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Test bank for Business Intelligence: A
Managerial Perspective on Analytics, 3/E 3rd
Edition. Ramesh Sharda, Dursun Delen, Efraim
Turban
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Business Intelligence, 3e (Sharda/Delen/Turban)
Chapter 2 Data Warehousing
1) In the Isle of Capri case, the only capability added by the new software was increased
processing speed of processing reports.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38
2) The "islands of data" problem in the 1980s describes the phenomenon of unconnected data
being stored in numerous locations within an organization.
Answer: TRUE
3) Subject oriented databases for data warehousing are organized by detailed subjects such as
disk drives, computers, and networks.
Answer: FALSE
4) Data warehouses are subsets of data marts.
Answer: FALSE
5) One way an operational data store differs from a data warehouse is the recency of their data.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43-44
6) Organizations seldom devote a lot of effort to creating metadata because it is not important for
the effective use of data warehouses.
Answer: FALSE
7) Without middleware, different BI programs cannot easily connect to the data warehouse.
Answer: TRUE

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8) Two-tier data warehouse/BI infrastructures offer organizations more flexibility but cost more
than three-tier ones.
Answer: FALSE
9) Moving the data into a data warehouse is usually the easiest part of its creation.
Answer: FALSE

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10) The hub-and-spoke data warehouse model uses a centralized warehouse feeding dependent
data marts.
Answer: TRUE
11) Because of performance and data quality issues, most experts agree that the federated
architecture should supplement data warehouses, not replace them.
Answer: TRUE
12) Bill Inmon advocates the data mart bus architecture whereas Ralph Kimball promotes the
hub-and-spoke architecture, a data mart bus architecture with conformed dimensions.
Answer: FALSE
13) The ETL process in data warehousing usually takes up a small portion of the time in a data-
centric project.
Answer: FALSE
14) In the Starwood Hotels case, up-to-date data and faster reporting helped hotel managers
better manage their occupancy rates.
Answer: TRUE
15) Large companies, especially those with revenue upwards of $500 million consistently reap
substantial cost savings through the use of hosted data warehouses.
Answer: FALSE
16) OLTP systems are designed to handle ad hoc analysis and complex queries that deal with
many data items.
Answer: FALSE
17) The data warehousing maturity model consists of six stages: prenatal, infant, child, teenager,
adult, and sage.
Answer: TRUE
18) A well-designed data warehouse means that user requirements do not have to change as
business needs change.
Answer: FALSE

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19) Data warehouse administrators (DWAs) do not need strong business insight since they only
handle the technical aspect of the infrastructure.
Answer: FALSE
20) Because the recession has raised interest in low-cost open source software, it is now set to
replace traditional enterprise software.
Answer: FALSE
21) The "single version of the truth" embodied in a data warehouse such as Capri Casinos' means
all of the following EXCEPT
A) decision makers get to see the same results to queries.
B) decision makers have the same data available to support their decisions.
C) decision makers get to use more dependable data for their decisions.
D) decision makers have unfettered access to all data in the warehouse.
Answer: D
22) Operational or transaction databases are product oriented, handling transactions that update
the database. In contrast, data warehouses are
A) subject-oriented and nonvolatile.
B) product-oriented and nonvolatile.
C) product-oriented and volatile.
D) subject-oriented and volatile.
Answer: A
23) Which kind of data warehouse is created separately from the enterprise data warehouse by a
department and not reliant on it for updates?
A) sectional data mart
B) public data mart
C) independent data mart
D) volatile data mart
Answer: C
24) All of the following statements about metadata are true EXCEPT
A) metadata gives context to reported data.
B) there may be ethical issues involved in the creation of metadata.
C) metadata helps to describe the meaning and structure of data.
D) for most organizations, data warehouse metadata are an unnecessary expense.
Answer: D

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25) A Web client that connects to a Web server, which is in turn connected to a BI application
server, is reflective of a
A) one tier architecture.
B) two tier architecture.
C) three tier architecture.
D) four tier architecture.
Answer: C
26) Which of the following BEST enables a data warehouse to handle complex queries and scale
up to handle many more requests?
A) use of the web by users as a front-end
B) parallel processing
C) Microsoft Windows
D) a larger IT staff
Answer: B
27) Which data warehouse architecture uses metadata from existing data warehouses to create a
hybrid logical data warehouse comprised of data from the other warehouses?
A) independent data marts architecture
B) centralized data warehouse architecture
C) hub-and-spoke data warehouse architecture
D) federated architecture
Answer: D
28) Which data warehouse architecture uses a normalized relational warehouse that feeds
multiple data marts?
A) independent data marts architecture
B) centralized data warehouse architecture
C) hub-and-spoke data warehouse architecture
D) federated architecture
Answer: C
29) Which approach to data warehouse integration focuses more on sharing process functionality
than data across systems?
A) extraction, transformation, and load
B) enterprise application integration
C) enterprise information integration
D) enterprise function integration
Answer: B

