases with tree cover until a peak of 45% tree cover and then declines; and there is no relationship between animal source food consumption and tree cover. Overall our findings suggest that children in Africa who live in areas with more tree cover have more diverse and nutritious diets”. Ickowitz et al., 2014
- 20. “The relationship between biodiversity and nutrition, suggests that we need to pay close attention to the potential of integrated approaches. We must also seek to understand what the implications are for policy and what the messages to policy makers should be. Primarily, it suggests there is a need for more systems and multi- sectorial approaches to address the contemporary concurrent challenges of sustainable food systems that include forestry, conservation, agriculture, food security and nutrition”. Powell et al., 2015
- 21. “Areas of swidden/agroforestry, natural forest, timber and agricultural tree crop plantations were all associated with more frequent consumption of food groups rich in micronutrients. The swidden/agroforestry land class was the landscape associated with more frequent consumption of the largest number of micronutrient rich food groups. Swidden cultivation in is often viewed as a backward practice that is an impediment to food security in Indonesia and destructive of the environment. If further research corroborates that swidden farming actually results in better nutrition than the practices that replace it, Indonesian policy makers may need to reconsider their views on this land use”. Ickowitz et al., 2016
- 22. 22 “This research adds to the growing body of evidence that forests and forest-based ecosystems are associated with dietary quality and nutrition…”
- 23. "Our findings suggest that deforestation and land use change may have unforeseen consequences on the quality of local people’s diets. A better understanding of the contribution of forest foods to local diets is needed to understand the true impact that the loss of forests may have for nutrition in the face of agricultural expansion. If indeed forests substantially contribute to dietary quality in some areas as the results here imply, forest loss may result in unforeseen, adverse consequences on nutrition for local people." Rowland et al. 2016
- 25. 25 Proportionof forestcover Time Forest recovery, afforestation Who decides? Permanent conversion Social tipping point? Biodiversity tipping point?
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