![At Clumber, too, are preserved four highly interesting Roman
sepulchral altars, which were thus described by the Rev. Archdeacon
Trollope, with the accompanying engravings:[53]—“No. 1 bears the
following inscription on the two small front panels: m. caedici . favsti .
negotiator . de . sacra . via . caedicia . syntyche . conliberta—one that is
interesting as bearing reference to a tradesman of the celebrated Via
Sacra at Rome. The birds pecking at a basket of fruit between them
would seem to claim a Christian origin for this work of Art, had not
the ox’s head and pendent sacrificial garland in addition to the heads
at the angles—apparently of Jupiter Ammon—pointed to
heathenism; the garland intermixed with birds, below the inscription,
is both rich and graceful. No. 2 rises from an enriched plinth,
bearing, first, on the pediment of its coped lid, the inscription: d. m.
m. ivni . ivniani, and, on a panel below, d. m. antonia . tarentina . conivgi
. bene . merenti . fecit, forming a short but affectionate epitaph from a
wife to a husband, worthy in these respects of modern imitation.
Four masks are placed at the corners of the lid, and on another part
of the lid appears a boar, for which animal Tarentum was famous.
The figures sculptured in front perhaps represent one of the funereal
games. No. 3 is a well-designed coped urn, both its form and details
having received much careful attention. Within a long panel,
surrounded by an enriched moulding, is the inscription, ti . ivlio .
felici . manneia . trepteetti . ivlivs . philonicvs . heredes . fecervnt. No. 4
is a longer and lower urn than the others, having two small panels
prepared for inscriptions, which never appear to have been filled up.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/78610-250417073018-2ca5c24e/85/The-Biomass-Assessment-Handbook-Bioenergy-for-a-Sustainable-Environment-Francisco-Rosillo-Calle-30-320.jpg)
![vast length, and is beautifully diversified with statuary, vases, lovely
beds of flowers, and shrubs and trees; from it flights of steps lead
down to the lake, and other steps give access to the Italian Gardens.
A great feature of the grounds is the enormous size and singular
growth of the cedars: some of these are said to be unsurpassed in
England both for their girth and for their magnificently picturesque
and venerable appearance. Some of the conifers, too, are of
extraordinary size and beauty.
The Kitchen Gardens are extensive and well arranged, and the
Park well stocked.
The Lake is one of the glories of Clumber. It is a splendid sheet
of water, covering some eighty or ninety acres of ground, and
beautifully diversified on its banks with woods of tall forest trees and
rich verdant glades. On the bosom of the Lake rest two ships—one a
fine three-master, forming a striking feature in the view.
The neighbourhood of Clumber is rich in places of interest and in
lovely localities;[54] and its near proximity to Sherwood Forest—
indeed, it is itself a part of that forest reclaimed—to Thoresby, to
Hardwick Wood, to Welbeck, to Osberton, to Worksop and its manor,
to Bilhagh, to Rufford, and to a score of other inviting localities,
renders it one of the pleasantest, most desirable, and most
enjoyable of “Homes.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/78610-250417073018-2ca5c24e/85/The-Biomass-Assessment-Handbook-Bioenergy-for-a-Sustainable-Environment-Francisco-Rosillo-Calle-32-320.jpg)
![Arms of the Duke of Portland.
(for Bentinck); 2nd, a snake nowed, proper (for Cavendish).
Supporters—two lions, double queued, the dexter one or, the
sinister one sable. Motto—“Craignez honte.”
The Duke of Portland’s seats are
—Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire;
Fullarton House, Troon, Ayrshire;
Langwell, Goldspie, Caithness;
Bothal Castle, Northumberland;
Harcourt House, Cavendish Square;
and Hyde Park Gardens.
The heir-presumptive to the
titles and estates of the Duke of
Portland is his grace’s cousin, Major-general Arthur Cavendish
Bentinck, youngest son of the late Lord William Charles Augustus
Cavendish Bentinck, brother of the fourth duke. He was born in
1819, and married, first, in 1857, a daughter of Sir Vincent
Whitshed, Bart., who died in 1858 (by whom he has a son, William
John Arthur Charles James Cavendish Bentinck); and, secondly, in
1862, Augusta Mary Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. and Very Rev.
Henry Montague Browne, Dean of Lismore, by whom he has also
issue.
The earliest views of the mansion of Welbeck are those which
occur on the magnificent folio plates which accompany the Duke (at
that time Marquis) of Newcastle’s splendid and matchless work on
“Horsemanship”[55] in 1658. The plates are all splendidly engraved
from Diepenbeck’s drawings, and are among the most valuable
illustrations of the period left to us. One of these plates gives a
general view of Welbeck (“La Maison de Welbeck appartenant à
Monseigneur le Marquis de Newcastle, le quel est dans la Province
de Nottingham”), showing an extensive building four stories in
height, and partly enclosed with battlemented and other walls; the
end having three gables, with a central doorway, and the side of
three distinct lengths. The main building, that with the three gables,
is four stories in height, with mullioned and transomed windows,
hipped windows in the roof, and ornamental clustered chimney-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/78610-250417073018-2ca5c24e/85/The-Biomass-Assessment-Handbook-Bioenergy-for-a-Sustainable-Environment-Francisco-Rosillo-Calle-49-320.jpg)
The Biomass Assessment Handbook Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment Francisco Rosillo Callé
- 1. The Biomass Assessment Handbook Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment Francisco Rosillo Callé download https://ebookultra.com/download/the-biomass-assessment-handbook- bioenergy-for-a-sustainable-environment-francisco-rosillo-calle/ Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks at ebookultra.com
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- 5. The Biomass Assessment Handbook Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment Francisco Rosillo Callé Digital Instant Download Author(s): Francisco Rosillo Callé ISBN(s): 9781844072859, 1844072851 Edition: Illustrated Edition File Details: PDF, 2.55 MB Year: 2007 Language: english
- 7. The Biomass Assessment Handbook
- 9. The Biomass Assessment Handbook Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment Edited by Frank Rosillo-Calle, Peter de Groot, Sarah L. Hemstock, and Jeremy Woods London•Sterling, VA
- 10. First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2007 Copyright © 2007, Frank Rosillo-Calle All rights reserved ISBN-10: 1-84407-285-1 hardback ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-285-9 hardback Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed and bound in UK by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Cover design by Susanne Harris For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, US Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for The paper used for the text pages of this book is FSC certified. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests Printed on totally chlorine-free paper
- 11. Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes viii Editors’ Note xi Dedication xii Acknowledgements xiii Preface xiv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvi Introduction xviii 1 Overview of Biomass Energy 1 Frank Rosillo-Calle Introduction 1 Historical role of bioenergy 1 The current role of bioenergy 2 Biomass potential 4 Continuing difficulties with data/classification of bioenergy 10 Traditional versus modern applications of bioenergy 11 Barriers 16 Technology options 17 The future for bioenergy 21 References and further reading 23 Appendices 25 2 General Introduction to the Basis of Biomass Assessment Methodology 27 Frank Rosillo-Calle, Peter de Groot and Sarah L. Hemstock Introduction 27 Problems in measuring biomass 28 The ten commandments of biomass assessment 29 General considerations when making a biomass assessment 30 Deciding about surveys 40 Biomass classification 43 Land use assessment 44 The importance of the agro-climatic zone 44 Woody and non-woody biomass 45 Assessment of accessibility 47
