The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism

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 Submitted By:
NAME ID NO.
Aklima Akter 14122403
Joy Kumer Ghosh 14122404
Rakibul Hasan 14122439
Md. Mahmudur Rahman 14122460
Md. Fazlul Haque Khan 14122464
[ T Y P E T H E C O M P A N Y A D D R E S S ]
Date Of Submission:
August 14,2016.
JATIYA KABI KAZI NAZRUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY
Trishal ,Mymensingh
Shafiqual Islam
Assigned By:
Shafiqual Islam
Lecturer of Economics Department
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
Assignment On:The Importance of Student
Counselling to Prevent Terrorism
Public Finance: Eco-223

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Introduction:
Terrorism is not new and even though it has been used since the early times of
recorded history, it can be relatively hard to define terrorism.
Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a
holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination.
Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism
has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an
asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the
advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature
and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear
organization to defend against or to deter.
That is why pre-emption is being considered to be so important. In some cases, terrorism has
been a means to carry on a conflict without the adversary realizing the nature of the threat,
mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Because of these characteristics, terrorism has become
increasingly common among those pursuing extreme goals throughout the world. But despite its
popularity, terrorism can be a nebulous concept. Even within the U.S. Government, agencies
responsible for different functions in the ongoing fight against terrorism and extremism use
different definitions.
Types of Terrorism:
There are two types of terrorism.
Type1: There is domestic terrorism. Domestic terrorism includes acts of terror
which are committed by thosewho arelocated in and operate from the United
States. Moreover, the efforts of domestic terroristare solely aimed towards the
United States.
Type2: Internationalterrorism is a type of terrorismwhich includes acts of terror
committed by individuals affiliated with foreign countries. The efforts of
international terrorismis typically to further a political or social objective.

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History of Terrorism:
Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia.
Despite having a history longer than the modern nation-state, the use of terror by
governments and those that contest their power remains poorly understood. While
the meaning of the word terror itself is clear, when it is applied to acts and actors in
the real world it becomes confused. Part of this is due to the use of terror tactics by
actors at all levels in the social and political environment. Is the Unabomber, with
his solo campaign of terror, a criminal, terrorist, or revolutionary?
Can he be compared to the French revolutionary governments who coined the
word terrorism by instituting systematic state terror against the population of
France in the 1790s, killing thousands, Are either the same as revolutionary
terrorist groups such as the Baader-Mienhof Gang of West Germany or
the Weather Undergroundin the United States,
So we see that distinctions of size and political legitimacy of the actors using terror
raise questions as to what is and is not terrorism. The concept of moral equivalency
is frequently used as an argument to broaden and blur the definition of terrorism as
well. This concept argues that the outcome of an action is what matters, not the
intent. Collateral or unintended damage to civilians from an attack by
uniformed military forces on a legitimate military target is the same as a terrorist
bomb directed deliberately at the civilian target with the intent of creating that
damage.
Simply put, a car bomb on a city street and a jet fighter dropping a bomb on a tank
are both acts of violence that produce death and terror. Therefore (at the extreme
end of this argument) any military action is simply terrorism by a different name.
This is the reasoning behind the famous phrase "One man's terrorist is another
man's freedom fighter". It is also a legacy of legitimizing the use of terror by
successfulrevolutionary movements after the fact.
The very flexibility and adaptability of terror throughout the years has contributed
to the confusion. Those seeking to disrupt, reorder or destroy the status quo have
continuously sought new and creative ways to achieve their goals. Changes in the
tactics and techniques of terrorists have been significant, but even more significant
are the growth in the number of causes and social contexts where terrorism is
used.