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30) In which stage of extraction, transformation, and load (ETL) into a data warehouse are data
aggregated?
A) transformation
B) extraction
C) load
D) cleanse
Answer: A
31) In which stage of extraction, transformation, and load (ETL) into a data warehouse are
anomalies detected and corrected?
A) transformation
B) extraction
C) load
D) cleanse
Answer: D
32) Data warehouses provide direct and indirect benefits to using organizations. Which of the
following is an indirect benefit of data warehouses?
A) better and more timely information
B) extensive new analyses performed by users
C) simplified access to data
D) improved customer service
Answer: D
33) All of the following are benefits of hosted data warehouses EXCEPT
A) smaller upfront investment.
B) better quality hardware.
C) greater control of data.
D) frees up in-house systems.
Answer: C
34) When representing data in a data warehouse, using several dimension tables that are each
connected only to a fact table means you are using which warehouse structure?
A) star schema
B) snowflake schema
C) relational schema
D) dimensional schema
Answer: A

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35) When querying a dimensional database, a user went from summarized data to its underlying
details. The function that served this purpose is
A) dice.
B) slice.
C) roll-up.
D) drill down.
Answer: D
36) Which of the following online analytical processing (OLAP) technologies does NOT require
the precomputation and storage of information?
A) MOLAP
B) ROLAP
C) HOLAP
D) SQL
Answer: B
37) Active data warehousing can be used to support the highest level of decision making
sophistication and power. The major feature that enables this in relation to handling the data is
A) country of (data) origin.
B) nature of the data.
C) speed of data transfer.
D) source of the data.
Answer: C
38) Which of the following statements is more descriptive of active data warehouses in contrast
with traditional data warehouses?
A) strategic decisions whose impacts are hard to measure
B) detailed data available for strategic use only
C) large numbers of users, including operational staffs
D) restrictive reporting with daily and weekly data currency
Answer: C
39) How does the use of cloud computing affect the scalability of a data warehouse?
A) Cloud computing vendors bring as much hardware as needed to users' offices.
B) Hardware resources are dynamically allocated as use increases.
C) Cloud vendors are mostly based overseas where the cost of labor is low.
D) Cloud computing has little effect on a data warehouse's scalability.
Answer: B

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40) All of the following are true about in-database processing technology EXCEPT
A) it pushes the algorithms to where the data is.
B) it makes the response to queries much faster than conventional databases.
C) it is often used for apps like credit card fraud detection and investment risk management.
D) it is the same as in-memory storage technology.
Answer: D
41) With ________ data flows, managers can view the current state of their businesses and
quickly identify problems.
Answer: real-time
42) In ________ oriented data warehousing, operational databases are tuned to handle
transactions that update the database.
Answer: product
43) The three main types of data warehouses are data marts, operational ________, and
enterprise data warehouses.
Answer: data stores
44) ________ describe the structure and meaning of the data, contributing to their effective use.
Answer: Metadata
45) Most data warehouses are built using ________ database management systems to control and
manage the data.
Answer: relational
46) A(n) ________ architecture is used to build a scalable and maintainable infrastructure that
includes a centralized data warehouse and several dependent data marts.
Answer: hub-and-spoke
47) The ________ data warehouse architecture involves integrating disparate systems and
analytical resources from multiple sources to meet changing needs or business conditions.
Answer: federated
48) Data ________ comprises data access, data federation, and change capture.
Answer: integration

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49) ________ is a mechanism that integrates application functionality and shares functionality
(rather than data) across systems, thereby enabling flexibility and reuse.
Answer: Enterprise application integration (EAI)
50) ________ is a mechanism for pulling data from source systems to satisfy a request for
information. It is an evolving tool space that promises real-time data integration from a variety of
sources, such as relational databases, Web services, and multidimensional databases.
Answer: Enterprise information integration (EII)
51) Performing extensive ________ to move data to the data warehouse may be a sign of poorly
managed data and a fundamental lack of a coherent data management strategy.
Answer: extraction, transformation, and load (ETL)
52) The ________ Model, also known as the EDW approach, emphasizes top-down
development, employing established database development methodologies and tools, such as
entity-relationship diagrams (ERD), and an adjustment of the spiral development approach.
Answer: Inmon
53) The ________ Model, also known as the data mart approach, is a "plan big, build small"
approach. A data mart is a subject-oriented or department-oriented data warehouse. It is a scaled-
down version of a data warehouse that focuses on the requests of a specific department, such as
marketing or sales.
Answer: Kimball
54) ________ modeling is a retrieval-based system that supports high-volume query access.
Answer: Dimensional
55) Online ________ is arguably the most commonly used data analysis technique in data
warehouses.
Answer: analytical processing
56) Online ________ is a term used for a transaction system that is primarily responsible for
capturing and storing data related to day-to-day business functions such as ERP, CRM, SCM,
and point of sale.
Answer: transaction processing

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57) In the Michigan State Agencies case, the approach used was a(n) ________ one, instead of
developing separate BI/DW platforms for each business area or state agency.
Answer: enterprise
58) The role responsible for successful administration and management of a data warehouse is
the ________, who should be familiar with high-performance software, hardware, and
networking technologies, and also possesses solid business insight.
Answer: data warehouse administrator (DWA)
59) ________, or "The Extended ASP Model," is a creative way of deploying information
system applications where the provider licenses its applications to customers for use as a service
on demand (usually over the Internet)
Answer: SaaS (software as a service)
60) ________ (also called in-database analytics) refers to the integration of the algorithmic
extent of data analytics into data warehouse.
Answer: In-database processing
61) What is the definition of a data warehouse (DW) in simple terms?
Answer: In simple terms, a data warehouse (DW) is a pool of data produced to support decision
making; it is also a repository of current and historical data of potential interest to managers
throughout the organization.