- 12. Estimating biomass flows 49 Stock and yield 51 Energy value of biomass 53 Future trends 55 References and further reading 56 Appendices 57 3 Assessment Methods for Woody Biomass Supply 69 Frank Rosillo-Calle, Peter de Groot and Sarah L. Hemstock Introduction 69 Requirements prior to an assessment of biomass supply 69 Biomass assessment methods for woody biomass 74 The main techniques/methods for measuring woody biomass 79 Methodology for assessing energy potential from forestry/crop plantations 90 Agro-industrial plantations 93 Processed woody biomass 94 References and further reading 98 Appendices 100 4 Non-woody Biomass and Secondary Fuels 110 Frank Rosillo-Calle, Peter de Groot and Sarah L. Hemstock Introduction 110 Agricultural and agro-forestry residues as fuel 111 Processed residues 114 Animal wastes 116 Tertiary wastes 118 Herbaceous crops 119 Secondary fuels (liquid and gaseous) 120 Densified biomass: pellets and briquettes 125 Animal draught power 126 Future options 128 References and further reading 129 Appendices 130 5 Assessment of Biomass Consumption 144 Sarah L. Hemstock Introduction 144 Designing a biomass energy consumption survey 145 Implementing the survey 152 Analysing domestic consumption 155 Analysing village consumption patterns 159 Changing fuel consumption patterns 163 vi T B A H
- 13. Projecting supply and demand 170 Current and projected energy production and waste in Tuvalu 172 Conclusions 175 References and further reading 176 6 Remote Sensing Techniques for Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration Projects 178 S. Das and N. H. Ravindaranth Introduction 178 Remote sensing and biomass production 179 Remote sensing techniques 181 Feasibility of remote sensing techniques for CDM and bioenergy projects 194 Future directions 196 References and further reading 197 7 Case Studies 200 Introduction 200 7.1 International biotrade: Potential implications for the development of biomass for energy 201 Frank Rosillo-Calle 7.2 Building a modern biomass market: The case of Austria 207 Frank Rosillo-Calle 7.3 Biogas as a renewable technology option for small islands 210 Sarah L.Hemstock 7.4 Biodiesel from coconut and Jatropha 218 Jeremy Woods and Alex Estrin 7.5 The role of biomass in carbon storage and climate change 225 Peter Read Appendices Frank Rosillo-Calle, Peter de Groot and Sarah L. Hemstock I Glossary of Terms 233 II Most Commonly Used Biomass Symbols 246 III Energy Units: Basic Definitions 248 IV Some Conversion Figures of Wood, Fuelwood and Charcoal 251 V Measuring Heating Values and Moisture Contents of Biomass 253 VI Measuring Sugar and Ethanol Yields 258 VII Carbon Content of Fossil Fuels and Bioenergy Feedstocks 262 Index 263 C vii
- 14. List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1.1 Biofuel classification scheme 12 2.1 Agro-climatic suitablility and agronomical attainable yields 38 2.2 Biomass energy flow chart for Vanuatu 50 2.3 Diagrammatic breakdown of forestry production to show origin of residues 58 3.1 Example of destructive measurement (British woodland species) 80 3.2 Relationship between mass and age of trees in British woodlands 84 3.3 Height measurement and crown dimensions 90 4.1 The component fractions of sugar cane 130 5.1 Coconut oil mill 160 5.2 Primary energy consumption for Tuvalu, 2005 163 5.3 Final energy consumption by end use for Tuvalu, 2005 164 6.1 Flow of remote sensing information to biomass estimation 180 7.1 Harvested coconuts and shell 220 7.2 Bioenergy with carbon storage (BECS) – impacts on level of CO2 in the atmosphere 228 7.3 Bioenergy with CO2 release at time of land use change 229 VI.1 Sugar and ethanol production from sugar cane in Brazil 260 Tables 1.1 Scenarios of potential biomass contribution to global primary energy 3 1.2 Overview of the global potential bioenergy supply in the long term for a number of categories and the main preconditions and assumptions that determine these potentials 5 1.3 Energy potential from residues 7 1.4 Potential contribution of biomass energy from energy plantations by 2020 8 1.5 Traditional bioenergy consumption in selected countries 13 1.6 Potential savings from bioenergy through efficiency improvement, selected Asian developing countries 14
- 15. 1.7 World ethanol production, 2000–2004 15 1.8 Summary of the main characteristics of technologies under consideration 18 1.9 Role of biomass energy by major region in 2000 25 1.10 Energy scenarios – current and estimated energy consumption, 2001–2040 26 2.1 Crop residue production ratios 59 2.2 Dung production coefficients 60 2.3 Summary of biomass energy production and use in Vanuatu 61 2.4 Agricultural biomass energy production and use in Vanuatu 63 2.5 Livestock biomass energy production and use in Vanuatu 64 3.1 Summary of broadleaf woodland stocking from UK data 85 3.2 Summary of broadleaf woodland production estimates from UK data 88 3.3 Conversion factors per tonne of charcoal sold 98 3.4 Example of a constant trend-based projection: Hypothetical wood balance 101 3.5 Example of a stock and yield estimation method: Natural forest/plantation (hypothetical data) 103 3.6 Volume by diameter and height class 105 4.1 Various types of crop residues from different sites 112 4.2 Bagasse-based power plants in Mauritius up to the year 2000 136 4.3 Criteria for Austrian standard ÖNORM M 7135 139 5.1 Determinants of domestic energy consumption 148 5.2 Levels of analysis of biomass consumption 155 5.3 Fuel used for cooking in households in Vaitupu, Tuvalu 157 5.4 Fuel used for cooking in households in Funafuti, Tuvalu 157 5.5 Coconut oil production on Vaitupu 160 5.6 Biomass energy required for copra production on Vaitupu 161 5.7 Estimates of national woody biomass stocks and sustainability in Zimbabwe 171 5.8 Coconut pith fed to the pigs in Tuvalu 172 5.9 Coconuts used for human consumption in Tuvalu 173 5.10 Toddy production in Tuvalu 173 5.11 Coconut oil production in Tuvalu 173 5.12 Biomass energy required for copra production in Tuvalu 173 5.13 Wasted energy from coconuts 174 5.14 Wasted energy from pigs 174 5.15 Coconut production in Tuvalu 175 5.16 Theoretical production of coconut oil from unused coconuts in Tuvalu 175 6.1 Vegetation indices used in biomass estimation 185 6.2 Radar satellite systems for forest assessment 187 L F, T B ix
- 16. 6.3 Overview of high-resolution satellites 189 6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of forestry monitoring techniques 195 6.5 Forestry monitoring methods by forestry project type 196 7.1 Privately occupied households by island/region and number of livestock 211 7.2 Energy available for biogas digestion from pig waste in Tuvalu 212 7.3 Energy available for biogas digestion from pig waste in Vaitupu 213 7.4 Energy available for biogas digestion from pig waste in Funafuti 215 7.5 Associated costs for a 6 m3 digester 216 7.6 Calculating potential oil and energy recovery rates from coconut 221 IV.1 Conversion figures (air dry, 20 per cent moisture) 251 V.1 Energy content of biomass according to moisture content and use of higher versus lower heating values 255 V.2 Residue product, energy value and moisture content 256 VI.1 Energy balance of ethanol agro-industrial processes in São Paulo, Brazil 260 Boxes 3.1 A decision tree for a formal woodfuel survey 71 3.2 Multi-stage approach to woody biomass assessment 75 x T B A H
- 17. Editors’ Note The editors have made a substantial contribution to The Biomass Assessment Handbook. However, we recognize that since the idea of writing the handbook first started to take shape many people have contributed to it in different ways, directly or indirectly. We would like to acknowledge all of them but they are too many and the time elapsed too long. We have tried to name as many contribu- tors as our records allow, but inevitably some contributors might have been missed to whom we offer our sincere apologies.