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Over the past 20 years, terrorists have committed extremely violent acts for alleged
political or religious reasons. Political ideology ranges from the far left to the far
right. For example, the far left can consist of groups such as Marxists and Leninists
who propose a revolution of workers led by a revolutionary elite. On the far right,
we find dictatorships that typically believe in a merging of state and business
leadership.
Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a group of people or a
nation. Typically, nationalists share a common ethnic background and wish to
establish or regain a homeland.
Religious extremists often reject the authority of secular governments and view
legal systems that are not based on their religious beliefs as illegitimate. They often
view modernization efforts as corrupting influences on traditional culture.
Special interest groups include people on the radical fringe of many legitimate
causes; e.g., people who use terrorism and extremism to uphold antiabortion views,
animal rights, radical environmentalism. These groups believe that violence is
morally justifiable to achieve their goals.
Terrorismin the 20th and 21st Century:
 The Early 20th Century
The first half of the 20th century saw two events that influenced the nature
of conflict to the present day. The effects of two World Wars inflamed
passions and hopes of nationalists throughout the world, and severely
damaged the legitimacy of the international order and governments.
 Nationalismon the Rise
Nationalism intensified during the early 20th century throughout the world.
It became an especially powerful force in the subject peoples of various
colonial empires. Although dissent and resistance were common in many
colonial possessions, and sometimes resulted in openwarfare, nationalist
identities became a focal point for these actions.

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 Gradually, as nations became closely tied to concepts of race and ethnicity,
international political developments began to support such concepts.
Members of ethnic groups whose states had been absorbed by others or had
ceased to exist as separate nations saw opportunities to realize nationalist
ambitions. Several of these groups chose terror as a method to conduct their
struggle and make their situation known to world powers they hoped would
be sympathetic. In Europe, both the Irish and the Macedonians had existing
terrorist campaigns as part of their ongoing struggle for independence, but
had to initiate bloody uprisings to further their cause. The Irish were
partially successful, the Macedonians failed.
 Damaged Legitimacy:
The "total war" practices of all combatants of WWII provided further
justification for the "everybody does it" view of the use of terror and
violations of the law of war. The desensitization of people and communities
to violence that started in World War I accelerated during World War II. The
intensity of the conflict between starkly opposed ideologies led to excesses
on the part of all participants. New weapons and strategies that targeted the
enemies' civilian population to destroy their economic capacity for conflict
exposed virtually every civilian to the hazards of combatants. The major
powers' support of partisan and resistance organizations using terrorist
tactics was viewed as an acceptance of their legitimacy. It seemed that
civilians had become legitimate targets, despite any rules forbidding it.
 Cold War Developments:
The bi-polar world of the Cold War changed perception of conflicts the
world over. Relatively minor confrontations took on significance as arenas
where the superpowers could compete without risking escalation to full
nuclear war. Warfare between the East and the West took place on the
peripheries, and was limited in scope to prevent escalation. During the
immediate postwar period, terrorism was more of a tactical choice by leaders
of nationalist insurgencies and revolutions. Successful campaigns for
independence from colonial rule occurred throughout the world, and many
employed terrorism as a supporting tactic. When terrorism was used, it was
used within the framework of larger movements, and coordinated with
political, social, and military action. Even when terrorism came to dominate
the other aspects of a nationalist struggle, such as the Palestinian campaign

