![Nested RDF structures only with custom code
Workarround example:
Git repository URI in DOAP ontology demands a separate node, e.g.,
<> a schema:CreativeWork, doap:Project;
doap:repository [ a doap:GitRepository;
doap:location "http://github.com/some/id.git" ];
• Create field_gitrepository and map to doap:location
• Create a custom template file for the field (field--field_gitrepository-lproject.tpl.php)
<div rel="doap:repository" class="field-items"<?php print $content_attributes; ?>>
<div about="[_:repos]" typeof="doap:GitRepository">
<?php foreach ($items as $delta => $item): ?>
<div class="field-item"<?php print $item_attributes[$delta]; ?>><?php
print render($item); ?></div>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</div>
Page 46
</div>
</div>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/swib13drupalws-131129043807-phpapp02/85/Linked-Data-Publishing-with-Drupal-SWIB13-workshop-46-320.jpg)
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Linked Data Publishing with Drupal (SWIB13 workshop)
- 1. Linked Data Publishing with Drupal Joachim Neubert ZBW – German National Library of Economics Leibniz Information Centre for Economics SWIB13 Workshop Hamburg, Germany 25.11.2013 ZBW is member of the Leibniz Association
- 2. My background • Scientific software developer at ZBW – German National Library for Economics, mainly concerned with Linked Open Data and knowledge organization systems and services • Published 20th Century Press Archives in 2010, with some 100,000 digitized newspaper articles in dossiers (http://zbw.eu/beta/p20, custom application written in Perl) • Published a repository of ZBW Labs projects recently – basicly project descriptions and a blog (http://zbw.eu/labs, Drupal based) Page 2
- 3. Workshop Agenda – Part 1 1) Drupal 7 as a Content Management System: Linked Data by Default Hands-on: Get familiar with Drupal and it‘s default RDF mappings 2) Using Drupal 7as a Framework for Content Management Hands-on: Create a custom content type and map it to RDF Page 3
- 4. Workshop Agenda – Part 2 Produce other RDF Serialization Formats: RDF/XML, Turtle, Ntriples, JSON-LD Create a SPARQL Endpoint from your Drupal Site Cool URIs Create Out-Links with Web Taxonomy Current limitations of RDF/LD support in Drupal 7 Outlook on Drupal 8 Page 4
- 5. Drupal as a CMS (Content Management System) ready for RDF and Linked Data Page 5
- 6. Why at all linked data enhanced publishing? • Differentiate the subjects of your web pages and their attributes • Thus, foster data reuse in 3rd party services and applications • Mashups • Search engines • Create meaningful links, adding value for users Page 6
- 7. Why use a content management system? • Standard tasks (browser compatibility, page templates, responsive css, site navigation, search, form handling, calendar, wysiwyg, revisions, translations, permissions, data management , security) made easy • Easy-to-add web 2.0 features (blogging and comments, tags, rating, forums, …) • Know-how available outside a single development team Page 7
- 8. Why Drupal? • More than 1 million sites worldwide • 2 % of the web • Large institutional sites (whitehouse.gov, amnesty.org, economist.com, examiner.com, louvre.fr) Page 8
- 9. Why Drupal? • Open & modular architecture • Extensible by modules • Standards-based • Scalable • Vibrant open source community, and commercial services, too http://drupal.org/getting-started/before/overview http://de.slideshare.net/scorlosquet/drupal-as-a-semantic-web-platform Page 9
- 10. The Drupal Community • More than 30,000 developers • More than 5,000 contributed modules (Drupal 7, actively maintained) • Activities organized through issue queues • Community contributed documentation • Thematic discussion groups: • https://groups.drupal.org/semantic-web • https://groups.drupal.org/libraries • Planet Drupal (aggregated blog entries): https://drupal.org/planet Page 10
- 11. Drupal entity types “Node” in Drupal jargon From https://drupal.org/node/1261744 Page 11
- 12. Nodes: Drupal’s basic structure for content • Title • Author & created/modified date • Body • May have tags (taxonomy), and/or comments, and/or images • Additional features: • Revisions, Diffs • Translations Page 12
- 13. RDF mappings • Content types (or bundles of other entity types) are mapped to RDF classes • Fields are mapped to RDF properties • Defined on a the data layer (independent of the output system) • Drupal takes care of inserting it into the chosen HTML layout as RDFa attributes: Page 13
- 14. Page 14
- 15. Output in RDFa • Drupal renders RDF mappings as HTML attributes • No frickling in HTML producing code or templates • Works out of the box for different Drupal themes (screen designs) • In Drupal 7, by default XHTML/RDFa 1.0 • Themes for HTML5/RDFa 1.1 available (e.g., Zen) Page 15