- 18. Dedication to David Hall The editors dedicate this manual to the memory of Professor David Oakley Hall, a visionary who tirelessly championed biomass as a modern source of energy and as an agent for social development and environmental protection. David was an outstanding scientist whose research interests included the bioproductivity of natural grasslands, the production of energy and chemicals from immobilised cells and photosynthesis, earning him the respect of collabor- ators worldwide. Feeling that the importance of biomass as a modern source of energy and chemicals was seriously overlooked by policymakers in both the developed and the developing world, he took every opportunity to campaign to raise the profile of biomass as a key tool in tackling the major problems facing us today: poverty, the provision of food, energy and shelter for all, and the mitigation of environmental destruction and climate change. Although a greatly respected academic, David always strived to put theory and knowledge into the real world, encouraging and endorsing practical, multi- disciplinary biomass projects, often in remote locations, that could improve livelihoods and maintain the environment. David was well aware that the multitude of systems for measuring the vari- ous forms of biomass was a factor hindering the assessment of biomass resources and their comparison over time. This made it difficult to present a coherent picture to policy makers and planners of the essential role that biomass energy is now playing in the lives of half the population of the world, and crucial part that modern biomass energy could play in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, miti- gating climate change and creating employment. As one attempt to redress this problem, David helped coordinate the multiple inputs from numerous contribu- tors to the first incarnation of this manual. It is sobering to reflect that this was over twenty years ago, since when the problems that David was so acutely aware of have if anything got worse, although the fact that biomass is now more in the headlines would no doubt have raised a wry smile. David died on 22 August 1999 when he was only 63. His encyclopaedic knowledge, capacity to make things happen and his enthusiasm and energy are sorely missed. All the editors were fortunate enough to have worked with him and benefited from his wisdom, generosity and flare for life. We hope that this manual plays some small part in realising his dream of placing biomass at the heart of human development and environmental welfare. The Editors
- 19. Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the following institutions and individuals for their various contributions (financial or otherwise) to this handbook: AFREPREN*, Al Binger, Biomass Users Network*, Charles Wereko-Brobby, Commonwealth Science Council*, David Hall, FAO*, Gerald Leach, John Soussan, Keith Openshaw, Phil O’Keefe, The Rockefeller Foundation*, Taba Tietema, Woraphat Arthauyti, Gustavo Best, Miguel Trossero, Jonathan M. Scarlock, Alofa Tuvalu Foundation, Gilliane Le Gallic, Fanny Heros, and John Hensford. * Institutions which provided financial support of various kinds during the lifetime of this project.
- 20. Preface Just as the 20th century saw the rise of oil as a major fuel, the 21st century should be the forum for the emergence of a new mixture of energy carriers increasingly dominated by renewable energy sources and among these, leading the way, bioenergy. This publication therefore comes at a critical and timely moment. Traditional bioenergy in the form of fuelwood, charcoal and residues has been with humanity since the discovery of fire, but only in the past 100 years or so has it reappeared in a more advanced and modern version. Let us not forget that biomass gasifiers were used as fuel for vehicles for transport during war times in the 1920s and 1930s and that peanut oil was first used as a fuel in a car engine in 1893 by Rudolf Diesel. Even though bioenergy technological applications were being developed during those times, cheap and ample reserves of fossil fuels in the form of oil and natural gas came into the picture and for over 80 years pushed biofuels to the back seat of energy development. Things have moved on considerably since then and we are now in a new era where fossil fuels are seeing their last decades of supremacy, where environmental and climate change issues are high on the international agenda and where, for rather unfortunate reasons, energy security has come onto the scene as a major driver of change. These reasons alone would make bioenergy needed as never before. Yet, there are other even more compelling reasons calling for modern bioenergy: the 1.2 billion rural people in the world who are still energy poor and require more affordable, clean and sustainable energy. Bioenergy is a locally available energy source with the highest versatility among the renewable energies; that is to say, it can be made available in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. No other energy source can open such new opportunities for agricultural and forest development, additional jobs and enhanced rural infra- structure. It is not by chance that bioenergy development is gaining momentum in many countries, both developing and industrialized, south and north, east to west. In some ways this development seems to be going faster than the advance- ment of the frontier of knowledge which should guide decisions, set the environmental boundaries, ensure sustainability and assure that social equity accompanies this new field.
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- 22. CLUMBER. C LUMBER, the seat of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, is charmingly situated within about four miles from Worksop, and on the borders of Sherwood Forest. The drive from Worksop, up Sparkin Hill, and so along the highway for the forest, is lovely in the extreme, the road being well wooded on either side, and presenting glimpses of forest scenery that are peculiarly grateful to the eye. Leaving the main road to the left, and entering the grounds by the Lodge, a carriage drive of a mile or more in length through the well-wooded park leads to the mansion, which is at once elegant, picturesque, and “homely.” To it, however, we are only able to devote very brief attention. Clumber is of comparatively modern erection, having been first built in 1770, and received since then many important additions. It has, therefore, no history attached to it. The place was, till about that time, simply a wild tract of forest land, which the then noble duke who planned and carried out the works cleared and cultivated at an enormous outlay, forming the extensive lake at an expense of some £7,000, and erecting the mansion at a princely cost.
- 23. The main feature of the house is its west front, facing the lake: this we have engraved. Its centre is a colonnade, and this gives access to the entrance hall, the oldest portion of the house being a part of the shooting-box, to which magnificent additions have been made. Between the mansion and the lake are the Italian gardens, elegantly laid out in beds of the richest flowers, and well diversified with vases and statuary; in the centre is a fountain of large size (the bowl being nearly thirteen feet in diameter), of white marble and of Italian workmanship. Clumber, West Front. The family of Pelham, which, with that of Clinton, is represented by the Duke of Newcastle, is of considerable antiquity in the county of Hertford, deriving the name from the manor or lordship of Pelham, in that county, which, in the reign of Edward I., belonged to Walter de Pelham. He died in 1292, leaving two sons—William, who died without issue, and Walter, who was succeeded by his son, Thomas de Pelham. John de Pelham, the grandson of this latter, “was a person of great fame in the reign of King Edward III.; and in memory of his valiant acts, his figure, in armour, with the arms of
- 24. the family on his breast, was painted on glass in the Chapter-house at Canterbury, being (’tis probable) a benefactor to the cathedral, or was buried there.” At the battle of Poictiers he shared the glory of taking the French king prisoner with “Lord la Warr, and in memory of so signal an action, and the king’s surrendering his sword to them, Sir Roger la Warr, Lord la Warr, had the crampet or chape of his sword for a badge of that honour, and John de Pelham (afterwards knighted) had the buckle of a belt as a mark of the same honour, which was sometimes used by his descendants as a seal manual, and at others the said buckle on each side a cage, being an emblem of the captivity of the said King of France, and was therefore borne as a crest, as in those times was customary.” The “Pelham buckle” is still the badge of the family. Sir John married Joan, daughter of Vincent Herbert, or Finch, ancestor of the Earls of Winchelsea and Nottingham, and was succeeded by his son, John de Pelham, who was no less famous than his father for many great achievements and honourable exploits. He was Constable of Pevensey Castle, Treasurer to the King, Ambassador to the French King, and held many other important offices, and was knighted. Dying in 1428, Sir John was succeeded by his son, Sir John de Pelham, who also held many offices. He married twice: first, Joan, co-heiress of Sir John d’Escures; and, secondly, Joan de Courcy, by whom he had issue, with others, his son and successor, Sir John de Pelham, who married Alice, daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor, but died without male issue, when the estates passed to his brother, William de Pelham, who also died without issue, and was succeeded by his brother Thomas. Thomas Pelham was consecutively succeeded by his sons, John and Sir William, the latter of whom married, first, Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Carew; and, secondly, Mary, daughter of William, Lord Sands of the Vine, Lord Chamberlain to Henry VIII. By his first wife he had issue, with others, a son Nicholas, of whom hereafter; and by his second, with others, a son William, who became famous: from him descended the Pelhams of Brocklesby. Sir Nicholas Pelham married Anne Sackville, and, at his death in 1559, was succeeded by his son, Sir John Pelham, who married Judith, daughter of Oliver,