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against Israel, it was (and is) combined with other activities.
Throughout the cold war, the Soviet Union provided direct and indirect
assistance to revolutionary movements around the world. Many anti-colonial
movements found the revolutionary extremism of communism attractive.
Leaders of these "wars of national liberation" saw the advantage of free
weapons and training. They also realized that the assistance and patronage of
the Eastern Bloc meant increased international legitimacy. Many of these
organizations and individuals utilized terrorism in support of their political
and military objectives. The policy of the Soviet Union to support
revolutionary struggles everywhere, and to export revolution to non-
communist countries, provided extremists willing to employ violence and
terror as the means to realize their ambitions.
 The Internationalization of Terror:
The age of modern terrorism might be said to have begun in 1968 when
the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an El Al
airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. While hijackings of airliners had
occurred before, this was the first time that the nationality of the carrier
(Israeli) and its symbolic value was a specific operational aim. Also a first
was the deliberate use of the passengers as hostages for demands made
publicly against the Israeli government. The combination of these unique
events, added to the international scope of the operation, gained significant
media attention. The founder of PFLP, Dr. George Habash observed that the
level of coverage was tremendously greater than battles with Israeli soldiers
in their previous area of operations. "At least the world is talking about us
now."
Another aspect of this internationalization is the cooperation between
extremist organizations in conducting terrorist operations. Cooperative
training between Palestinian groups and European radicals started as early as
1970, and joint operations between the PFLP and the Japanese Red Army
(JRA) began in 1974. Since then international terrorist cooperation in
training, operations, and support has continued to grow, and continues to this
day. Motives range from the ideological, such as the 1980s alliance of the
Western European Marxist-oriented groups, to financial, as when the IRA
exported its expertise in bomb making as far afield as Colombia.

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Preventing Terrorism:
ChemicalSecurity:
 The manufacturing, use, storage, and distribution of chemicals must be
secured from threats including terrorism and accidents. Some chemical
facilities possess materials that could be stolen and used to make weapons. A
successful attack on certain high-risk facilities could cause a significant
number of deaths and injuries. The impacts of an accident or attack are far-
reaching and can occurin a variety of ways.
 Ensuring chemical security and resilience is critical to the well-being and
safety of our Nation. In addition to voluntary programs, the Federal
approach includes a regulatory framework for chemical substances spanning
multiple agencies and subject areas. From chemical lists managed by
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to chemical
watch lists managed by law enforcement agencies and site inspections by the
Department of Homeland Security, the current regulatory framework is both
comprehensive and complex.
 In August 2013, President Obama issued Executive Order (EO) 13650
Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security to improve chemical
facility safety in coordination with owners and operators. The subsequent
Chemical Facility Safety and Security Working Group (Working Group) –
co-chaired by the Department of Homeland Security, Environmental
Protection Agency, and Department of Labor – leads the effort to implement
the Executive Order and improve coordination and regulation of chemical
facilities across the various agencies and Federal, state, local, and first
respondercommunities.
NuclearSecurity:
DHS has made important strides in improving detection technologies,
strengthening international partnerships, and increasing the number of law
enforcement personnel trained in detection-related equipment. DHS also continues
to build upon its substantial expertise in nuclear forensics, the ability to trace
nuclear materials and weapons to their source.
 Radiation Portal Monitors:DHS has worked with U.S. Customs
and Border Protection (CBP) to deploy Radiation Portal Monitors and
other radiation detection technologies to seaports, land borderports,
and mail facilities around the world. Today, these systems scan 100
percent of all containerized cargo and personal vehicles arriving in the

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U.S. through land ports of entry, as well as over 99 percent of arriving
sea containers.
 Securing the Cities: DHS plans to expand the Securing the Cities
(STC)initiative, designed to enhance the nation’s ability to detect and
prevent a radiological or nuclear attack in the highest risk cities, to
include additional urban areas while continuing to supportefforts in
existing STC regions. Forexample, through STC, approximately
19,450 personnel in the New York City region have been trained in
preventive radiological and nuclear detection operations and more than
8,800 pieces of radiological detection equipment have been funded.
The program expanded to Los Angeles/Long Beach in 2012 and to the
National Capital Region in 2014.
Countering Violent Extremism
 States, as well as international terrorist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIL.
Violent extremist threats come from a range of groups and individuals,
including domestic terrorists and homegrown violent extremists in the
United Lone offenders or small groups may be radicalized to commit
violence at home or attempt to travel overseas to become foreign fighters.
The use of the Internet and social media to recruit and radicalize individuals
to violence means that conventional approaches are unlikely to identify and
disrupt all terrorist plots.
 Here in the United States, acts perpetrated by violent extremists can have
far-reaching consequences. Countering violent extremism (CVE) has
therefore become a key focus of DHS’s work to secure the homeland. CVE
aims to address the root causes of violent extremism by providing resources
to communities to build and sustain local prevention efforts and promote the
use of counter-narratives to confront violent extremist messaging
online. Building relationships based on trust with communities is essential
to this effort.