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62) A common way of introducing data warehousing is to refer to its fundamental characteristics.
Describe three characteristics of data warehousing.
Answer:
∙ Subject oriented. Data are organized by detailed subject, such as sales, products, or
customers, containing only information relevant for decision support.
∙ Integrated. Integration is closely related to subject orientation. Data warehouses must place
data from different sources into a consistent format. To do so, they must deal with naming
conflicts and discrepancies among units of measure. A data warehouse is presumed to be totally
integrated.
∙ Time variant (time series). A warehouse maintains historical data. The data do not
necessarily provide current status (except in real-time systems). They detect trends, deviations,
and long-term relationships for forecasting and comparisons, leading to decision making. Every
data warehouse has a temporal quality. Time is the one important dimension that all data
warehouses must support. Data for analysis from multiple sources contains multiple time points
(e.g., daily, weekly, monthly views).
∙ Nonvolatile. After data are entered into a data warehouse, users cannot change or update the
data. Obsolete data are discarded, and changes are recorded as new data.
∙ Web based. Data warehouses are typically designed to provide an efficient computing
environment for Web-based applications.
∙ Relational/multidimensional. A data warehouse uses either a relational structure or a
multidimensional structure. A recent survey on multidimensional structures can be found in
Romero and Abelló (2009).
∙ Client/server. A data warehouse uses the client/server architecture to provide easy access for
end users.
∙ Real time. Newer data warehouses provide real-time, or active, data-access and analysis
capabilities (see Basu, 2003; and Bonde and Kuckuk, 2004).
∙ Include metadata. A data warehouse contains metadata (data about data) about how the data
are organized and how to effectively use them.
63) What is the definition of a data mart?
Answer: A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse, typically consisting of a single subject area
(e.g., marketing, operations). Whereas a data warehouse combines databases across an entire
enterprise, a data mart is usually smaller and focuses on a particular subject or department.
64) Mehra (2005) indicated that few organizations really understand metadata, and fewer
understand how to design and implement a metadata strategy. How would you describe
metadata?
Answer: Metadata are data about data. Metadata describe the structure of and some meaning
about data, thereby contributing to their effective or ineffective use.

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65) According to Kassam (2002), business metadata comprise information that increases our
understanding of traditional (i.e., structured) data. What is the primary purpose of metadata?
Answer: The primary purpose of metadata should be to provide context to the reported data; that
is, it provides enriching information that leads to the creation of knowledge.
66) In the MultiCare case, how was data warehousing able to reduce septicemia mortality rates in
MultiCare hospitals?
Answer:
∙ The Adaptive Data WarehouseTM organized and simplified data from multiple data sources
across the continuum of care. It became the single source of truth required to see care
improvement opportunities and to measure change, integrated teams consisting of clinicians,
technologists, analysts, and quality personnel were essential for accelerating MultiCare's efforts
to reduce septicemia mortality.
∙ Together the collaborative effort addressed three key bodies of work–standard of care
definition, early identification, and efficient delivery of defined-care standard.
67) Briefly describe four major components of the data warehousing process.
Answer:
∙ Data sources. Data are sourced from multiple independent operational "legacy" systems and
possibly from external data providers (such as the U.S. Census). Data may also come from an
OLTP or ERP system.
∙ Data extraction and transformation. Data are extracted and properly transformed using
custom-written or commercial ETL software.
∙ Data loading. Data are loaded into a staging area, where they are transformed and cleansed.
The data are then ready to load into the data warehouse and/or data marts.
∙ Comprehensive database. Essentially, this is the EDW to support all decision analysis by
providing relevant summarized and detailed information originating from many different
sources.
∙ Metadata. Metadata include software programs about data and rules for organizing data
summaries that are easy to index and search, especially with Web tools.
∙ Middleware tools. Middleware tools enable access to the data warehouse. There are many
front-end applications that business users can use to interact with data stored in the data
repositories, including data mining, OLAP, reporting tools, and data visualization tools.
68) There are several basic information system architectures that can be used for data
warehousing. What are they?
Answer: Generally speaking, these architectures are commonly called client/server or n-tier
architectures, of which two-tier and three-tier architectures are the most common, but sometimes
there is simply one tier.