- 25. Lord St. John of Bletsoe, by whom he had a son, Oliver, who died young four years after his father. He was succeeded by Thomas, brother to Sir John, who was created a baronet in 1611. He married Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Walsingham, and was succeeded by his son, Sir Thomas Pelham, as second baronet, who married three times, and left issue by his first and third wives. The eldest of these was his successor, Sir John Pelham, Bart., who married the Lady Lucy, daughter of the Earl of Leicester, by whom he had a family of three sons and three daughters. He died in 1702-3, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Thomas Pelham, Bart., who, in 1706, was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Pelham of Laughton, in Sussex. Lord Pelham married, first, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Jones, Attorney-General, and, secondly, the Lady Grace Holles, youngest daughter of Gilbert, Earl of Clare, and sister of John Holles, fourth Earl of Clare, created Duke of Newcastle (who had married the Lady Margaret Cavendish, daughter and co-heiress of Henry Cavendish, second Duke of Newcastle), by whom he had issue two sons—Thomas and Henry—and five daughters. He died in 1711-12, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas, as second Baron Pelham. This peer was born in 1693, and by the will of his uncle, John Holles, Duke of Newcastle, “was made his heir, and authorised to bear the name and arms of Holles.” Besides many other important offices, he was made Steward, Keeper, and Warden of the Forest of Sherwood and the Park of Folewood, in the county of Nottingham, and in 1714 was promoted to the dignity of Earl of Clare and Viscount Haughton, with remainder, in default of male issue, to his brother, the Hon. Henry Pelham and his heirs male. In the following year he was created Marquis of Clare and Duke of Newcastle, with the like remainder, and was made a K.G. He married, in 1717, Lady Harriet Godolphin, co-heiress of Lord Godolphin, and granddaughter of John, Duke of Marlborough, but died without issue in 1768. His brother, Henry Pelham, who had married Lady Catherine Manners, daughter of the Duke of Rutland, having also died without surviving
- 26. male issue, the estates and the titles of Duke of Newcastle and Baron Pelham passed to Henry Clinton, ninth Earl of Lincoln, who had married Catherine, daughter of Henry Pelham, and whose mother was the Lady Lucy Pelham, the Earl assuming the name of Pelham in addition to that of Clinton. His grace had issue—Henry Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, who died during his father’s lifetime without male issue, and Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton, who succeeded to the titles and estates. Thomas Pelham-Clinton, third Duke of Newcastle, was born in 1752, and married the Lady Anna Maria Stanhope, daughter of the second Earl of Harrington, and by her had issue two sons and two daughters. He died in 1795, and was succeeded by his eldest son— Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, fourth Duke of Newcastle and eleventh Earl of Lincoln, who held many local appointments, and was a man of high attainments. He married, in 1807, Georgiana Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Miller Mundy, Esq., of Shipley Hall, Derbyshire, and by her had issue five daughters—viz. the Ladies Anna Maria, Georgiana, Charlotte, Caroline Augusta, and Henrietta— and six sons, viz. Henry Pelham, Earl of Lincoln (who succeeded him), and Lords Charles Pelham, Thomas Charles Pelham, William, Edward, and Robert Renebald. His grace died in 1864, and was succeeded by his eldest son— Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, as fifth duke. This nobleman was born in 1811, and, as Earl of Lincoln, represented South Nottinghamshire and the Falkirk burghs in Parliament. His grace, who was a man of the highest integrity, was the confidential friend of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales (who visited Clumber in 1861), was successively Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Chief Secretary for Ireland, Secretary of State for the Colonies, and Secretary of State for War. He married, in 1832, the Lady Susan Harriet Catherine, daughter of the tenth Duke of Hamilton (which marriage was dissolved in 1850, the Duchess in 1860 being married to M. Opdebeck, of Brussels), and by her had issue three sons and one daughter. These were—the present duke (of whom directly); Lord Edward William Pelham-Clinton, born in 1836, married to Matilda,
- 27. daughter of Sir W. E. Cradock-Hartopp, Bart.; Lord Arthur Pelham- Clinton, M.P., born 1840, who died in 1870; Lord Albert Sydney Pelham-Clinton, born in 1845, and married to Frances Evelyn, widow of Captain E. Stotherd; and the late Lady Susan Charlotte Catherine Pelham-Clinton, born in 1839, married to Lord Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest, son of the third Marquis of Londonderry. The present head of this illustrious house, Henry Pelham Alexander Pelham-Clinton, sixth Duke of Newcastle, of Newcastle- under-Lyme, and thirteenth Earl of Lincoln, was born in 1834, and educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford. He sat, when Earl of Lincoln, for Newark, and was attached to Lord Grenville’s mission to Russia in 1856. In 1861 his grace married Henrietta Adela, only daughter of the late Henry Thomas Hope, Esq., of Deepdene, Surrey, and Castle Blaney, county Monaghan (by his wife, the Hon. Gertrude Elphinstone, daughter of the fourteenth Lord Elphinstone), by whom he has issue living—Henry Pelham Archibald Douglas, Earl of Lincoln, born in 1864; Lord Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton, born in 1866; the Lady Beatrice Adeline Pelham-Clinton, born in 1862; and the Lady Emily Augusta Mary Pelham-Clinton, born in 1863. The arms of the Duke of Newcastle are—quarterly, first and fourth argent, six cross-crosslets, three, two, and one, sable, on a chief, azure, two mullets pierced, or, for Clinton; second and third, the two coats of Pelham, quarterly, viz. first and fourth azure, three pelicans vulning themselves, argent, second and third gules, two pieces of belts with buckles erect, in pale, the buckles upwards, argent (being an augmentation in commemoration of the part Sir William Pelham took in the capture of the French king at the battle of Poictiers). Crests—first, out of a ducal coronet, gules, a plume of five ostrich feathers, argent, banded azure, for Clinton; second, a peacock in pride, proper, for Pelham. Supporters—two greyhounds, argent, plain collared and lined, gules. His grace is patron of ten livings—viz. Worksop, Shireoaks, Cromwell, Elksley, Bothansall, Brinsley, Markham Clinton, East Markham, Kirton, and Mapplebeck.
- 28. It will not be necessary to describe minutely any of the apartments of this “Home” of the Newcastles—Clumber. The house has been said, very absurdly, to be “a second Chatsworth,” and that “it embraces magnificence and comfort more than any other nobleman’s mansion in England;” but it is not so. It is a noble mansion, some of its rooms being characterized by great elegance and beauty, and by pureness of taste, while others are of a more mediocre character. To some of the apartments and their contents we proceed to direct attention. The Entrance Hall, with an arcade supporting its ceiling, contains, among other works of Art, a semi-colossal statue of Napoleon, which has usually been ascribed to Canova, but has also, with reason, been stated to be Franzoni’s reproduction of Chaudet’s great work: it was purchased at Carrara, in 1823, by the then Duke of Newcastle. In the same hall, besides others, are Bailey’s statue of the poet Thomson, a fine figure of Paris, and busts of the Duke of Newcastle by Nollekens, Sir Robert Peel, Cromwell, Verschaffer’s Triton and Dolphins, &c. The Library, perhaps the finest apartment in the mansion, is a noble room, of large size and lofty proportions, and fitted in a style of great magnificence. The geometric ceiling is richly decorated, and around the upper part of the room is a light and elegant gallery. Besides the choice collections of rare old books, and those of more modern times, which are arranged round the walls of the Library and the Reading-room (to which access is gained by a lofty arch springing from pilasters of the composite order), they contain Sir R. Westmacott’s noble statue of Euphrosyne, Bailey’s Thetis and Achilles, many good bronzes, and an assemblage of objects of virtu. From the windows of these rooms fine views of the Grounds, the Park, and the Lake are obtained. The State Dining-room, an elegant apartment, has a richly decorated geometric ceiling and a recessed buffet, the recess being formed by well-proportioned Corinthian columns. The rich cornice, the gilt festoons that adorn the walls, the mirrors between the windows, the antique Venetian crystal-glass chandelier and side
- 29. lights, and the silver-gilt service on the buffets give a sumptuous air to the room, while the four magnificent Snyders, and the other fine old paintings which adorn the walls, add materially to its beauty. The principal Drawing-room, hung with satin damask, and the furniture of the most costly and elegant character, is a noble apartment, and contains, besides Lawrence’s portraits of the fourth Duke of Newcastle and his duchess, good examples of the Carracci, Vandyke, Castiglione, and others; while in the Crimson Drawing- room are pictures by Rembrandt, Rubens, Poussin, Guido Reni, and Canaletti. The Grand Staircase, with its iron-work railing, originally described as being “curiously wrought and gilt in the shape of crowns, with tassels hanging down between them from cords twisted in knots and festoons,” has stained-glass windows, and is enriched with a number of portraits and other paintings. Among the portraits are Pitt, Thomson, Scott, Southey, Campbell, King George II., Queen Caroline, Prince Rupert, Dante, Cowley, and Hatton; and among the other paintings are examples of Snyders, Westall, Van Oss, Andrea Sacchi, Lely, Shackleton, Diepenbeck, and others. The other apartments—the Breakfast-room, Billiard-room, Smoking-rooms, Ante-rooms, and what not—as well as the bed- room suites, are mostly elegant in their fittings, convenient in their appointments, and replete with choice works of Art. We, however, pass them over, simply remarking that among these Art treasures are striking examples of Gainsborough (the “Beggar Boys”), Gerard Douw, Poussin, Borgognone, Neefs, Van der Meulin, Carlo Dolce (the “Marriage of St. Catherine”), Vandyke, Titian, Rembrandt, Breughel, Ruysdael, Teniers, Lely, Rubens (his wife), Andrea del Sarto, Salvator Rosa, Claude Lorraine, Wouvermans, Hogarth (portraits of himself and wife), Reynolds, Jansen, Holbein, Van Loo, Creswick, Dahl, Domenichino, Dobson, Rigaud, Cranach, Kneller, and others. Many of these are gems of Art of a high order of excellence.