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 The Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime:
 (UNODC) has a specific role to play in these international efforts. For over
a decade, the Terrorism Prevention Branch has been the key United Nations
entity providing legal counter-terrorism technical assistance to Member
States. As mandated by the United Nations General Assembly, the Branch
works to assist Member States, upon request, with the ratification, legislative
incorporation and implementation of the universal legal framework against
terrorism.
 Within the United Nations system, UNODC possesses significant
comparative advantages for offering a comprehensive response to terrorism.
In particular, it combines a range of expertise in the related areas of crime
prevention and criminal justice, rule of law, drug control, transnational
organized crime, money-laundering, corruption and related international
cooperation in criminal matters with operational field-level capacity.
Terrorists in Bangladesh:
 Locals and foreigners in Dhaka formally grieved for the victims of the
Gulshan Attack one month after the incident. The local and international
reaction to the July 1 terror attack at Gulshan has been far more intensive
than the collective reaction to all the previous terror attacks in Bangladesh
since 1999; there had never been any such mass grieving for terrorism-
victims previously.
 Now, why was the Gulshan café attack so significant? Because, it was for
the first time, terrorists attacked the heart of the elite enclave and diplomatic
zone in Bangladesh, killing 17 foreigners and three well-to-do Bangladeshis.
Most importantly, rich, secular-educated urban terrorists killed the
foreigners exclusively because of their ethno-national and religious
identities; and the three Bangladeshis from well-to-do families for reasons
best known to them. At the end of the day, who the terrorists are matters, but
who the victims are, matters also.
 In the backdrop of fear, conspiracy theories, and singling out private
universities as “new madrasas”, Bangladeshi politicians, analysts, and
intellectuals are surprised, secular-educated, rich urban youths, not poor,
madrasa-educated students took part in the Gulshan attack. Their surprise

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reflects their lack of familiarity about Islamist terrorist outfits in the world,
overwhelmingly led and manned by upper class, Muslim technocrats. The
perception, that only devout mosque-attending Muslims, and madrasa-
educated people are Islamist terrorists is balderdash.
 Terrorist outfits like al Qaeda, Islamic State, HUJI, and JMB didn't emerge
out of mosques and madrasas. Only Afghan and Pakistani Taliban, and the
fierce Lashkar-e-Taiba in Pakistan are exceptions in this regard. The US-
sponsored “jihad” for Afghanistan, and the Pakistan-sponsored “jihad” for
Kashmir, and their promotion of Islamist extremism through mosques and
madrasas turned these places into the epicentres of Islamist terrorism.
Madrasas teach Islamic rituals, fatalism and next-worldliness; and demonise
democracy, modernism, secularism, women's liberation and equal rights; but
there's no evidence madrasas initiated their students into terrorism.
 Now, we need convincing answers to the question: Why have urban rich
kids, not poor students, swelled the ranks of ISIS in Bangladesh? The Prime
Minister's Information Advisor Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury candidly admitted
the government and experts had simply failed to understand the problem by
only finger pointing at mosques and madrasas as the promoters of terrorism
in Bangladesh. Author and computer science professor Zafar Iqbal has also
raised the same question. He has also narrated an episode in his column in a
Bengali daily (Kaler Kantha, July 28) about pro-Government students'
“extortion business” at his University. This episode being a microcosmic
representation of Bangladesh provides part of the answer to his question too.
 Bangladesh is virtually a safe haven for corrupt people. A section of
politicians, government servants, businessmen, industrialists, bankers,
professionals, labour/youth/student-leaders seem to be busy making money
right and left, through extortions, bribes, and plundering in the public and
private sectors. The growing youth bulge – more than 40 percent of the
population is in the18 to 39-year-old age group – and the widening gap
between the rich and poor, with massive 45 percent unemployment among
educated youths, Bangladesh has a potential of being a fertile breeding
ground for terrorism and anarchy. According to UNICEF, 7.4 million
children aged between five and 17 are working as domestic servants,
agricultural and factory labourers in Bangladesh. These statistics are very
discomforting.