- 16. Hands-on, part 1: Create Articles Workshop pad: http://etherpad.lobid.org/p/swib13-drupal-ws Page 16
- 17. Drupal 7 as a Content Management Framework Page 17
- 18. Drupal entity types “Node” (in Drupal jargon) From https://drupal.org/node/1261744 Page 18
- 19. Page 19 http://openspring.net/blog/2011/05/01/background-research-work-leading-to-rdf-in-drupal-7-released-as-part-of-my-masters Drupal 7 default RDF schema
- 20. Drupal fields • Fields can be defined in Drupal for custom data • Drupal fields are different from what we know as database fields • Fields are attached to entities • Single or multiple occurrence • Various technical field types (text, integer, file, …) • Custom modules can add their own field types • Some field types are supported by input widgets (such as a pop-up calendar for dates) Page 20
- 21. Bundles allow for sub-types of an entity • “Bundles” refer to Drupal fields • “Content type” means a bundle for the node entity type • Predefined content types are: • Basic page (just title and body – for static content, such as an “About” page) • Article (with tags and an image – for blog articles, news, …) • Custom modules can add their own content types, or even entity types Page 21
- 22. Hands-on, part 2: Create a “project” content type Page 22
- 23. Hands-on, part 2: Preparations 1. Enable Modules • RDF UI • Date and Date Popup (with dependencies) • Entity Reference 2. Add RDF Namespaces (Configuration > RDF publishing settings > RDF namespaces Tab) • schema http://schema.org/ • doap http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap# 3. Create a “Categories” taxonomy Page 23
- 24. Hands-on, part 2: Fields and mappings Type: Project (doap:Project, schema:CreatetiveWork) Fields: Name (doap:name, schema:name, dc:title): (title) Short Description (doap:shortdesc, schema:summary): Long text Started (doap:created, schema:startDate): Date Lead (doap:maintainer, schema:accountablePerson): Entity reference Article (rdfs:seeAlso): Entity reference (Blog Article) Category (doap:category, schema:about, dc:subject): Term reference Page 24
- 25. Hands-on, part 2: Add example content Page 25
- 26. What did we achieve? Learned about Drupal RDF output produced by default Created a custom content type and attached fields Added arbitrary RDF classes and properties Learned how to interlink content and other entities Page 26
- 27. Extending Drupal even further As powerful a Content Mangement Framework, Drupal provides • Well defined APIs (database abstraction layer, Field API, Form API, Entity API, …) • In particular, RDF Mapping API allows create the mappings programmatically, which we be built through the User Interface • Entity API allows building custom entities with arbitrary properties • … even residing in remote databases requires substantial programming skills Page 27
- 29. Selected Linked Data-related Drupal stuff • What I introduced up to now, is quit well production ready (and working on hundred thousands of sites, as RDF is enabled by default). Same is true for the field subsystem, for entity references, etc. • However, much less Drupal sites deliberately work with RDF, and the module I now will introduce are often in beta or even early alpha state Page 29
- 30. Produce other RDF serialization formats • Serialize Drupal RDF data with rdfx and restws modules in • RDF/XML • Turtle • N-Triples • Add JSON-LD module * currently does not work with PostgreSQL – for a workarround, see http://drupal.org/node/1999754#comment-7438562 Page 30
- 32. Providing a SPARQL endpoint for your site • SPARQL is – like SQL – a general purpose query language for RDF data • Let you select data from all over your site in flexible and unforseen ways • Let even combine you data from your site and from others in a single query Page 32
- 34. SPARQL: Some restrictions However, somebody who wants to query the store, has to know, or to figure out somehow, • that there are articles and projects, which are interlinked by rdfs:seeAlso • in which direction of the rdfs:seeAlso connection was created • that projects actually have a schema:about property Page 34
- 35. SPARQL: Production-ready? • An open SPARQL endpoint on a production server is like an open SQL interface: performance and security issues • A much finer tunable module combination for SPARQL queries was announced on the Semantic Web Drupal group: • Limits for processing time and number of results • Selected indexing, batches of index jobs • see really good step-by-step description at https://drupal.org/node/2028111 • Even then, for the regular pages your users should get on your site, you should better use the Drupal Views module. Page 35
- 36. Cool URIs for Linked Data • Cool URIs don't change Tim Berners-Lee, http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI • No technology-dependent parts • More on Linked-Data-URIs: Chapter 2 of Bizer/Heath: Linked Data (2011) http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/ Page 36