- 30. At Clumber, too, are preserved four highly interesting Roman sepulchral altars, which were thus described by the Rev. Archdeacon Trollope, with the accompanying engravings:[53]—“No. 1 bears the following inscription on the two small front panels: m. caedici . favsti . negotiator . de . sacra . via . caedicia . syntyche . conliberta—one that is interesting as bearing reference to a tradesman of the celebrated Via Sacra at Rome. The birds pecking at a basket of fruit between them would seem to claim a Christian origin for this work of Art, had not the ox’s head and pendent sacrificial garland in addition to the heads at the angles—apparently of Jupiter Ammon—pointed to heathenism; the garland intermixed with birds, below the inscription, is both rich and graceful. No. 2 rises from an enriched plinth, bearing, first, on the pediment of its coped lid, the inscription: d. m. m. ivni . ivniani, and, on a panel below, d. m. antonia . tarentina . conivgi . bene . merenti . fecit, forming a short but affectionate epitaph from a wife to a husband, worthy in these respects of modern imitation. Four masks are placed at the corners of the lid, and on another part of the lid appears a boar, for which animal Tarentum was famous. The figures sculptured in front perhaps represent one of the funereal games. No. 3 is a well-designed coped urn, both its form and details having received much careful attention. Within a long panel, surrounded by an enriched moulding, is the inscription, ti . ivlio . felici . manneia . trepteetti . ivlivs . philonicvs . heredes . fecervnt. No. 4 is a longer and lower urn than the others, having two small panels prepared for inscriptions, which never appear to have been filled up.
- 31. Small fanciful pillars, or candelabra, surmounted by birds, form the angles of the urn, from which depend rich garlands of fruit.” Adjoining the mansion, but apart from it, is the unfinished Chapel —a design of much elegance, the work of Messrs. Hine, of Nottingham—which forms a prominent and pleasing feature from the grounds and lake. It consists of a nave and chancel, with chancel- screen and semicircular apse, and has on its north side an organ loft, and on its south a sacristy; and it has an elegant bell-turret and spire. The Pleasure-grounds of Clumber are very extensive, and laid out with much taste. The terrace, which runs along by the lake, is of
- 32. vast length, and is beautifully diversified with statuary, vases, lovely beds of flowers, and shrubs and trees; from it flights of steps lead down to the lake, and other steps give access to the Italian Gardens. A great feature of the grounds is the enormous size and singular growth of the cedars: some of these are said to be unsurpassed in England both for their girth and for their magnificently picturesque and venerable appearance. Some of the conifers, too, are of extraordinary size and beauty. The Kitchen Gardens are extensive and well arranged, and the Park well stocked. The Lake is one of the glories of Clumber. It is a splendid sheet of water, covering some eighty or ninety acres of ground, and beautifully diversified on its banks with woods of tall forest trees and rich verdant glades. On the bosom of the Lake rest two ships—one a fine three-master, forming a striking feature in the view. The neighbourhood of Clumber is rich in places of interest and in lovely localities;[54] and its near proximity to Sherwood Forest— indeed, it is itself a part of that forest reclaimed—to Thoresby, to Hardwick Wood, to Welbeck, to Osberton, to Worksop and its manor, to Bilhagh, to Rufford, and to a score of other inviting localities, renders it one of the pleasantest, most desirable, and most enjoyable of “Homes.”
- 33. WELBECK. W ELBECK, which we have chosen as the subject of our present chapter, has a history, a character, an appearance, and an interest that are entirely and peculiarly its own. In its external character it differs very materially in many points from any other mansion yet built; while its internal arrangements and means of access from one part to another are so original, and so entirely distinct from what has anywhere else been adopted, as at once to prove its noble owner, his Grace the Duke of Portland, by whom it has been planned, and is being carried out, to be a man of enlarged mind, of princely ideas, of noble conceptions, of high engineering skill, and of great constructive ability. It is a place, as we have said, entirely to itself, by itself, and of itself; it is a place many of whose features, both in general plan and in minute detail, might with advantage be taken as examples for others to follow. Vying in extent with some of the largest mansions of the kingdom, Welbeck cannot, like them, be all seen on the surface, for many of its noblest and grandest features, and much of the finest and most complicated parts of its constructive skill, are hidden away from the general observer, and only flash upon him as brilliant
- 34. creations of genius when he is permitted to approach them by descending into the “bowels of the earth;” then, and then only, does the magnificence of the design of the noble owner become apparent, and then only does the vastness of the work become manifest. But of these features we shall speak presently; first let us say a few words upon its past history and the changes it has undergone. Welbeck, West Front and Oxford Wing. Welbeck, with its broad domain, is situated in Nottinghamshire, about four miles from Worksop, and close to the borders of the county of Derby. Its parks are one grand succession of fine old forest trees, and its herds of deer—for it has its herd of white deer, its herd of fallow deer, and its separate herds of red and other deer—are of great extent and of fine and noble quality. Before the Conquest Welbeck was held by the Saxon Sweyn, but afterwards it passed to the Flemangs as part of the manor of Cuckney. By Thomas de Cuckney (grandson of Joceus de Flemang) the Abbey was founded, and here, in the reign of Henry II., he planted a settlement of
- 35. Præemonstratensian or White Canons from Newhouse, in Lincolnshire, the first house in which they were established in England. The Abbey was dedicated to St. James, and endowed with grants of lands. These were from time to time considerably augmented, and “in 1329 the Bishop of Ely bought the whole of the manor of Cuckney, and settled it upon the Abbey on condition of their finding eight canons who should enjoy the good things and pray for Edward the Third and his queen, their children and ancestors, &c.; also for the bishop’s father and mother, brother, &c.; ‘but especially for the health of the said lord bishop whilst he lived, and after his death for his soul, and for all theirs that had faithfully served him or done him any good;’ to which was added this extraordinary injunction, that they should observe his anniversary, and on their days of commemorating the dead ‘should absolve his soul by name;’ a process whose frequent repetition might naturally be considered as needless, unless the pious bishop supposed that he might perhaps commit a few additional sins whilst in purgatory.” In 1512, it is stated, the Abbey at Welbeck was made the head of the order. At the dissolution it was granted to Richard Whalley, and later on, after other changes, passed to Sir Charles Cavendish, of whom we shall speak presently. By him the Abbey was converted into a noble mansion, but little of the original religious house being left standing, and these parts only used as cellars, or here and there a wall, for the new building. The present mansion is said to have been commenced in 1604, and was afterwards much altered and enlarged, the riding-house being built in 1623, and the stables two years afterwards, from the designs of John Smithson. By the late Duke of Portland many alterations in the mansion were effected, and the grounds were also much improved. We have just alluded to Sir Charles Cavendish, and this leads us on to the consideration of the descent of the estates from his time down to that of the present noble owner, and enables us to give, as is our wont, a genealogical account of the great and important families to whom Welbeck has belonged. The family of Cavendish, as already more fully detailed in our account of Chatsworth, traces back