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69) More data, coming in faster and requiring immediate conversion into decisions, means that
organizations are confronting the need for real-time data warehousing (RDW). How would you
define real-time data warehousing?
Answer: Real-time data warehousing, also known as active data warehousing (ADW), is the
process of loading and providing data via the data warehouse as they become available.
70) Mention briefly some of the recently popularized concepts and technologies that will play a
significant role in defining the future of data warehousing.
Answer:
∙ Sourcing (mechanisms for acquisition of data from diverse and dispersed sources):
o Web, social media, and Big Data
o Open source software
o SaaS (software as a service)
o Cloud computing
∙ Infrastructure (architectural–hardware and software–enhancements):
o Columnar (a new way to store and access data in the database)
o Real-time data warehousing
o Data warehouse appliances (all-in-one solutions to DW)
o Data management technologies and practices
o In-database processing technology (putting the algorithms where the data is)
o In-memory storage technology (moving the data in the memory for faster processing)
o New database management systems
o Advanced analytics

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

For a straight draft the pattern is exactly a duplicate of the lifting
plan. Other names for this plan are tie, working design, treading
plan, and shedding plan. The tie is a plan serving the same purpose
of the lifting plan, but somewhat differently arranged, the end being
laid horizontally in a line with the heald through which they are
drawn; thus, for the honeycomb, Fig. 37, the tie-up is shown at Fig.
38, in which A is the tie-up.
FIG. 38.
The lifting plan for Fig. 32 is shown at Fig. 34, A, while the tie-up is
shown at Fig. 34, B.
Shedding.
The principal motions for shedding—i.e., raising the ends in the
required order for producing the desired weave of cloth—are
tappets, the dobby, and the jacquard. The tappets and the dobby
are described in this Chapter. The tappets, which have the smaller
range of work, are taken into consideration first.
Tappets.
For the simpler classes of fancy weaving, designated stavework,
tappets are often used. These are arrangements of plates carrying

projections to raise the healds when required, the plates being
placed so that the projections in several plates which are to act at
one pick are in line with each other, so as to raise the different
healds at one and the same time. Tappets are fixed either above the
loom (and are named motions or Jamieson’s tappets), or at the side
of the loom—as, for instance, the Woodcroft tappets. In some cases,
for three and four-shaft twills, under-heald tappets are used, and
fixed on the twill-shaft previously referred to (page 76). In setting
out a tappet—for a sateen motion, for instance—first get our
pattern, Fig. 41, which is composed of Fig. 39, a satin, and Fig. 40, a
plain for the selvage. Fig. 41 is the pattern on 7 healds and 10 picks
to the round, that number being the least that will contain both 2
and 5 without remainder. The draft being straight over the pattern is
also the lifting plan, and the first plate is required to lift the healds at
the 1st and 6th picks. Dividing a circle into 10 parts, we take the first
part, and allowing half a revolution of the crank-shaft for dwell,
obtain an inclined portion C for the raising, and D for the depression
of the heald (as described in Chapter IV.), by dividing E C into six
parts, and describing six arcs of a circle, afterwards drawing a line
diagonally. The tappet follows the circumference of the inner circle
until it arrives at the 6th pick, when another projection must be
raised. The complete tappet follows the form shown by the thick
line.

FIG. 39. FIG. 40. FIG. 41.
It will be seen now that, as the tappet only moves 1/10th of a
revolution for one pick of the loom, the heald connected with this
plate will be actuated just as is required in the treading plan.
Four other similar plates must be cast for the other satin healds,
which five will be bolted together so as to have projections at the 1,
3, 5, 2 and 4 picks, as shown at A. To these are bolted two plain
plates, or, as is more usual, one casting equal to the whole seven.
The plates for plain show an alternate projection and space. By the
kindness of Messrs. Willan & Mills, of Blackburn, a sketch of their
loom with one of these motions (Smalley’s patent) affixed to it is
shown.

FIG. 43.—LOOM WITH SMALLEY’S MOTION. To face pp. 98 and 99.
The tappet is fixed on the upper frame-work of the loom and short
treadles arranged above it. To these the healds are attached and
lifted by the plates, being drawn down afterwards by springs and the
healds. In a recently-improved form the treadles raise the jacks to
which the healds are attached, giving a straight lift. These tappets
are seldom used for more than 8 healds and 12 picks to the round.
Above this extent in tappet work, a Woodcroft sectional tappet is
used, arranged at the loom side. In these tappets the projections
(called risers and fallers) are removable, the tappet being adaptable