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 Instead of addressing the problems of governance, poverty, and mass
alienation of people from society, the Government is trying to “reform”
Islam as a counterpoise to terrorism. Although there is no positive
correlation between terrorism and mosque-madrasa establishments, yet the
government has started preparing a standardised Khutba or Friday prayer
sermon through the Islamic Foundation for all mosques in Bangladesh to
prevent the spread of any terrorist ideas through unapproved sermons. The
Government has already spent Tk. 260 million on this project.
 Since terrorism is a political not an Islamic problem, promoting any “de-
contaminated” Islam would change nothing. We need to understand what the
terrorists want to reform, before trying to reform them. But first of all we
need transparent and accountable governance with equal opportunity for all.
Historically, poverty-stricken classes never staged any revolutionary or
terrorist movement anywhere in the world. The poor, marginalised, and
uninformed madrasa students in Bangladesh are too weak and disorganised
to spearhead any violent or revolutionary movement. This explains why
urban, rich, and secular-educated – not rural, poor, and madrasa-educated –
youths appear so far to be the main foot soldiers of Islamist terror in
Bangladesh.
 Meaning of Counselling:
Counselling is the service offered to the individual who is under going a
problem and needs professional help to overcome it. The problem keeps him
disturbed high strung and under tension and unless solved his development
is hampered or stunted. Counseling therefore is a more specialized service
requiring training in personality development and handling exceptional
groups of individuals.
 According to Willey and Andrew Counseling involves two individuals one
skeeking help and other a professionally trained person helped solved
problems to orient and direct him to words a goals. Which needs to his
maximum development and growth?
 Counseling services are there fore required for individuals having
developmental problems because of the handicap they suffer in any area of
emotional either becauseof hereditary factors or environment conditions.

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 Generally such cases are only about five to seven percent in a population and
therefore counseling is required only for such a small number. As compared
to guidance which is for percent of individuals. Counseling involves a lot of
time for the client to unfold the problem, gain an insight in to the complex
situation.
 Counseling techniques involve active listening, emphatic under standing
releasing the pent up feelings confronting the client and so on counseling
there fore is offered to only those individuals who are under serious problem
and need professional help to overcome it.
 Need of Counselling:
 Counselling is an integral part of an over-all programme of guidance.
“Counselling is a specific process of assistance extended by an expert in an
individual situation to a needy person”. This means the counseling situation
arises when a needy person is face to face with and expert who makes
available his assistance to the needy individual to fulfill his needs.
 There is an urgent need of introducing and strengthening the counseling
service in the schools and colleges of our country to meet the various needs
of the students administrational and the educational system.
 To help in the total development of the student:
 Along with the intellectual development proper motivation and clarification
of goals and ideas to pupils in conformity with their basic potentialities and
social tendencies are important total development of the student nauseates
that individual differences among them are expected, accepted, understood
and planned for and all types of experiences in an institution are to be so
organized as to contribute to the total development of the student.
 To help in the properchoices of courses
 To help in the properchoices of carvers
 To help in the students in vocational development
 To develop readiness for choices and changes to face new challenges.
 To minimize the mismatching between education and employment and help
in the efficient use of manpower.
 To motivate the youth for self employment.

