The cultural imperative, global trends in the 21st century, h1, h2 h3 om howest
Download as PPTX, PDF3 likes2,132 views
- Climate strongly influences culture by affecting factors like work ethic, social interaction norms, diet, and humor. Cold climates promote industriousness while warm climates engender more open socializing. - Religion profoundly shapes culture through impacts on conflicts, languages, writing systems, and societal norms. The major world religions all originated in core regions and diffused cultural features outward. - Both climate and religion establish deep-rooted, long-lasting effects on cultural worldviews, values, and behaviors that distinguish different human groups.
The cultural imperative, global trends in the 21st century, h1, h2 h3 om howest
- 1. HOWEST University Belgium Office management Dirk Laverge part 1
- 2. • 1 The roots and routes • 8 Pacific Rim of Culture • 9 China Phenomenon • 2 Culture and Climate • 10 Americanization vs • 3 Culture and Religion Asianization • 4 Cross-century • 11 Culture & Worldviews globalization • 5 Cultural spectacles • 12 Empires-past, • 6 Cultural black holes present & future • 7 Cognitive processes • Epilogue after 9.11
- 3. • incomplete version history • culture, genetics or cultural programming? • roots and routes
- 4. • Do we (Europeans) have a complete version of the history of mankind in mind? • Let’s check this? • What are the most important facts of our history?
- 5. • Generally people start talking about • Greece culture • Rome Empire (= benchmark) • Middle Ages • Etc… • But our history did not start 2,000 years ago but 500,000 • So we ignore 99,5% of history…. • -500 000 0 2011
- 6. • We know a little bit about the history of Europe and perhaps the US, but mostly nothing about: • History of Africa • History of Asia • History of South America • Aztecs, Mayas, Incas • History of Australia • Aboriginals • So our cultural awareness is …
- 7. • The most • populous • influential • technically advanced • country in history is…. • its culture dates back from 5,000 years (ours + 2,000)
- 8. - 1,000,000,000 social behaviour Prehumans - 50,000 Homo Sapiens cultural dvlpt. - 5,000 Regional divergence Indians Chinese Finns Celts Mediterraneans
- 12. • In a fast changing economy, where our village is the world culture is moving higher up the world agenda as a major challenge in business and politics… • So as a management assistant, you need to be aware of cultural differences, and how to deal with them.
- 13. • The roots of culture align themselves with the routes of culture. • diagram (page 8) • Africa -> Europe • Africa -> Asia -> America • historical ‘rendezvous’ 1492 Columbus • 4 basic roots of culture • geographic environment & climate • religion • language • historical happenings
- 14. • How many cultures now? • 200 different • How many languages? • 400 à 500 different • However: trend of globalization and standardization • of values • and modes of behavior
- 15. • collected wisdom • filtered and passed down • through hundreds of generations • as shared • core beliefs • values • assumptions • notions • persistent action patterns
- 16. • a collective programming • of the mind • that distinguishes • the members • of one human group • from another
- 18. genera- class tional gender profes- religious sional educa- ethnic tional regional corporate layers national of personal culture
- 20. • Culture is strongly influenced by • the geographic environment and climate • religion • language • historical happenings
- 23. East Side story Effects of climate
- 24. • Why did the dino’s disappear? • What caused the first humans to leave Africa? • Answer = climate • Climate is also the only factor we cannot change • religion: we have a choice • environment: can be changed (sustainability) • geography: Holland (delta werken)
- 25. • correlation between: • evolution of climate • evolution of the hominids • birthplace of humans = Africa • 2 500 000 years ago: drastic change in climate (cooling of the whole earth) left East Africa dry • upright stance • from vegetarian to meat-eating diet • brain enlarged
- 26. • Cold climate • Sweden, • Finland •… • Moderate • France •… • Hot climate • Brazil, • Saudi Arabia • ….
- 27. • Stereotype • We work • Mexicans, Africans and Arabs don’t • They lie in the shade of tropical trees… • This is of course not true, but still we can make a generalisation about work ethic: • low temperatures are conducive to vigorous physical activity • cold wether gets you on the move
- 28. • There is a direct effect of sunshine, heat and cold on the way people greet and talk to each other. • Northern Europe • meeting friends on street = brief interaction • a broad American smile at -20° in Helsinki makes your front teeth ache • this culture of outdoor succinctness carries over to indoor habits. • We observe this also in • USA: Maine, Montana, Wyoming …. • UK: Lancashire, Yorkshire • Murmansk • Japan’s Hokkaido
- 29. • Mediterranean countries • part of their lives = on the street, village square, waterfront, …. • conversation = art , social enjoyment • gossip • nasty connotations in Nordic ears • an essential component of the social structure in hot-weather cultures • Generalisation • European latins= open, smiling exterior appearances • cold Nordics = pinched faces • suspicious Germans or Brits
- 30. • eye contact • Latins and Arabs maintain almost constant eye contact • Nordics and Brits avoid prolonged eye contact • tactile behaviour • Latins, Arabs & Africans often touch each other while they talk • This friendly gesture is less easily attainable through thick Nordic furs or British duffle coats.
