OER and The Economies of Sale - MACS 2014
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The document discusses the role of Open Educational Resources (OER) in alleviating the financial burden of education, highlighting the rising costs of textbooks and their impact on students' ability to enroll in courses. It emphasizes the advantages of OER, such as cost savings, improved quality, and the need for better access and support for adoption, alongside various initiatives and business models in the OER landscape. Ultimately, the paper advocates for increased collaboration among stakeholders to enhance the usage of OER in education.
OER and The Economies of Sale - MACS 2014
- 1. The Economies of Sale The Emerging Market for OER MACS 2014 Fall Meeting Charles Key Open Doors Group October 13, 2014 www.opendoorsgroup.org
- 2. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/
- 3. Charles Key Open Doors Group Director of Adoptions, College Open Textbooks, and Grants [email protected] http://www.opendoorsgroup.org http://www.collegeopentextbooks.org
- 4. Open Doors Group (ODG) is a not-for-profit organization that seeks to Increase access to education by lowering barriers for all learners. We are active in a wide range of activities, including our major projects: • College Open Textbooks • Communities • MOOCs • ODG Consulting College Open Textbooks (COT) • Online ‘referatory’ of over 750 open and affordable textbooks, primarily for two-year college level courses • Active online community of over 1500 members • Twenty Communities of Practice organized around specific academic disciplines or interests. We advocate for the adoption of OER as well as Affordable CARR
- 5. The Point Is… • Higher ed is in a “cost crisis” • Digital technology has changed the equation for creating, storing, and communicating information • OER are an increasingly important part of the solution • Campus stores can thrive in this environment
- 6. The Rising Cost of Everything Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics
- 7. OMG! Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics
- 8. Student Loan Debt Soaring
- 9. Textbook Cost as a % of Tuition Average annual cost of books and supplies • Public college: ~$1200 http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/26/pf/college/college_tuition_cost • Public two-year college (in state): ~$3000 • Public four-year college (in state): ~$8500 http://www.studentpirgs.org/campaigns/sp/make-textbooks-affordable Average annual cost of tuition and fees https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/pay-for-college/college-costs/college-costs-faqs https://www.collegedata.com/cs/content/content_payarticle_tmpl.jhtml?articleId=10064
- 10. The Cost Disparity at 2-Year Colleges: Take 2 Community college in-state tuition: $46/unit Cost of two 4-unit courses: $368 Organic Chemistry by Janice Smith: $195 Study Guide & Solutions Manual: $126 Students tell College Open Textbooks: It’s not uncommon for the cost of textbooks to double the cost of tuition at the 2-year college level. Calsidyrose by Curiosities CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/calsidyrose/4686098399/in/photostream/
- 11. The Effect 60%+ do not purchase textbooks at some point due to cost 35% take fewer courses due to textbook cost 31% choose not to register for a course due to textbook cost 23% regularly go without textbooks due to cost 14% have dropped a course due to textbook cost 10% have withdrawn from a course due to textbook cost Source: 2012 student survey by Florida Virtual Campus www.projectkaleidoscope.org
- 12. There are no winners
- 13. The Response Entrepreneurs view market inefficiencies as opportunities. The convergence of the cost crisis, the digital revolution and new technologies is causing a fundamental shift in the way we view and provide education.
- 14. OER MOOCs Governmental Policy Ed Space Startups Open Data State-Wide Repositories
- 16. What are Open Educational Resources? “OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge." The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
- 17. The 5-R’s Framework David Wiley/Lumen Learning Nicole Allen/SPARC http://opencontent.org/definition/
- 18. There is an inherent cost to produce and maintain content. This is independent of whether the producer charges the consumer for its use.
- 19. 5 Reasons Why OER Aren’t Going Away 1.Savings 2.Improving Quality 3.Technology 4.Governmental Policy 5.Licensing Infrastructure
- 20. How Much Can Be Saved? Higher Ed Savings Estimates $116.60 (Tacoma Community College 2013) $107.34 (Student PIRGs 2010) $101.69 (Student PIRGs 2011) $95.95 (Student PIRGs 2013) $90.61 (Project Kaleidoscope 2013) Average Savings: $100/student/class https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YikQJFigkv_AMmOw0C_E6i53UQ8UbAuDxnsZrIzfiFU/edit http://www.studentpirgs.org/reports/cover-cover-solution http://www.studentpirgs.org/resources/cost-analysis-open-course-library http://www.studentpirgs.org/resources/updated-cost-analysis-open-course-library to be published
- 21. How Much Has Been Saved in Higher Ed? Total students served: 771,263 Total potential savings: $75M+ http://www.slideshare.net/txtbks/billion-dollar-keynote Students Served
- 22. The Quality Issue People intuitively feel that the more you pay for something, the higher its quality (“You get what you pay for”) There’s a growing body of evidence that learning outcomes are as good or better when using OER than when using traditional commercial materials.