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 To help freshers establish properidentity
 Guidance and counseling service is needed to help students deal effectively
with the normal developmental tasks of adolescence and face life situations
boldly.
 To identify and motivate the students form weaker sections of society.
 To help the students in their period of turmoil and confusion.
 To help in checking wastage and stagnation.
 To identity and help students in need of special help.
 There are such students as the gifted, the backward the handicapped who
need special opportunities. They need special attention and opportunities.
 To ensure the properutilization of time spent outside the classrooms.
 The manner in which student spend their non class hours clearly affects their
success in achieving both academic competence and personal development
of all types a positive direction to students should be provided by
influencing how they can use those non class hours.
 To help in talking problems arising out of students population explosion
 To check migration to prevent brain drain.
 To make up for the deficiencies of home.
 To minimize the incidence of indiscipline.
 Importance of Student Counselling:
 Many schools nowadays do not see the importance of counselling services. In
cases where schools have counselling services, it is not given priority and I do
believe this is a wrong move, if we are serious about improving the country’s
education system.
 Counselling is a very important ingredient in shaping students’ behaviour and
performance especially in schools. Students with various problems in schools
need to be listened to.
 Some school administrators and owners think matrons, wardens, senior
teachers and religious leaders can counsel these students whenever they go to
class for a lesson or meet in dormitories or on the compound. But little do they
know that these people do not have the counselling skills to do it well.

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 The qualities of a good counsellor include; empathy, strong sense of
judgment, listening skills, ability to follow up the counselled students and
above all, to give recommendations to the administration to solve some issues.
 A counsellor should also develop confidential relationships with students to
help them resolve and cope with problems and challenges. School counsellors
also serve a vital role in maximising students’ success according to Hapan
Gysbers and Kayson in their publication ‘Leadership Advocacy and
Collaboration.
 These authors also note that counsellors promote equity and access to rigorous
educational experiences for all students they also coordinate ongoing
systematic activities designed to help students establish personal and develop
future plans.
 Counsellors have a friendly and professional approach they give to the whole
process of helping the learners, because they give it time and keep following
up the students to assess the progress. They make appointments with various
problematic students referred to them by the teachers.
 In a school setting nowadays, there are many cases which need to be handled
by a trained counsellor. These include; psychological, family issues and above
all indiscipline cases; which, if not handled professionally, can lead students to
making wrong and uninformed decisions.
 Some students watch pornography which poisons their mind to an extent that
even when the teacher is in class, they just pretend to be studying, when their
mind is somewhere else.
 Every school must have a fully-fledged counselling section. Schools need to
invest in counselling as one way of improving the students’ welfare and
performance. It is a choice, which all school owners and administrators need to
embrac.

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 We’ve all seen them in TV shows and movies where kids are in school. They
used to be called “guidance counselors” and they were often portrayed as
overly nice people who invited out-of-control students to have awkward
conversations that they dreaded. In reality, the role of the school counselor is
much more subtle. Students can come to them voluntarily to seek advice. If a
student has a mandatory meeting with a counselor, the goal is to improve the
student’s situation for their own benefit, rather than correct it for the benefit of
the school.
 Depending on the level of education of the student, a school counselor’s
role may vary. However, it always covers a few broad categories. Counselors are
responsible for working with students who need help managing their behavior,
keeping up academically, or planning for the future. Counselors also work with
administrators, teachers, and parents to develop a comfortable, healthy school
environment free of bullying or illegal activities.
 The American School Counselor’s Association (ASCA) offers detailed literature
about the role of the school counselor. One of the major components of that role is
accountability. School counselors are responsible for analyzing data on their own
effectiveness and adjusting their techniques to maximize their value to students.
As a result, the role of the counselor is ever-changing and depends on a variety of
factors at work within the school.
 One of the most important recent changes to the school counselor’s role is dealing
with new forms of bullying, especially cyber bullying. Students of younger and
younger ages are using technology for communication and socializing and by
doing so are putting themselves at risk for a type of bullying that is difficult to
deal with for both student and counselor. A school counselor must be aware of
new social issues that constantly arise between students based on changing trends.
 If you’ve ever wanted to become a school counselor, you might find that the job
has changed between when you start studying and when you earn your master’s
and get placed at a school. Like many other professions, the field of school
counseling is constantly evolving and requires a comprehensive education before
work as well as a continuing education during the course of the work.
 A counselor is always there to offer advice to students at crucial turning points in
their lives. Whether these counselors work in elementary, middle, or high schools,
they are there for students who are going through a difficult time or just need
advice and support. A few words from a helpful counselor can profoundly impact
a student’s life by improving their outlook on school, family, and the future.
 So a school counselor isn’t just the awkward hippy trope you see in movies and
on TV. Counselors are real people with a real interest in helping students learn