- 37. Cool URIs for Drupal require work 1) Drupal‘s out-of-the-box default URI http://drupal-lod/?q=node/25 2) with the „Clean URLs“ feature enabled This has already be done by the TurnKey Linux Drupal 7 installation http://drupal-lod/node/25 3) with the (core) „Path“ module enabled and an alias defined http://drupal-lod/project/zbw-labs Also good for seach engines! For more on Drupal support for redirects: check Global Redirect module (https://drupal.org/project/globalredirect) Page 37
- 38. Hands-on: Cool URIs Page 38
- 39. Even more work if ... 1) You have a multilingual site, and want to have only one URI for a project, e.g., instead of http://zbw.eu/labs/de/project/zbw-labs http://zbw.eu/labs/en/project/zbw-labs just http://zbw.eu/labs/project/zbw-labs 2) Or you want, „by the rules“, to destinguish between the thing itself (the project) and the web page (about the project) Page 39
- 40. Linked Data URIs „by the textbook“ No httpRange-14 conformant standard solution in Drupal known to me – yet workarrounds: ● Add code to set the „about“ attribute to the generic (languageagnostic) URI of the entity (for multilingual sites) (code example in http://groups.drupal.org/node/247058#comment-798823) • Or add code to set the “about” attribute to the page URI extended with a fragment identifier (e.g., “#resource” – so called “hash URI”) Page 40
- 41. Web Taxonomy: Using vocabularies from the web • Autocomplete widget for Drupal fields, powered by vocabularies maintained elsewhere • Local taxonomy works as a proxy for the web taxonomy terms in use Page 41
- 42. Web Taxonomy: Using vocabularies from the web • Prerequisites: • a already built plugin for the vocabulary (experimental examples for VIAF, STW, Dbpedia, Agrovoc, GND economists) or • a web-accessible autosuggest service which delivers terms and their URIs (may be JSON, SPARQL results or even SOAP) • a custom coded plugin to access the service Page 42
- 43. Plugin example: Economics Taxonomies • Third party thesauri, such as STW Thesaurus for Economics, can be re-used for indexing a collection Code downloadable and installable from https://drupal.org/sandbox/jneubert/1447918 Page 43
- 44. Hands-on: Web taxonomy Page 44
- 45. Current limitations of RDF/LD support in Drupal 7 Page 45
- 46. Nested RDF structures only with custom code Workarround example: Git repository URI in DOAP ontology demands a separate node, e.g., <> a schema:CreativeWork, doap:Project; doap:repository [ a doap:GitRepository; doap:location "http://github.com/some/id.git" ]; • Create field_gitrepository and map to doap:location • Create a custom template file for the field (field--field_gitrepository-lproject.tpl.php) <div rel="doap:repository" class="field-items"<?php print $content_attributes; ?>> <div about="[_:repos]" typeof="doap:GitRepository"> <?php foreach ($items as $delta => $item): ?> <div class="field-item"<?php print $item_attributes[$delta]; ?>><?php print render($item); ?></div> <?php endforeach; ?> </div> Page 46 </div> </div>
- 47. Further limitations in Drupal 7 • RDFa support currently works for single entities – pages with multiple entities (search results, term pages, views, etc.) are not supported • RDFa output may break under certain special conditions (http://drupal.org/node/1778226) Page 47
- 48. Outlook to Drupal 8 • Drupal base functionalities refactored for using Symphony framework • Aimed at an extended service-oriented architecture – design goal: “Each piece of content gets its own URL” (http://www.unleashedmind.com/en/blog/sun/drupal-8-the-path-forward) • Web services based on HAL (Hypertext application language) • Configuration in files (version control, portability) • Multilingual unified and improved Page 48
- 49. Outlook to Drupal 8 (cont.) • Date, Views, Entity Reference, … modules in core • Wysiwyg and in-place editing out of the box RDF • Solely use RDFa 1.1 lite (@property, determined by attribute placement, instead of @rel/@rev) https://drupal.org/node/1780090 • Default mappings based almost completely on schema.org (see https://drupal.org/node/1784234) Page 49
- 51. To sum up • Linked data publishing via a CMS, in particular Drupal, is a valid option • If your data can be mapped to an essentially flat RDF data structure, linked data can be added mostly by site builders, without much additional effort • Sometimes research is required on how to solve problems, and at times glue code has to be written • But: most of the code for your web application is already there, and is supported by a large and helpful Open Source community Page 51
- 52. Thank you! Joachim Neubert ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics [email protected] http://zbw.eu/labs Page 52