- 23. Studies Suggest… CMU Open Learning Initiative A 2011 independent study of an OLI statistics course showed that OLI students performed as well or better than students in traditional instructor-led classes. South Florida College Students using OpenStax physics textbook saw scores on concept inventory tests rise 30% over scores from the previous five years. Houston Community College In 2011, 690 psychology students using a free, online textbook had improved learning outcomes in three areas. Scottsdale Community College A 2012 study found that math students in classes using OER had comparable overall grades and completion rates to students from previous, non-OER classes. http://oli.cmu.edu/get-to-know-oli/see-our-proven-results/ http://chaos.open.ac.uk/evidence/impact-of-openstax-textbook-on-physics-students-south-florida-college/ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657#.UxQEqONdVuI http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1523/2652
- 24. Curated Repositories Washington State Open Course Library Florida Orange Grove University of Minnesota Open Textbook Library BCcampus Collection OpenStax College California Digital Open Source Library
- 25. Technology Digital Storage Wideband Access and Delivery Channels Devices • E-readers • Tablets • Cell Phones Authoring Tools • OERCommons OpenAuthor • Connexions Authoring Platform • AcademicPub Textbook Creation Platform
- 26. How Technology Influences Cost For One 250 Page Book Cost to Copy • By hand: $1,000 • By print-on-demand: $4.90 • By computer: $0.00084 • Cost to Distribute • By mail: $5.20 • By print-on-demand: $0 • By internet: $0.00072 CC BY: David Wiley, BYU
- 27. Production of Quality Content is Within Anyone’s Reach Music Video Social Media Websites Magazines Books
- 28. Governmental Policy Summary of Current and Proposed Policy Initiatives Related to Open Education and Resources Source: Creative Commons OER Policy Registry 48 Total Initiatives http://wiki.creativecommons.org/OER_Policy_Registry
- 29. Licensing of Open Content GNU General Public License A free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. Creative Commons Licenses A set of six licenses for creative works. Lots of Others http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
- 30. Creative Commons Licenses http://www.slideshare.net/cgreen/keynote-ace-upcea-san-diego-sols14
- 32. The Epitome of Open Content The English version contains nearly 4.5M articles “Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries, a Nature investigation finds. ” Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, on Open Content: “…we’ve chosen the free licensing model because that empowers anybody to take our content and do anything they like with it…” http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html http://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Size_of_English_Wikipedia_in_August_2010_(L).svg
- 33. Business Models for OER The early model: No-cost content, pay for services and upgrades • Special formats • Printed matter Sustainability has been hard to come by • Flat World Knowledge, an early leader in professional-grade open textbooks, has retreated and is now Affordable CARR • Boundless offers some no-cost content, but most is low-cost The Wikipedia model hasn’t yet worked for OER
- 34. Business Models Prominent Models • Government/System Supported • For-Profit Publishers • College/Department • Individual Authors • Student Fees New work by new digital-only providers with low overhead • NACS reports that 77 cents of the textbook dollar goes to publisher overhead. The software industry has shown that consumers are willing to pay for packaging and convenience
- 35. There’s Money to be Made Selling Free Content The content is free, the packaging and support is not. http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RHAT/2991989334x0x657207/97DF4F83-606D-4AC5-9153-0B7B49C558CC/SEC-RHAT-1193125-13-173724.pdf
- 36. Opportunities For Stores Expertise Partnerships Print-On-Demand
- 37. So Many Options…
- 38. …So Little Information Surveys consistently show that educators who want to explore OER don’t know where to go • Wide range of sources, from individual authors to curated repositories • No easy way to locate them • OER producers lack the marketing budgets to get the information to consumers Many interested educators don’t understand licensing issues No database of adoptions data so that educators can find out what peers are using
- 39. Partnerships Will Be Key Authors/Publishers Libraries Faculty Information Providers Printers Students Administration Stores
- 40. Print-On-Demand 75-80% of students still want a printed copy, even when digital media is available Offers a tangible way to participate when OER is used Solves a persistent problem for retailers: inventory control Bonus: Interest in self-publishing is booming
- 41. One POD Option http://ondemandbooks.com/
- 42. Learn More About OER • Follow the links in this presentation • www.collegeopentextbooks.org • Monthly webinars at CCCOER http://oerconsortium.org/
- 43. College Open Textbooks Can Help • COT Referatory • Over 750 Open and Affordable CARR titles • The COT Community • http://collegeopentextbooks.ning.com/ • Adoption Resources & Information • Consulting • Adoption Strategies • Business Models
- 44. Contact Charles Key Open Doors Group Director of Adoptions, College Open Textbooks, and Grants [email protected] http://www.opendoorsgroup.org http://www.collegeopentextbooks.org