Systems and network architectures

 It is a conceptual model that defines the structure,
behavior, and more views of a system.
 Also known as ‘Enterprise Architecture’
 It is a superset of network architecture.
 It consists of following functions:
 Clients
 Applications
 Storage
 Network
 Servers
 Databases.

relationships
clients
application
s
storage
network
Servers
Database
s

 Network architecture is an identifier used to locate a
device(host) on the network.
 IP address  dotted decimal notation.
 Example :
 192.168.155.0
 192.168.155.0

addresses
Local
Global
Private
Public
Tempor
ary
Perman
ent/
persiste
nt

Address Type Meaning
Local Address Identify locally – LAN/ SUBNET/ETHERNET
Global Address Identify Globally/World Wide – WAN network
Private Address Used in NAT – Network Address Translation(individual)
Public Address Used in Public Internet(static/dynamic)
Temporary Address Assigned for short term duration of time.
Persistent Address Assigned for long term duration of time.

 Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a
network.
 the process of moving a packet of data from source
to destination
 Example :
 Routing Protocols:
 RIP – Routing Information Protocol
 RIP v2 - Routing Information Protocol Version 2.0
 OSPF – Open Shortest Path – First
 BGP – Border Gateway Protocol.

Systems and network architectures

 Sub-netting & Super-netting,
 Variable-length Sub-netting,
 Dynamic Addressing,
 Private Addressing,
 Virtual Lans (Vlans),
 Ipv6, And
 Network Address Translation (Nat).

 Switching And Routing,
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR):
 Multicasts,
 Mobile IP,
 Route Filtering/Peering/Routing/policies
 Confederations( IGP, EGP)

 CLASSFULL ADDRESSING :
 Class A,B,C,D,E.

 To Scale the network Addressing we will use the
number of
 Functional areas within the network.
 Workgroups within each function area
 Subnets within each workgroup
 Total numbers of subnets(current & future) Organization
 Total Number of Devices(current & future)

 Routing strategies Such as
 Process of times
 Protocol overheads: (Static And Dynamic protocol)
 In terms of capacity(bandwidth)
 CPU – Utilization
 Memory - Utilization
 Stability.

 Some Recommendations for choosing and applying
routing protocols for the network.
These recommendations are:
Minimize the number of routing protocols used in
the network.
Start with the routing mechanism/ protocol.
Routing choices of routing protocols increase.
Revaluated the previous decisions.

 NETWORK MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS:
 There are two major network management
protocols:
 The Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP).
 The Common Management Information
Protocol(CMIP).
 These two protocols provide the mechanism for
 RETRIEVING , CHANGING(MODIFY) AND
TRANSPORT the network management data across the
network.

Monitoring is obtaining values for
• End to End.
• Per Link
• Per Element.
Monitoring process involves
• Collecting data.
• Processing data.
• Storing data.

 Instrumentation is the set of tools and utilities needed
to monitor and management the data.
 Instrumentation mechanisms are:
 Access to network management data VIA SNMP(MIB).
 Monitoring tools(Ping, Traceroute, TCPdump)(remote)
 Direct Access(TelNet,FTP)
 Instrumentation can be coupled with MONITORING,
DISPLAY, PROCESSING AND STORAGE to form a
complete management system.

• Configuration is setting parameters in a network device.
• Used to Operation and control the element.
• Configuration mechanisms:
• Includes
• DIRECT ACCESS to devices,
• REMOTE ACCESS to devices,
• DOWNLOADING configuration files.

• Downloading Configuration Files:
• Use of FTP to download configuration files.
• SNMP set commands.
• Telnet and command line interface (CLI) Access.
• Access via HTTP.
• Access Via CORBA(Common Object Request Architecture)
 Telnet is a network protocol
 used on the Internet or Local Area Networks.
 To provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented
communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.

 PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE:
 To provide
 single – Tier performance.
 Multi – Tier performance in a network.
These mechanisms provide the means
• to identify traffic flows, groups of flows.
• Measure temporal characteristics.

 It is the overall performance of a computer network,
particularly the performance seen by the users of the
network.
 QoS, is determining, setting, and acting upon priority l
Quality Of Service:

 (SLAs) are informal or formal contracts
between a Service - provider and Service –
Requester.
 Policies are sets (formal or informal) of high-
level statements about how network
Resources / Services /Access Permissions are
to be allocated among users.

 The heart of providing performance in a network.
 These mechanisms are usually implemented in network
devices such as ROUTERS AND SWITCHES

 It is process of determining which user , application,
device, flow or connection gets service.
 Or Gets a higher level of service.
 It begins during the requirements and flow analysis
process.

 It consists of two mechanisms:
 admission control:
 Ability to refuse/restrict access to network resources.
 traffic conditioning:
 It is a set of mechanisms that modify(increase/decrease)
performance to traffic flows.
VOIP : voice over IP
SIP : Session Initiation protocol.

 Scheduling is the mechanism
 Determines the order in which traffic is processed for
transmission.
 It is applied at network devices throughout a network.
 Network Devices such as : Switches/ Routers.
 Algorithms:
 Weighted Fair Queuing(WFQ)
 Class Based Queuing(CBQ)

 Sorting IP packets within a network device while they
waif for processing.
 The queuing mechanisms are:
 First In First Out(FIFO)- packets stored in a single queue.
 Weighted Fair Queuing(WFQ)-Assigns priorities to
queues.
 Class Based Queuing(CBQ) - multiple queues with
differing priorities are maintained.
 Random early detect(RED)- Drop packets early.
 Weighted RED(WRED)- supports multiple levels for
dropping packets.

Systems and network architectures

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Systems and network architectures