FIG. 44. FIG. 45.
to different patterns up to 14 staves and 20 picks. In the Yorkshire
loom, Fig. 23, the tappets are placed at the loom side, and are
connected with the top of the healds by rods.
Tappets possess the advantage over other shedding motions of
larger capacity, such as the dobby: (a) in lower first cost; (b)
steadier and stronger lift without risk of hooks slipping; (c) in having
a split shed—i.e., a shed which has one portion pulled down while
the other is drawn up, saving time. Dobbies and jacquards generally
have a sunk shed, and if by those machines a shed 2 inches deep is
required, the lifting knives have to be raised the whole distance,
from the bottom to the top.
Cloths Woven by Tappets.
Among the cloths woven on tappets there are twills, cloths in which
a figure is woven diagonally across the cloth by raising the healds
consecutively. They are in large variety, being woven on three shafts
upwards and not confined to the lifting of a single heald at each
pick; as in some cloths two or three out of a larger number may be
raised, but the same number is up at every pick, although moving
one end or more at each pick. A serge is a modification of a simple
twill woven in this manner. Fig. 44 represents a 4-shaft twill rising
one in four, while Fig. 45 shows a 4-end twill rising two in four, called
a denim, swansdown, or cashmere twill. The satin weave is a broken
twill—that is, instead of lifting consecutively at each pick, an end, or
in some cases two ends, are passed over, as shown in Fig. 39
(sateen). The ends are lifted in this order: 1, 3, 5, 2, 4. A 5-stave,

showing a weft satin, is the standard for sateen. The satin or broken
twill applies to any number of twill staves—e.g., a 12-stave satin,
passing 4 ends over, lifts 1, 6, 11, 4, 9, 2, 7, 12, 5, 10, 3, 8.
A perfect satin never shows contiguous ends lifting together, as such
would give a “spotty” appearance. As almost all the weft shows at
one side of the cloth, the parallelism of the threads gives to this
weave its well-known lustre, but unless fine yarns and reed with
heavy pick are used a very frail structure is the resultant.
Stripes are of various kinds. The herring-bone or reversed twill forms
an undulating pattern by using a point draft. Simple figures, on not
more than six or eight staves, woven cramped between stripes of
plain, are called doriah stripes.
Pile Cloths.
FIG. 46.
Velveteens are woven by motions similar to the one in Fig. 46,
generally on six staves. The object aimed at in this cloth is to
produce a firm ground cloth with picks of pile weft floating over
several ends of warp. Pile picks are inserted between plain or twill
ground picks and are firmly bound in at intervals, so that when the

floating portion is slit by the cutter the pile threads will not be loose.
In the uncut cloth a slight rib of weft is seen transversely. A pattern
of velveteen is given at Fig. 46. Velveteen is classed with the figured
cloths, for as it leaves the loom it presents no appearance which
warrants other classification. The fourth class of fabrics—woven piles
—is woven in an entirely different manner. A wire is inserted in every
fourth shed instead of weft; picks of weft are then put in and the
wire withdrawn. As it carries a knife, the loops of warp over the wire
are cut as it is pulled out, leaving a pile on the cloth, the length of
which is perfectly regular, differing from the weft pile velveteen in
this respect. The wires are inserted and withdrawn by additional
mechanism attached to the loom.
FIG. 47.
Cords, Fustians.
Cords, moleskins, corduroy, fustian, bull-hides, thicksets, are all pile
fabrics of a heavy character. The pile is all in the weft floating upon a
ground cloth. Different makes of each fabrics are woven and named
frequently according to the style of this ground or backing weave—
e.g., tabby back means plain, Genoa is a 4-end twill, Jeanette is a 3-
end twill, double Genoa, double Jeanette. Woodcroft tappets are

chiefly used in the production of these cloths. The cords show a
broad wale or stripe running lengthway of the piece, consisting of
weft floating over the warp and ground cloth, and in such a manner
that when slit along the centre of each stripe the divided threads
stand up to form a cord. The weft of the next wale being cut
similarly, a stripe of pile fabrics is now formed, having its centre
above the groove which divided each stripe of uncut yarn. A rounded
effect is given to these cords by having the threads forming the
centre of greater lengths than the sides of the cord, they having had
a longer float in the weaving. This cloth is dyed and finished, being
sold as corduroy.
Cords are of several kinds, one class named “constitution,” of which
a pattern is given at Fig. 47, on 12 ends and 12 picks, requiring 8
staves to weave it. The constitution is the broadest cord, the thickset
cord being the finest, whilst 8 and 9 shafts, bang-up, Mellor’s round
top and cable cords are names given to other varieties.
Constitutionals are generally made on 8 shafts; yarns, 30/2 fold
twist; 16’s to 20’s weft; 120 to 140 picks to a quarter inch; 36 to 44
reed, Stockport; 31 inches wide, 100 yards long. Cables are on 10
and 12 shafts. Thicksets are on 6 ends and 9 picks, 30 inches wide;
30 to 44 reed, Stockport; 90 to 120 picks to quarter inch; 14’s twist,
22’s weft. In imitating skins of animals the bull-hide weave is
resorted to either for beaver or lambskin finish; woven on 8 ends
and 8 picks. Moleskin is a smooth, solid cloth, and, before finishing,
shows a very slight longitudinal rib which distinguishes it from the
cotton velvets, which have a transverse rib. Moleskin is often called
velveteen, although not correctly so; really, velveteens are the
cotton weft pile velvets previously described.
These classes of cloth are woven with the non-positive or drag take-
up motion, which draws forward the cloth as it is knocked up by the
slay. A catch is raised by the rocking shaft of the loom, and actuates
by a ratchet worm and wheel the cloth roller. The catch is only
weighted sufficiently to draw the cloth forward when it is knocked
up, thus not acting when no weft is in the loom.