- 36. to the Conquest, when Robert de Gernon, who came over with the Conqueror, so distinguished himself in arms that he was rewarded with grants of land in Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire, &c. His descendants held considerable lands in Derbyshire, and Sir William Gernon obtained a grant of a fair at Bakewell, in that county. He had two sons—Sir Ralph de Gernon, Lord of Bakewell, and Geoffrey de Gernon, of Moor Hall, near Bakewell. From the second of these, Geoffrey de Gernon, the Cavendishes descend. His son, Roger de Gernon (who died in 1334), married the heiress of John Potton, or Potkins, lord of the manor of Cavendish, in Suffolk, and by her had issue four sons, who all assumed the name of Cavendish from their mother’s manor. These were—Sir John Cavendish, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench in the time of Edward III., and Chancellor of Cambridge, 4th of Richard II., who was beheaded by the insurgents of Suffolk in that reign; Roger Cavendish, from whom descended the celebrated navigator, Sir Thomas Cavendish; Stephen Cavendish, Lord Mayor, member of Parliament, and Sheriff of London; and Richard Cavendish. Sir John married Alice, daughter of Sir John Odyngseles, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, who brought to her husband the manor of Cavendish-Overhall, and by her, who died before him, had issue two sons—Andrew and John—and a daughter, Alice, married to William Nell. Sir Andrew Cavendish, the eldest son, was Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. By his wife, Rose, he left issue one son, William, from whom the estate passed to his cousin. Sir Andrew was succeeded by his brother, Sir John Cavendish, Esquire of the Body to Richard II. and Henry V., who, for his gallant conduct in killing Wat Tyler, in his conflict with Sir William Walworth, was knighted by Richard II. in Smithfield, and an annuity of £40 per annum granted to him and his sons for ever. He was also made Broiderer of the Wardrobe to the King. He married Joan, daughter of Sir William Clopton, of Clopton, in Suffolk, and by her had issue three sons—William, his successor; Robert, serjeant-at-law; and Walter. William Cavendish, who was a citizen and mercer of London, and of Cavendish-Overhall, married Joan Staventon, by whom he had two sons—Thomas and William. This Thomas Cavendish, who was of Cavendish and Pollingford, in Suffolk, married Katharine
- 37. Arms of Cavendish. Scudamore, and left by her, as son and heir, Sir Thomas Cavendish, who, having studied the law, was employed by Thomas, Earl of Surrey, Treasurer of the King’s Exchequer. He was also Clerk of the Pipe in the Exchequer to Henry VIII. He married twice, and left, by his first wife, Alice, daughter and co-heiress of John Smith, of Podbroke Hall, besides other issue, three sons—George Cavendish, Sir William Cavendish, and Sir Thomas Cavendish. George Cavendish, the eldest of these three sons, was of Glemsford and Cavendish-Overhall, and is said to have been the author of “Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey,” although the authorship of that work has also been attributed to his brother, Sir William Cavendish. He received a liberal education, and was endowed by his father with considerable landed property in Suffolk. His character and learning seem to have recommended him to the special notice of Cardinal Wolsey, who “took him to be about his own person, as gentleman usher of his chamber, and placed a special confidence in him.” George Cavendish was succeeded by his son William, and ultimately the manor of Cavendish-Overhall passed to William Downes. Sir Thomas Cavendish was one of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and died unmarried. Sir William Cavendish, the second son of the first Sir Thomas, became the founder of the ducal House of Devonshire and of several other noble families. He was married three times: first, to a daughter of Edward Bostock, of Whatcross, in Cheshire; secondly, to a daughter of Sir Thomas Conyngsby, and widow of William Paris; and, thirdly, to Elizabeth, daughter of John Hardwick, of Hardwick, and widow of Robert Barley, of Barley, all in the county of Derby. He was “a man of learning and business,” and was much employed in important affairs by his sovereigns, filling the posts of Treasurer of the Chamber and Privy Councillor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Mary. At the suppression of the religious houses
- 38. Arms of Hardwick. under Henry VIII. he was “appointed one of the commissioners for visiting them, and afterwards was made one of the auditors of the Court of Augmentation,” which was instituted for the purpose of augmenting the revenues by the suppression of the monasteries. For his services he received three valuable manors in Hertfordshire, which, later on, he exchanged for lands in Derbyshire and other counties. He was also knighted by Henry VIII. By his first wife he had issue one son and two daughters who died young, and two other daughters, one of whom, Catherine, married Sir Thomas Brooke, son of Lord Cobham, and the other, Anne, married Sir Henry Baynton. By his second wife he had three daughters, who all died young, and she herself died in child-birth. By his third marriage with “Bess of Hardwick” he had a numerous family—viz. Henry Cavendish, of Tutbury, member of Parliament for Derbyshire, who married Grace, daughter of George, Earl of Shrewsbury, but died without lawful issue; Sir William Cavendish, created Earl of Devonshire, and direct ancestor of the Dukes of Devonshire; Sir Charles Cavendish, of Bolsover Castle and of Welbeck Abbey, ancestor of the Dukes of Newcastle, Portland, &c. (of whom presently); Frances, married to Sir Henry Pierrepoint, ancestor to the Dukes of Kingston; Elizabeth, married to Charles Stuart, Duke of Lennox (younger brother of Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James I.), the issue of which marriage was the sadly unfortunate Lady Arabella Stuart; and Mary, married to Gilbert, Earl of Shrewsbury. Of the Countess of Shrewsbury, “Bess of Hardwick,” mother of the founder of this house, it will now be well to say a few words. The family to which she belonged, and of which she eventually became heiress, that of Hardwick, of Hardwick was one of considerable antiquity in the county of Derby. One of the family, William Hardwick, married the heiress of Goushill, of Barlborough, and by her had two sons, the eldest of whom, Roger Hardwick,
- 39. married the daughter of Robert Barley, of Barley, and had issue by her, John, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Bakewell, of Bakewell. Their son, John Hardwick, married Elizabeth Pinchbeck, of Pinchbeck, and was succeeded by his son, John Hardwick, who espoused Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Leake, of Hasland, of the same family as the Leakes, Earls of Scarsdale. By this marriage John Hardwick, who died in 1527, had issue one son—John Hardwick— and four daughters—Mary, Elizabeth, Alice, and Jane. The son, John, who was only three years old at his father’s death, married Elizabeth, daughter of Philip Draycott, of Paynsley, but died without issue, leaving his four sisters his co-heiresses. Of these Elizabeth, afterwards Countess of Shrewsbury, inherited Hardwick and other estates. When very young—indeed, it is said when scarcely fourteen years of age—she married Robert Barley, of Barley (son of Arthur Barley, of Barley-by-Dronfield, in Derbyshire, by his wife, Elizabeth Chaworth), who died a few months after marriage, leaving his possessions to her and her heirs. By this short-lived marriage she had no issue, and, after remaining a widow for some twelve years or so, she married, as his third wife, Sir William Cavendish, by whom she had a numerous issue, as will be presently shown. To Sir William Cavendish this remarkable lady brought not only Hardwick and the other possessions of her own family, but also those of the Barleys, which she had acquired by her first marriage. Sir William died in 1557, and a few years later his widow married, as her third husband, Sir William St. Loe, or Santloe, Captain of the Guard to Queen Elizabeth, who settled the whole of his estates upon her and her heirs, and thus greatly added to her already immense possessions. By this marriage there was no issue, and, on the death of Sir William St. Loe, she was a third time left a widow. Soon afterwards she married, as his second wife (he being, of course, her fourth husband), George, sixth Earl of Shrewsbury, stipulating, however, that the Earl’s eldest daughter, the Lady Grace Talbot, should marry her eldest son, Sir Henry Cavendish, and that his second son, Gilbert Talbot (eventually Earl of Shrewsbury), should marry her youngest daughter, Mary Cavendish. These family nuptials were solemnised at Sheffield on the 9th of February, 1567-8, the younger of the two
- 40. couples being at the time only about fifteen and twelve years of age respectively. Autograph of the Countess of Shrewsbury. The events of the Countess of Shrewsbury’s life are so thoroughly mixed up with those of the stirring times of the kingdom at large, more especially during the period when the truly unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, was in the custody of the Earl and his countess, that it is unnecessary here to enter into them. By the Earl of Shrewsbury the Countess had no issue, and he dying in 1590, she, “Bess of Hardwick,” became, for the fourth time, a widow. “A change of conditions,” says Bishop Kennet, “that perhaps never fell to the lot of one woman, to be four times a creditable and happy wife; to rise by every husband into greater wealth and higher honours; to have a numerous issue by one husband only; to have all those children live, and all by her advice be creditably disposed of in her lifetime; and, after all, to live seventeen years a widow in absolute power and plenty.” The Countess, as we have before written, “besides being one of the most beautiful, accomplished, and captivating women of her day, was, without exception, the most energetic, business-like, and able of her sex. In architecture her conceptions were grand, while in all matters pertaining to the arts, and to the comforts and elegancies of life, she was unsurpassed. To the old hall of her fathers, where she was born and resided, she made vast additions, and she entirely planned and built three of the most gorgeous edifices of the time—Hardwick Hall, Chatsworth, and Oldcotes—the first two of which were transmitted entire to the first