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and grow. They help create an environment for students to find their path to a
successful adult life.
 Significance of Counselling at Secondary Level:
 The student life is getting complex day by day. Guidance and counselling is
needed to help the students for optimum achievement and adequate adjustment
in the varied life situations. Need analysis of the students in the schools shows
the need of guidance and counselling services, in the education, profession,
vocation, social, health, moral, personal and marital areas. It is a simple
enough to say that guidance is a function of secondary education. This
statement has been made over and over again.
 There is a strong tendency among personnel in secondary schools to break up
in to considerable array of interest groups principles, supervisors, class room
teachers and counselors all join organizations and associations to which they
manifest considerable interest.
 Counselling is a process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual
situation to needy person. According to Carl Rogers counselling is a series of
direct contact with the individual which aims to offer him assistance in
changing the attitudes and behaviour.
 Characteristics of Adolescence Adolescence is best defined in relation to
puberty . This is period which begins with puberty and ends with the several
cessation of physical growth, it emerges from the later childhood and merges
into adulthood. Adolescence is a critical period in the development of personal
identity
 A.T.Jersild observes Adol is that span of years during which boys and girls
move from childhood to adulthood mentally, emotionally, socially and
physically.
 Significance ofGuidance At SecondaryLevel:
 To help understand on going behavior interference theory provides a frame
of reference in terms of four ideas. The first is that people behave as they do
because of various attitudes, assumptions and beliefs, they have about
themselves from these assertions an individual makes decision about the
feasibility of various kinds of behaviour. The adequacy of his behaviour is
largely a function of the validity of this assertions. The second idea is that as
an individual initiates behaviour he observes its effects. This feed back to the

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individual can either confirm or disconfirm his assertions – The third idea is
that when assertions are disconfirmed, tent ions result which inhibit the
reappraisal of assertions. Fourth, because of the inflexibility and rigidity
resulting from tensions, the individual strives harder to confirm initial
assertions. Significance of counselling
 1. Decision marking construct:- The psychological problems of adolescents
can be seen as decision making problems.
 2. Conflict:- These decision making problems almost always involve some
conflict, either becauseof factour emotional ambiguities or both.
 3. Assertions:- Behaviour is a result at the assumptions, beliefs, and attitudes
that one his about himself , others and the world in which her lives.
 4. Disconfirmations:-The effects of behaviour following decisions are feed
back to the individual perceived and they confirm or disconfirm ascertain to
varying degrees.
 5. Tension:- When assertions are disconfirmed, tensions result.
 6. Redundancy:- Tensions inhibit the ability of an individual to reexamine his
assertions and attempt to confirm them and thus they cause redundant
behaviour.
Conclusion:
The general public tends to view counselling as a remedial function and
emphasizes immediate goals, such as problem solution , tension reduction and
the like .counselee may refer to the resolution of a particular conflict or
problem situation. Counselling in its spirit and essence is generative it aims at
assisting the individual to develop such that he becomes psychologically
mature and is capable at realizing his potentialities optimally. The Secondary
school counselling needs a meaningful, realistic, practical frame of reference
constituent with the short term nature at schoolcounselling.

18
SL. Contents Page
1. Abstract
2. Objectives
3. Introduction
4. Types of Terrorism
5. History of Terrorism
6.

The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism

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