There is a heavy cloth woven from coarse (waste) yarns named
cotton blankets or cotton flannel. This fabric passes through a raising
machine, in which its surface is scratched by pointed steel teeth. It is
exported chiefly.
Double cloth may be woven by tappets, but as it is more frequently
done in the dobby, we will consider it in connection with that
machine; the same may be said of some spots, handkerchiefs, and
other goods.
Dobbies.
These shedding motions, in principle, perhaps, bear more relation to
the jacquard than to the tappets, but are included in the same
chapter as the last in consequence of their frequent association in
the same shed of looms, both being adapted for stave work.
The dobby, for very many classes of fancy cotton cloth, has gained a
reputation as a good shedding motion, and is well worthy the
attention of a student of this branch of industry. Its capacity is
superior to tappets, extending to 40 shafts, and over two hundred
picks to the round in some makes.
The machine is fixed above the loom, Plate VII., giving a direct lift to
the healds, which are kept down by springs or dead weights.

FIG. 48.—KEIGHLEY DOBBY.
Dobbies are occasionally of single lift, but in the cotton trade far
more frequently double. The difference is in the double lift having
two sets of knives: either knife can lift any heald, and, by
duplicating, a second knife can be preparing for and even
commencing to lift a heald as the first drops; it thus saves time and
increases speed. In single lift machines only one knife is used, and in
case of a heald having to be raised two picks in succession, it would
have to be dropped to the bottom of the shed after the first pick,
and raised again. A double lift Keighley is often called, in error, a
single lift, in consequence of only one shedding rod being used; it
however lifts twice in one complete stroke. Dobbies have the
advantage over tappets in increased power of weaving fancier
cloths, a greater number of picks to the round, and a possibility of
changing to other patterns.
PLATE VII. To face pp. 104 and 105.

FIG. C.
The leading characteristic of dobbies is, that by means of pegs
placed in revolving lattices, any heald can be selected and raised by
the machine.
The favourite dobby is the improved Keighley, first patented in 1867
by Messrs. Hattersley & Smith, of that town—it was used to a
considerable extent, but recent improvements have greatly increased
its value. Plate VII. and Fig. 48 show a general view of the machine
—one of Henry Livesey’s, Limited, make, on Ward’s principle, 20
jacks, double lift. At the under side is seen a pegged lattice;
immediately above the pegs and resting on the topmost lag is a row
of levers, double the number of shafts or jacks representing the
capacity.
The [T] knife lever works on the centre shown, and slides the knives
backwards and forwards in grooves at A and B.
The jacks to which at one end the heald cords are attached have at
the other end latches fixed to them, which are out of the way of the
sliding knives, unless purposely dropped on to them.
When a lag is in gear without any pegs, none of the latches touch
the knives, and there is consequently no raising of the healds. If all
the holes be pegged, one end of each lever is raised, the other end
depressed, and consequently all the latches drop on the knives; at
the next stroke of which all the healds will be lifted.
By pegging a few of the holes, say the 1st, 3rd, and 10th, we should
find only those three healds lifted; in this manner any desired
working of the healds may be obtained. The lattice is made up of
lags, each of which suffices for two picks, and as the barrel of the
dobby will not hold less than 8 lags, a pattern of 16 picks or more is
required, unless a smaller pattern be repeated.
In pegging, the lags are placed so that the lattice stands as in the
machine, thus:—

FIG. 49.
Numbers 1 to 10 indicate the
picks; L 1 to L 5 indicate the lags.
In a left-hand machine the numbers here given (Fig. 49) represent
the order of the picks, the lattice when in use moving over to the
left. B indicates the peg-hole for the back-jack, the front or first jack
being at A, and the other holes ranging between; there are two rows
of holes on each lag, each equal to 1 pick.
Taking Fig. 37, showing lifting plan which occupies 5 healds and 8
picks, the pegging for this dobby will be as under, the small number
indicating where the peg is placed and which jack is lifted, the picks
being also indicated:—
FIG. 50.
PEGGING FOR HONEYCOMB, LEFT-
HAND DOBBY.

As at least 16 picks are required, a lattice would be prepared for 8
lags, 4 being a repeat of those given.
For the other hand of dobby the pegging would commence at the
right hand for the first pick, and move towards the left.
FIG. 51.
The tie-up, shown in Fig. 38, A, is correct pegging for a right-hand
Keighley or Ward dobby, as is also 34, B.
Among other makes of shedding machines the common dobby or
witch machine may be mentioned. It is of earlier invention than the
Keighley, patents having been taken out for it at varying dates from
1830 to 1850. In it the knives slide vertically; there are two lattices,
all the odd picks being on one side, the even ones on the other, and
a peg indicates a faller—contrarily to the Keighley.
A sketch of a double-lift machine on this system, called by the
makers a Blackburn dobby, is shown at Fig. 51.