- 41. Duke of Devonshire. The latter part of her long and busy life she occupied almost entirely in building, and it is marvellous what an amount of real work—hard figures and dry details—she got through; for it is a fact, abundantly evidenced by the original accounts remaining to this day, that not a penny was expended on her buildings, and not a detail added or taken away, without her special attention and personal supervision. Building was a passion with her, and she indulged it wisely and well, sparing neither time, nor trouble, nor outlay to secure everything being done in the most admirable manner. It is said, and it is so recorded by Walpole, that the Countess had once been told by a gipsy fortune-teller that she would never die so long as she continued building, and she so implicitly believed this that she never ceased planning and contriving and adding to her erections; and it is said that at last she died in a hard frost, which totally prevented the workmen from continuing their labours, and so caused an unavoidable suspension of her works. Surely the fortune-teller here was a “wise woman” in more senses than one, for it was wise and cunning in her to instil such a belief into the Countess’s mind, and thus insure a continuance of the works by which so many workmen and their families gained a livelihood, and by which later generations would also benefit. Besides Chatsworth, Hardwick, Oldcotes, and other places, the Countess founded and built the Devonshire Almshouses at Derby, and did many other good and noble works. She died, full of years and full of honours and riches, on the 23rd of February, 1607, and was buried in All Saints’ Church, Derby, under a stately tomb which she had erected during her lifetime, and on which a long Latin inscription is to be seen.” By her second husband, Sir William Cavendish, she alone had issue. These were, as already detailed, Sir Henry Cavendish, of Tutbury, who married the Lady Grace Talbot; Sir William Cavendish, created Earl of Devonshire, from whom the Dukes of Devonshire and other lines of peers are lineally descended; Sir Charles Cavendish, the founder of the noble House of Newcastle; Frances, married to Sir Henry Pierrepoint, ancestor of the Dukes of Kingston; Elizabeth,
- 42. married to Charles Stuart, Duke of Lennox, and mother of Lady Arabella Stuart; and Mary, married to Gilbert, Earl of Shrewsbury. It is with the third of these, Sir Charles Cavendish, that we have now to do. Sir Charles Cavendish married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Cuthbert, Lord Ogle, and Baroness Ogle in her own right. He left issue by his first wife, Margaret Kitson, three sons—Charles, who died an infant; William, created Duke of Newcastle; and Sir Charles, of Bolsover. Dying in 1617, the estates passed to the eldest surviving son, William Cavendish, who became one of the greatest men of the age. Sir William was successively created Baron Cavendish, of Bolsover, in the county of Derby, Baron Ogle, Viscount Mansfield, Earl of Newcastle, Earl of Ogle, Marquis of Newcastle, and Duke of Newcastle, was a Knight of the Garter, and held many very important appointments. He was a staunch Royalist, and suffered many losses and privations through his wise adherence to the royal cause. He fortified the town of Newcastle, the Castle of Bolsover, and other places, and did good service in overcoming the Parliamentarian forces at Gainsborough, Chesterfield, Bradford, and many other places. His grace built the greater part of Welbeck, including the famous riding-house, yet standing, and the stables. He was the most accomplished horseman of the time, and his name will ever remain known as the author of the finest, most learned, and most extensive work on horsemanship ever written. The original MS. of this marvellous treatise is carefully preserved at Welbeck Abbey, and copies of the work, especially the first French edition, with all the original plates, are of great rarity. He also wrote some volumes of poetry. The “Horsemanship” is particularly interesting to an historian of Welbeck, from the many plates in which views of the mansion as it then existed are given: to these we may again refer. The Duke was married twice. First, to Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of William Bassett, of Blore and Langley, Derbyshire, and widow of the Hon. Henry Howard, third son of the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire; and, secondly, to Margaret, daughter of Sir Charles
- 43. Lucas, and maid of honour to Queen Henrietta. By his first wife the Duke had issue ten children, six sons and four daughters, of whom five died young. Margaret (Lucas), Duchess of Newcastle. The surviving sons were Charles, who died during his father’s lifetime without issue, and Henry, who succeeded to the titles and estates; and the three surviving daughters were—Mary, married to Charles Cheney, of Chesham-Boys; Elizabeth, married to the Earl of Bridgewater; and Frances, married to Lord Bolingbroke. By his second wife, Margaret Lucas, the Duke had no issue; but to this lady, who was of rare accomplishments and virtues—“a very learned
- 44. lady and a philosopher”—the world is indebted for many valuable writings. Foremost among these is the admirable and interesting “Life” of her husband, the Duke of Newcastle, to which too much justice for its truthfulness, its precision of details, and its purity of affection cannot be done. It is a “book for all time,” and to it we refer our readers who may desire to peruse a worthy memoir of a worthy man. The Duchess died in 1673, and the Duke three years afterwards: they are buried under a magnificent monument in Westminster Abbey, where the following is one of the inscriptions: —“Here lyes the Loyall Duke of Newcastle and his Dutchess his second wife, by whom he had no issue: Her name was Margarett Lucas, youngest sister to the Lord Lucas, of Colchester; a noble familie, for all the brothers were valiant, and all the sisters virtuous. This Dutchess was a wise, wittie, and learned lady, which her many books do well testifie; she was a most virtuous and a loveing and carefull wife, and was with her Lord all the time of his banishment and miseries, and when he came home never parted from him in his solitary retirements.” Henry, second Duke, Marquis, and Earl of Newcastle, Earl and Baron of Ogle, Viscount Mansfield, Baron Cavendish of Bolsover, and Baron Bothal and Hepple, and a Knight of the Garter, succeeded his father, the first duke. He married Frances Pierrepoint, of Thoresby, granddaughter of the Earl of Kingston, by whom he had issue three sons (only one of whom lived) and five daughters. The son, Henry Cavendish, Viscount Mansfield, married a daughter of Percy, Duke of Northumberland, whose name he assumed, but died during his father’s lifetime without surviving issue. The daughters were— Elizabeth, married, first, to the Earl of Albemarle, and, secondly, to the Duke of Montague; Frances, married to the Earl of Bredalbane; Catherine, married to the Earl of Thanet; Arabella, married to the Earl of Sunderland; and Margaret, married to John Holles, Earl of Clare, afterwards Duke of Newcastle. The second duke died in 1671, and the titles, in default of male issue, then became extinct. By the marriage of the Lady Margaret Cavendish with John Holles, fourth Earl of Clare, Welbeck and other estates of the Duke
- 45. Arms of Holles. Arms of Bentinck. of Newcastle passed into his hands. In 1694 the Earl of Clare was created Duke of Newcastle. His grace died at Welbeck, through a fall from his horse, in 1711, and the title thus again became extinct. He left issue an only daughter, the Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles, who married Edward Harley, second Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, and thus conveyed the Welbeck and Bolsover estates to that nobleman. The issue of this marriage was an only daughter and heiress, the Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley, who married William Bentinck, Duke of Portland. and thus carried the Cavendish estates into that illustrious family. She died in 1785. William Bentinck, the first Earl of Portland, was a member of the illustrious family of Bentinck, of Holland, and came over on his first visit to England as page of honour to William, Prince of Orange (afterwards King William III.), and was ambassador to this country to arrange the marriage of that prince with our Princess Mary. On the accession of William III. William Bentinck was created Baron of Cirencester, Viscount Woodstock, and Earl of Portland, and had many important appointments conferred upon him. He married, first, Anne, daughter to Sir Edward Villiers and sister of the Earl of Jersey, by whom he had issue three sons (one of whom only survived and succeeded him) and five daughters—viz. the Lady Mary, married to the Earl of Essex, and afterwards to the Hon. Conyers D’Arcy; the Lady Anne Margaretta, married to M. Duyvenvorde, one of the principal nobles of Holland; the Lady Frances Wilhelmina, married to Lord Byron; the Lady Eleanora, who died unmarried; and the Lady Isabella, married to the Duke of Kingston. His lordship married, secondly, Jane, daughter of Sir John Temple, sister of Lord Palmerston, and widow
