The contribution of muslim scholars in natural sciences
- 1. The Contribution of Muslim Scholars: Natural Sciences Ain Atiya Azmi binti Nazmi (1710222) Nur Hasanah binti Mohd Sohaimi (1710170) Norhannani Nadiah bt Mohd Zakir (1728356) Najwa Tariq (1727234)
- 2. What are Natural Sciences? ❖ A branch of science concerned with the description, prediction and understanding of natural phenomena. ❖ Only based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. ❖ Can be divided into: 1) Life science 2) Physical science 2
- 3. Al- Khawarizmi •Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khawarizmi. (780-850 CE) -his birthplace is Khwarizm, south of the Aral Sea. -One of the first Directors of the House of Wisdom in Bagdad 3
- 4. Founder of Algebra (Al-Jabr) The word "algebra" is derived from the Latinization of "al-jabr", part of the title of his most famous book, Ilm aljabr wa al-Muqabalah (the science of reunion and equations) He introduced the fundamental algebraic methods and techniques for solving equations for example x2 + 1Ox = 39 (polynomial and quadratic equations) 4
- 5. Algorithm (Arithmetic) He advocated the Hindu-Arabic numerical system. The Hindu numerals originally had 9 numerals (1-9) but he introduced the digit zero 0 He developed arithmetical procedures such as decimals and fractions. •He wrote many books on arithmetic, among them: Kitab al-Jam’a wa al- Tafriq bi al-Hisab al-Hind, which was translated to and preserved in Latin language (the Arabic version was lost) 5
- 6. Geography He revised and corrected Ptolemy's views He produced the first map of the known world in 830 CE. Author of Kitab Surat al-Ard,(The Face of the Earth) together with its maps He worked on measuring the volume and circumference of the earth 6
- 7. Geometry Made tables of trigonometric of functions of sines and cosines The first Muslim tables also containing tangents Invented the concept of differentiation 7
- 8. Mechanics Clocks Sundials (to determine prayer times) Astrolabes (to determine direction of qiblat) 8
- 9. Al-Razi ➢ Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al- Razi. Also known as Rhazes or Rasis. ➢ Born 854 CE in Ray, persia and died 932/925 CE in Ray, Persia ➢ Active in islamic golden era ➢ Interests in Medicine, Philosophy and Alchemy 9
- 10. Medicine ➔ He is considered the father of psychology and psychotherapy. ➔ Wrote about diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox. ➔ Compared the methods of treating meningitis to see if blood-letting could help. ➔ Compiling pharmacy texts and introduces the use of “mercurial ointments” 10 ➔ Wrote about Ethics of medicine. ➔ Wrote many books about medicine. ➔ The first produced acids.
- 11. Alchemy ➔ He believed in the possibility of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold. ➔ Developed several chemical instruments that remain in use to this day. ➔ His famous book on alchemy is secret of secret (sirr al-asrar) 11 ➔ Razi classified minerals into six division: 1. Four spirits (al-arwah) 2. Seven bodies (al-asjad) 3. Thirteen stones (al-ahjar) 4. Seven vitriols (al-zajat) 5. Seven barotes 6. Eleven salts (al-amlah)
- 12. Philosophy ➔ The metaphysical doctrine of Razi is derived from the theory of the five eternals. ➔ He wrote many books on philosophy ➔ God for him, does not create the world from nothing but rather arranges a universe out of pre-existing principle. ➔ Al-Razi saw ethics as a kind of psychological medicine. 12
- 13. Al-Biruni ➢ Abu Al-rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Biruni ➢ Born on 4th September, 973 CE in Uzbekistan and died on 9th December 1048 in Afghanistan ➢ Muslim astronomer, mathematician, physicist, historian, geographer and ethnographist ➢ Manage to become the most original polymath the Islamic world had ever known 13
- 14. Astronomy ❖ The first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena ❖ He observed and described the solar eclipse on 8 April 1019 and lunar eclipse on 17 September 1019 ❖ In 1031, he completed his extensive astronomical encyclopaedia Kitab Al- Qanun Al-Mas’udi, which recorded his astronomical findings and formulated tables ❖ Discovered the distance between the Earth and the Sun ❖ Invented a number of astronomical instruments such as odometer 14 ❖ He was able to mathematically determine the direction of Qibla from any place in the world and explained the calculation of prayer times according to the shadow cast by gnomon of a sundial
- 15. Geodesy and Geography ❖ Solved a complex geodesic equation in order to accurately compute the Earth’s circumference ❖ Developed a new method of using trigonometric calculations based on the angle between a plain and mountain top ❖ He was also regarded as the most skilled mapping cities and measuring the distances between them ❖ Developed techniques measuring the heights of mountains, depths of valleys and expanse of the horizon 15
- 16. Mineralogy ❖ Introduced the scientific method in Kitab Al-Jawahir(Book of Precious Stones) ❖ Described the existence of shells and fossils ❖ Described minerals such as stones and metals in depth ❖ He catalogued each mineral by its colour, odor, hardness, density and weight 16
- 17. Physics ❖ Described the earth’s gravitation as the attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth ❖ Discovered that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres ❖ The first to discover that the speed of light is faster than the speed of sound (2.9979x10^8m/s) 17
- 18. Al- Zahrawi 18 Al Zahrawi Father of Surgery Born in 936 A.D. in SPAIN He was a great surgeon and Invented many surgical appliances, never known before an instrument for internal examina-tion ofthe ear, urethra, and instrument for applying or removing foreign bodies from the throat
- 19. 19 He gave perfection to the surgical science and performed surgery of eye, ear and throat. He was an excellent dentist he could very successfully set an artificial tooth in He performed cauterization, removal ofstone from the bladder and dissection animals. He wrote famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called Al-Tasrif.
- 21. Kitab Al Tasrif El Zahrawi wrote a medical encyclopaedia spanning 30 volumes which included sections on surgery, medicine, orthopaedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition etc. This book was known as Al-Tasrif and contained data that El Zahrawi had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. ehad wide experience in treating accident victims and war casualties. He emphasised theimportance of a good doctor patient relationship and took great care to ensure the safety of his patients and win their trust social status. 21
- 22. 22 Al Zahrawi was the first to describe the so-called "Walcher position" in obstetrics; the first to depict dental arches, tongue depressors and lead catheters and the first to describe clearly the hereditary circumstances surrounding haemophilia. He also described ligaturing of blood vessels long before Ambroise Pare. Once Al Tasrif was translated into Latin in the 12th century, Alzahrawi had a tremendous influence on surgery in the West The French surgeon Guy de Chauliac in his Great com in about pleted 1363, quoted Al Tasrif over 20o times. Al Zahrawi was described by Pietro Argallata (died 1423) as "without doubt the chief ofall surgeons".
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