The connection of the jacks with the lifting knives is made by
hooked wires, 2 wires to each jack. Where there is no peg these
hooks are in position over the knives; thus, whichever knife should
lift, the jack will be lifted by one of the two hooks. Where there is a
peg, however, the wire is pressed back slightly, sufficiently so as to
remove the hook at the top of the wire away from the knife; and
there is no lift for the jack to which the wire is attached.
The pegging for a Blackburn dobby of pattern Fig. 32 is shown in
Fig. 52, which represents six jacks and four lags on each side of the
machine, a lag in the Blackburn dobby only carrying the pegs for one
pick. The large figures indicate the picks and the smaller ones the
jack pegged for the picks against which they stand.
FIG. 52.
The Keighley is generally preferred by practical men for its strength
and less liability of getting disarranged or broken. Other makes of
dobbies are made, resembling in principle one or other of the types
given.
Cloths Woven on the Dobby
Include all makes from plain to 40-shaft patterns. Stripe patterns of
the character described on page 101 are frequent; indeed, this
shedding motion is useful for stave work of all kinds, including:—

Spots or Brilliantes—- Small figures woven in the fabric at regular
intervals, often made from 10 to 14 shafts, on a plain ground. Also,
cotton dress materials woven in figured stripes, or a combination of
stripes to form figured checks, spot figures, satin stripes and checks,
spot figures on plain satin or oatmeal ground—the latter weave
being used frequently in fancy cloths woven with coarse yarn, the
effect being to show short floating ends apparently irregularly on the
face of the cloth, and thus a rough appearance is imparted. The
oatmeal weave is in different styles up to 40-shaft.
Double cloth is not now often made in cotton, except for pillow slips,
light bags, and similar cloths.
The semi-double cloth of the Yorkshire trade, formed by having an
extra weft or warp for putting a cheap back to the cloths, is not
known in Lancashire; the extra weft of the velveteen being most
nearly approaching the principle. In plain, double cloth weaving,
both warps are on one beam, four healds being employed, each
movable, independent of the others. Two healds carry the top cloth
ends and two the bottom cloth. The shuttle first puts a pick in the
top cloth, passing over three ends out of four, all the ends for the
bottom cloth being down and half of the top cloth ends; then all the
top cloth ends are raised with half of the bottom cloth ends, the
shuttle passing under three out of four, and throwing a pick into the
bottom cloth. The ends of the top cloth are drawn in the first and
second healds, those for the bottom in the third and fourth, thus:—
B————4
B——3——
T———2—
T—1———
and are lifted as under:—
The pegging being—
4th pick = Nos. 1, 2, 3 . * . .
3rd pick = No. 2 . . . *
2nd pick = Nos. 1, 2, 4 . * * *

1st pick = No. 1 * * . *
1 2 3 4
The selvages are bound by the weft passing from the upper to the
lower cloths, and vice versâ.
In some cloth, for bags, plain weaving of all the ends is resorted to
at certain points to seam up the cloth. A three-stave twill weave may
be used by arranging the draft and pegging for six healds or a five-
thread satin on ten healds.
Figured Dhooties.
In no stripe pattern, perhaps, is the dobby more generally used than
in these cloths. They differ from the ordinary plain dhootie in having
coloured ends woven to a pattern along each selvage, or
occasionally 12 or 15 inches from the side also. The patterns at each
side are balanced—that is, similar in figure, with the inner part of the
figure at one side being also the inner part at the other side. This
style of cloth may be described as figure with extra warp, for the
plain weave extends under the figure, the figuring ends being
“cramped” between the plains, and bound by passing through the
plain cloth. In designing for these the plain end may be neglected.
The width of the coloured border is generally about 1 inch, although
extending to 4 inches in special cases.
The beams are warped in the manner described for plain dhooties,
but only the grey ends are drawn in the healds with any coloured
warp which has to weave plain. The ends which form the pattern are
drawn through harness composed of separate leashes and mail eyes,
each with an elastic thread tied to them. These we will refer to as
the leashes. They are placed behind the healds and tied as required
to the jacks above; the elastic cords are fixed to a bracket below, so
as to draw down the leash after the shedding. Above the mail eye is
fixed a cumber board perforated with rows of small holes, and used
for keeping the leashes in proper order, so as not to become

entangled in the weaving. A clear pattern is a great desideratum in
this cloth, consequently it is generally woven face down to prevent
spoiling face by drooping ends. In pegging for it the wrong side of
the cloth is taken, a pattern of it obtained from the coloured figuring
ends only in the usual way, and drafted on the required number of
jacks. The leashes are drawn through the cumber board about 6 in
each row, but so arranged as to have all those to be tied to one jack
drafted together.
The ends are drawn through at the drawer-in’s frame, and the
leashes having been previously looped in bunches, each bunch
containing those intended for one jack, the beam is ready for the
loom.
In gaiting up, the coloured ends often pass over a small special back
rest, and the bunches of leashes are tied to their respective jacks. By
pegging the dobby in the required order any desired jack or jacks
may be raised, and those ends kept above the plain cloth. When the
jacks are lowered back the same ends will weave below the plain
cloth. The body of the cloth is generally of plain weave, although
stripe and check patterns are occasionally introduced.
FIG. 53.