- 46. of John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, and by her had issue two sons and four daughters—viz. the Hon. William, who married the Countess of Aldenburgh; the Hon. Charles John, who married the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Cadogan; the Lady Sophia, married to Henry de Grey, Duke of Kent; the Lady Elizabeth, married to the Bishop of Hereford, brother to the second Duke of Bridgewater; the Lady Harriette, married to Viscount Limerick; and the Lady Barbara, married to Godolphin, Dean of St. Paul’s. The Earl died in 1735, and was succeeded by his son— Henry, second Earl of Portland, who married the Lady Elizabeth Noel, eldest daughter of the Earl of Gainsborough, by whom he received, with other accessions, the lordship of Tichfield and its manor-house. His lordship, who was advanced to the dignities of Marquis of Tichfield and Duke of Portland, and held many important appointments, had issue three sons and seven daughters, whereof two sons and three daughters survived him. These were—William second Duke of Portland; Lord George Bentinck, aide-de-camp to King George II.; the Lady Anne, married to Lieutenant-colonel Paul; the Lady Anne Isabella, married to Henry Monk, Esq.; and the Lady Emilia Catherine, married to Jacob Arrant Van Wassenar, a noble of Holland. William, second Duke of Portland, was born in 1709, and married, in 1734, the Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley, daughter and sole heiress of the Earl of Oxford by his countess, daughter and sole heiress of John Holles, Duke of Newcastle, who thus brought the estates of Welbeck, &c., to the Bentinck family. By this union his grace had issue three sons and three daughters. These were—the Lady Elizabeth Cavendish Bentinck, married to the Marquis of Thomond; Lady Henrietta Cavendish Bentinck, married to the Earl of Stamford; William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, Marquis of Tichfield (his successor), of whom presently; Lady Margaret Cavendish Bentinck and Lady Frances Cavendish Bentinck, who died young; and Lord Edward Charles Cavendish Bentinck, who married Elizabeth Cumberland, and had numerous issue. The Duke died in 1762, and was succeeded in his titles and estates by his eldest son—
- 47. William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, as third Duke of Portland. This nobleman, who was born in 1738, married, in 1766, the Lady Dorothy Cavendish, only daughter of William, fourth Duke of Devonshire, and by her had issue four sons and two daughters. These were—William Henry, Marquis of Tichfield (his successor); General Lord William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, Governor-General of India, who married a daughter of the Earl of Gosford; Lady Charlotte Bentinck, married to Charles Greville, Esq.; Lady Mary Bentinck; Lord William Charles Augustus Cavendish Bentinck, who married, first, Miss G. A. F. Seymour, and, secondly, Anne, daughter of the Marquis Wellesley, and divorced wife of Sir William Addy; and Major-General Lord Frederick Cavendish Bentinck, who married the Lady Mary Lowther, daughter of William, first Earl of Lonsdale of the second creation, and by her, with other issue, became father of the present Right Hon. George Augustus Frederick Cavendish Bentinck, M.P. for Whitehaven, and a member of the Administration. The noble Duke died in 1809, and was succeeded by his eldest son— William Henry, fourth Duke of Portland, who was born in 1768, married in 1795 Henrietta, eldest daughter and co-heiress of General John Scott, of Balconnie, county Fife, by whom he received a large accession of property. His grace, by royal sign manual, assumed the additional surname and arms of Scott, thus altering the family name to Scott-Bentinck. By this marriage his grace had issue four sons and four daughters. These were—William Henry Cavendish Scott- Bentinck, Marquis of Tichfield, who died unmarried during his father’s lifetime; the Lady Henrietta; William John, Marquis of Tichfield, who succeeded to the dukedom and estates; Major Lord William George Frederick Cavendish Scott-Bentinck (known as Lord George Bentinck), the eminent statesman and patriot, who died in 1848, to whom a fine Gothic memorial, somewhat after the manner of the “Martyrs’ Memorial,” has been erected by public subscription at Mansfield, from the design of Mr. T. C. Hine. It bears the following inscription:— “To the memory of Lord George Frederick Cavendish Bentinck, second surviving son of William Henry Cavendish-Scott, fourth Duke of Portland.
- 48. He died the 21st day of September, An. Dom. mdcccxlviii., in the forty- seventh year of his age. His ardent patriotism and uncompromising honesty were only equalled by the persevering zeal and extraordinary talents which called forth the grateful homage of those who, in erecting this memorial, pay a heartfelt tribute to exertions which prematurely brought to the grave one who might long have lived the pride of this his native county.” Lord Henry William Cavendish Scott-Bentinck; the Lady Charlotte, married to John Evelyn Denison, M.P.; the Lady Lucy, married to Lord Howard de Walden; and the Lady Mary. His grace, who was a fellow of the Royal Society, a trustee of the British Museum, and a man of high scientific attainments, died in 1854, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, the present noble head of this illustrious house. William John Cavendish Scott-Bentinck, the present peer, fifth Duke of Portland, Marquis of Tichfield, Earl of Portland, Viscount Woodstock, Baron of Cirencester, and a co-heir to the barony of Ogle, was born on the 17th of September, 1800, and represented the borough of Lynn in Parliament. In 1854 he succeeded his father in the titles and estates. The Duke, who is unmarried, is a trustee of the British Museum, and a deputy-lieutenant of the county of Nottingham. His grace, who is a man of the most refined taste in all matters of Art, an accomplished scholar, and of high attainments, is patron of thirteen livings—viz. Hendon, in Middlesex; Hucknall- Torkard, Sutton-cum-Lound, Cotham, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Gotham, and Sibthorpe, in Nottinghamshire; Bredon, in Worcestershire; Elsworth, in Cambridgeshire; Whitwell, Elmton, and Bolsover, in Derbyshire; and Bothal, in Northumberland. The arms of the Duke of Portland are—quarterly, 1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly 1 and 4, azure, a cross moline, argent (for Bentinck) 2 and 3, sable, three stags’ heads caboshed, argent, a crescent for difference (for Cavendish), 2nd and 3rd grand quarters, or, on a bend, azure, a mullet of six points between two crescents, or, within a bordure engrailed, gules (for Scott). Crests—1st, out of a marquis’s coronet, proper, two arms counter embowed, vested, gules, on the hands gloves, or, each holding an ostrich feather, or
- 49. Arms of the Duke of Portland. (for Bentinck); 2nd, a snake nowed, proper (for Cavendish). Supporters—two lions, double queued, the dexter one or, the sinister one sable. Motto—“Craignez honte.” The Duke of Portland’s seats are —Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire; Fullarton House, Troon, Ayrshire; Langwell, Goldspie, Caithness; Bothal Castle, Northumberland; Harcourt House, Cavendish Square; and Hyde Park Gardens. The heir-presumptive to the titles and estates of the Duke of Portland is his grace’s cousin, Major-general Arthur Cavendish Bentinck, youngest son of the late Lord William Charles Augustus Cavendish Bentinck, brother of the fourth duke. He was born in 1819, and married, first, in 1857, a daughter of Sir Vincent Whitshed, Bart., who died in 1858 (by whom he has a son, William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish Bentinck); and, secondly, in 1862, Augusta Mary Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. and Very Rev. Henry Montague Browne, Dean of Lismore, by whom he has also issue. The earliest views of the mansion of Welbeck are those which occur on the magnificent folio plates which accompany the Duke (at that time Marquis) of Newcastle’s splendid and matchless work on “Horsemanship”[55] in 1658. The plates are all splendidly engraved from Diepenbeck’s drawings, and are among the most valuable illustrations of the period left to us. One of these plates gives a general view of Welbeck (“La Maison de Welbeck appartenant à Monseigneur le Marquis de Newcastle, le quel est dans la Province de Nottingham”), showing an extensive building four stories in height, and partly enclosed with battlemented and other walls; the end having three gables, with a central doorway, and the side of three distinct lengths. The main building, that with the three gables, is four stories in height, with mullioned and transomed windows, hipped windows in the roof, and ornamental clustered chimney-
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