- 31. • Humor in the rain • constantly changing weather imparts a sense of humour • Mediterranean • Wit = jeu de mots, double entendres, aphorisms • British = a sense of humour born of disappointment • rained-oud cricket matches • postponede Wimbledon encounters • ruined garden parties • burst pipes in winter • foggy weddings
- 32. • Greek: paint boats with • Swiss, Finnish & light blue, turquoise, pink Swedish houses = inspiration from azuer • grey sky, blue-green sea, • reflecting cloudy sky pink sunsets • Portuguese: vivid orange, green and blue boats • Mexican shawls • Guatemalan rugs • Indonesian dancers • Bolivian ponchos • Tahitian tribal dress
- 33. • Mediterranean • local resources: fish, seafood, fruits, vegetables cooked in olive oil, and washed down with ….. • Nordic • eat more meat with thick sauces to combat the cold • Scots • porridge • whisky
- 38. • examples • perennial droughts of Somalia, Eritrea, parts of Ethiopia, … • permafrost northern Siberia • life-threatening cold Arctic regions • frequent catastrophic flooding India, Bangladesh. • Are these people decisive about seeking habitation elsewhere? • guess…. • climatological hardships seem to engender a fatalistic attitude
- 39. • what do Inuit & African Bushman have in common? • a London spring would be chilly for the Bushman • and hot for the Inuit • so they have a completely seperate experience of habits, foods, philosophies, ….. • Sicilians and Finns don’t have a lot to talk about…..
- 40. • climate affects culture • as heat increases, industriousness decreases • warm temperatures engender loquaciousness ( = ….) • cold conditions produce taciturnity ( = ….) • rainy weaher engenders • tolerance, • adaptation, • humor.
- 41. Islam, hinduism, judaism, jainism, sikhism buddhism, shinto, christianity, globalization of religion
- 42. • impact of religion on war • Israeli-Palestinian conflict • breakup of Yogoslavia • war in Chechnya • troubles in Ireland • september 11
- 43. • Hinduism • greatest number of adherents • Islam • fastest-growing religion • Buddhism • key to mental workings of more than a billion people in Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, ….)
- 44. • religion and writing • hieroglyph = sacred carving • religion could spread thanks to a prestige language and the success of a religion guaranteed fame to the language • patnerships • Jewish & …. • Islam & … • Buddhism & … • Christianity & …
- 45. • Kemal Ataturk modernized Turkey • replaced the Arabic script with the roman alphabet • replaced the Islamic calenderar with the Western one • abolished the fez • so he tolerated Islam as a religion, but banned it as a lifestyle.
- 46. • tribes had supernatural beliefs • if these were classified to form a code, they were transformed in to a religion
- 47. • The impact of religion on a nation’s culture depends to some extent on whether or not it is operating from a ‘core country’. • India is the core country for … • Israel for the … • Russia for the …. • Northern Europe for … • Southern Europe for .. • Islam = different • Mekka (Saoudi Arabia = few in number) • Indonesia = more relaxed form • bitter rivalry between Shiite and …. • So who can claim the Muslim world?
- 48. • 5 pillars • acknowledge the Oneness of God & his prophet Muhammad • pray …. times a day • give alms to the poor and to the mosque • fast during …. • make a pilgrimage to Mecca
- 49. • belief in Allah • extended family • respect for the elderly • conservatism • gender differentiation • hospitality • sincerity • morality • sense of honor • etc…
- 50. • separate church & • ….. state • individual = social unit • cold facts • fair but just • believe in organisations • equality men & woman • behave rationally • friends = good
- 51. • official channels : • use personal business relationships • negotiating: logical • emotional appeals conlusions • elderly are ignored • respect
- 52. • golden rule : observing their taboos • alchohol • pork • eating with one’s left hand • discussing female relatives • causing embarassement • mingling of sexes in public places • eldest male = head • woman are not seen socially • lamb = most popular meat (right hand!)
- 53. • securing business depends more on • establishing trust • than on price of quality !!! • in meetings, order of seeting is important • hard bargainers • if you do not bargain, they will be disappointed • when negotiating price, proceed slowly • emotional arguments > cold reasoning • nobody must lose face !!
- 54. • the spoken word has much more weight than written agreements • speak in a loud voice • they like to stand close, don’t shy away. • show you are interested in the person rather than his company. • praise their • country, • their arts • morality • integrity • dress & food • but not their women !
- 55. • Islam = Arab world • Arabs account for only 1/5th of the world’s Muslims. • so most muslims live outside the Arab world. • Indonesia, Pakistan & Bangladesh = 500 000 000 • Turkey = 70 000 000 • Hindu India = 100 000 000 Muslims. • Europe = 7 000 000
- 56. • the most ancient surviving religion on earth • tolerant religion • no founder, no hierarchy, no central authority • Veda = most ancient religious literature • Vegetarism • Veneration of cows • belief of transmigration of souls and karma • samsara = process of rebirth • dharma = hindu code of living
- 57. • if you fail, you can always blame bad karma • when making decisions, a Hindu wil look back for good precedents to follow (instead of pesonal choices). • Hindu rule of nonviolence • caste system must be borne in mind • women = underprivileged position
- 58. • Judaism • Jainism • Sikhism • Shinto
- 59. • 4 noble truths • all life is sorrow • sorrow is the result of unchecked desire • cessation of desire ends sorrow • one must follow the middle way • path is eigthfold • right understanding • right purpose • right speech • right action • right livelihood • right effort • seet the truth • conotemplation
- 60. • they conduct their lives in an unselfish manner • always display moderation • emphasize the sharing of mutual goals! • honesty in business • flexibility to change course
- 61. • 3 major branches • Roman Catholicism (southern Europe) • Eastern Orthodox (Easterne Europe, former Russia) • Protestantism (Northern Europe) • Protestantism • rising early • eating meals quickly • rushing to work • planning activities • waisting little time • being efficient & tidy • making money asap
- 62. • Brundtland: • ironie • globalization ties people together economically • but it also internationalizes problems • organized crime • drug trade • ethnic warfare • ecological pollution