Gauze and Leno Cloth.
This class of fabric is frequently woven by means of the dobby,
although the tappet and jacquard are occasionally used should the
pattern come within the scope of either. The peculiarity of gauze is,
that some of the warp ends cross over one or more of the other
warp ends between the picks, giving an open fabric, sometimes of a
beautifully delicate nature, and yet strong, considering the small
amount of material used. When gauze weaving is combined with
plain it is styled leno. The latter name is sometimes erroneously
attached to the gauze itself.
FIG. 54.
Fig. 53 shows a pure gauze in plan, and Fig. 54 the same in section.
FIG. 55.

Fig. 55 is the plan of a leno. The threads marked heavily in each
case are the crossing threads. It will be noted from Fig. 54 that the
crossing thread passes up alternately at each side of the backing
thread, pick by pick.
The operation of crossing is performed by doup healds. In these an
additional loop or half heald carrying a stave at the bottom is slung
through the eye of an ordinary heald (Fig. 57). For the purpose of
description, the whole of this heald will be termed the doup. This
heald is used for crossing purposes, while two or more ordinary
healds are provided for the purpose of varying the working, if
necessary. The draft for cloths, Figs. 53 and 55, is as shown by Fig.
56. The crossing thread is drawn through two healds and passes
under the backing thread as shown.

FIG. 56. FIG. 57.
However, the heald No. 2 can be used to raise the crossing thread
on the left-hand side of the backing thread, although it is drawn to
the right of it at the front, as whenever the back heald is lifted, the
loose stave of the doup is lifted also, and the crossing thread is thus
free to be wrought by No. 2.
The weaving of the plain is performed by either No. 2 and the doup,
or by Nos. 1 and 2. In weaving the gauze portion, healds No. 1 and

the doup are used only.
Four jacks are required—one for the back heald, one for No. 1 heald,
one for lifting the whole doup when weaving gauze, and a fourth for
raising the half loop when necessary to release the crossing thread.
To weave the design Fig. 55 with the given draft, at the bottom pick
No. 2 heald and the loop will be raised, at the next pick above the
whole doup requires lifting, at the third No. 2 and the loop, at the
fourth the doup, at the fifth No. 2 and the loop, at the sixth the plain
commences and the doup is raised, at the seventh No. 1 is raised,
eighth the doup, ninth No. 1, tenth the doup, which completes the
pattern, the eleventh being a repeat of the first.
It is not necessary that the crossing should be round one thread
only, but may be round three or four; to do this, of course, the
crossing thread would have to be drawn under three or four backing
ends in the healds.
The crossing may also be in opposite directions, say—
FIG. 58.
as in Fig. 59, where the crossing thread passes over two backing
ends. Every alternate end is, in this case, douped contrarily, the
same healds being used—the difference being made in the draft.
This style is called netting.
All the patterns hitherto mentioned have been single doups. A more
highly-ornamental class of goods is made in double-douped cloth.

Here two-doup healds are used, and, consequently, half of the
crossing threads may be weaving plain at the same picks that the
others are douping, and then a reversal is made—the first half
commencing to doup while the other section is weaving plain. Thus,
check patterns are made alternately gauze and plain. Double-douped
netting and stripe patterns may also be made. With a single doup,
only stripe patterns may be produced with the gauze running either
transversely or longitudinally. For more complicated patterns three or
even four doups are employed.
FIG. 59.
Gauze patterns are not generally marked on paper as are other
fabrics, but sketched thus:—

FIG. 60.—GAUZE SKETCH.
Handkerchiefs.
Handkerchiefs are made in cotton, either by the drop-box, the
dobby, or by a handkerchief motion. We are referring now to those
made without colour, with ribbed side and cross borders. A stripe
border is made by warping the necessary coarse ends (to form the
selvage) with the plain ends. To put in the cross border, either the
drop-box loom is used with two or more shuttles having different
counts of yarn, or, as is more general, the shed is kept open for the
reception of several picks of weft in the same counts as the body of
the handkerchief. This is easily done by the dobby, which also
continues to hold the weft at each selvage by a few plain ends
worked from a different jack, or by a catch cord.
It is impossible to have a lattice with as many lags as there are picks
from heading to heading, consequently lags are pegged to weave
the heading only, the lattice being stopped during the time that the
plain body of the handkerchief is being woven. In the double-lift
dobby it is possible to stop it, so that the pegging of the lags where
the motion of the lattice is arrested will suffice to weave plain until
motion is again communicated to the lattice.
Sometimes a special handkerchief motion is used. In this
arrangement a chain of lags is arranged, each lag having holes for
three pegs. By means of this motion, which is shown in Fig. 61, “a
border can be obtained without drop-boxes or dobby, and without
reducing the speed of the loom. The tappets, which are of the usual
form for plain weaving, are not secured to the tappet shaft, but are

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