The islamic golden age of science Ibn Al Haytham
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The document summarizes presentations from a conference on the Islamic Golden Age of Science and its relevance today. Key points discussed include: - Ibn Al-Haytham made important contributions to optics and the scientific study of light in the 11th century through experimental methods, influencing later European scientists. - Technologies like LED lighting and photonics have many applications and are important for sustainable development, but challenges remain in access and cost for developing regions. - Education programs like those at CERN aim to transfer knowledge to students and teachers, while initiatives in the Arab world seek to strengthen links between research and industry. - Conference sessions explored topics like the history of optics, light-based technologies, education and investment
The islamic golden age of science Ibn Al Haytham
- 1. The Islamic Golden Age of Science for Today's Knowledge Based Society: the Ibn Al-Haytham example. 14 - 15 september 2015 Paris Inaugural session with Flavia Schegel - Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences UNESCO Welcome speech for International Year Of Light and the conference. Also it is 70th anniversary of UNESCO. Mme Irina Bokova Director UNESCO Welcome speech for the delegates and Ambassadors, celebrating the light and research about technologies. Since the beginning humanity have been fascinated by the power of light. April 2015 Was the first celebration of Ibn Al-Haytham that brought new methods for research and great humanist. It is important to enlight the importance of progress in optics and study of each specific behaviour of light. Also knowledge sharing should enhance culture exchanges and understanding. Energy and light enable changes in daily life of the people. The heart of the Sustainable Development is the better living condition on earth. John Dudley President of Steering Committee YL2015 Thanks to participants of International Year of Light. Dozens of people have shared knowledge and experience through NGO's and individual experience. Lunar eclipse will be an event during coming year. More than any moment in history it is know important to enlight the progess in methods and technologies in term of light. Studying history of Light enables us to have new challenges and wishes for Development. HE Mr Mohamed Amr Ambassador, Executive Board of UNESCO Greetings to organisors and participants. It is an oportunity to present the World what progress have been made during great times of Islamic Civilization while some groups are using Islam in wrong actions. If you travel from Europe to China you will see advances in technologies worldwide. Sustainability is based on innovation and technologies progress. It will be the subject at International meeting in New York United Nation session this year. It is possible to build a world of understanding and peacefull life. HE Mr Ziad Aldrees Ambassador and Permanent Delegate of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to UNESCO Greetings to participants. The first draft of discoveries about light did not mentionned the Islamic participation in that matter. After discussion with the board it was possible to include tecnology progress made during Islamic golden age. Haytham scientific book is said to be the first work about light and optics. Cameras, televisions and light we are using actually have been created thanks to old research on light. Our planet was never in total darkness even if some groups are using Islam in bad purposes. Islamic civilization is different in languages and culture but we share the same wishes of Peace, Dialogue and Development.
- 2. HE Sheikh Faisal bin Qasim Al-Thani Founder of and Chairman off the Al Faisal Without Borders Foundation As a founder of the organisation Sheik Faisal is happy to participate on this important meetig in Paris. Ibn Al-Haytham have set the base of research on light. The Foundation is dedicated to help young researchers and creators to develop technology and education. Video broadcasting about Qatar National Library. It shows the rich material preserved in the library and the whish to share the content with scolars. Original documents of Ibn Al-Haytham are displayed in the Library. There are documents about Arab scientists that have been collected by other libraries. Session 1 History guiding the future, example of Ibn Al-Haytam with Maciej Nalecz, Director of the Division of Science Policy and Capacity Building. We move know to more scientific part of the conference. The next speaker will explain the real story of Ibn al-Haytham contribution in Sciences. Roshdl Rashed Ibn-Haytham Scientific Program CNRS. France Thank to UNESCO for organising this meeting that is celebrating the mathematic and scientific contribution of Ibn Al-Haytham. Physical, Physiological and scientific contibutions were mainly coming from forgetting traditional knowledge on Sciences. Some historians on optics consider than european researchers were mainly explaining vision but Ibn Al-Haythman was thinking this group was wrong. The contemporainous scientist like Ptoleme had not the same explaination of science of light. Mathematics started to be used to understand and explain physics and optics. This time was intense research in Astronomy and Optics. He wrote the double more Astronomy books that Optics. The work is global on scientific matter. Mathematic is used as a tool in different disciplines as well as Mathematic for itself. Research was translated from greek as there were a lot of books available. Mirors were studied as reflectors and refraction properties. Curves were studied as hyperbolas and conical with both convex and concave mirors. Heat theory was also brought to study field. Ibn Al-Haytham began probably is career in Bagdad. Philosofical, Medical and other books were translated into Latin. In this period all Doctors were thinking the eye was the source of light and enabeling the vision. Propagation of light was studied and it was concerning the properties of materials and medium. Optics then started to change because of new knowledge about propagation, reflection and reFraction on materials. Band of lights was also discovered with properties that does not disturb rays while some lights can be disturbed by the atmosphere. Visual rays and visible objects were not considered as total source of vision but only a part of it. Opaque medium and transparancy was studied by Ibn Al-Haytham and he considered the light being independant from vision, propagating to all direction and not liked to the eye. It then changed the theory on vision and specifications of eye. Mirors were studied to define the incidence point and behaviour of rays that are sent toward the miror. Spherical aberation was discovered by Ibn Al-Haytham while studying behaviour of light on reflection. He considered studying light behaviour depending to diameter of the object and spherical lense. He also considered that study of sight, vision and light must be separated instead of being on subject of science only.
- 3. Mohamad Mrayati Major intiatives to revitalize S&T for Development in the Arab World. UNDESA. Syria The cryptography example in Arab civilization. 15 old manuscripts were discovered and published in six volumes. There were supposed to be lost but finally also translated in english. David Kahn declared that cryptology was born among the arabs. They were the first to discover and write down the methods of cryptanalysis. The Islamic Golden Age is the period when many scientists were working on various fields like administration, cryptography, mathematic etc... Al-Kindy book of cryptology is a must read for anyone who is working in this field. The book was discovered in the Library of Istanbul Mosk. In order to foster development in the Arab world there is a need of creating links between knowledge and profit making structures. There is not enough research and development structures in the Arab world, wich is the opposite of Korean example. A new scheme of knowledge linked to economic and society is needed. The goal is to improve the use of knowledge and to get the experience return from Business world. Money and language should be managed with consideration of language hability to create wealth in the Arab world. Revitalization of knowledge in the MENA region would be a great way to improve Peace process and return of Golden Age of Science. Josef Van Ess Light and Vision before Ibn-Al-Haytham. The perspective of early Islamic Theology. University of Tübingen Germany The creation of light is celebrated in God's work. Light is then a demonstration of power of creation. Light as 'Force de frappe' was used in Hiroshima. Man can also use light for peacefull world. Theology have not developed in rational way. Gihan Kamel SESAME: the first synchrontron Light-Source in the Middle East. Egypt Light sources: natural and artificial as well as other like tissues, cells. Structure is the base with interations, properties and functions. Synchrotron facility is enabling the research in various fields. Cleaner and fast charging batteries are one of the projects. Research for stopping pain and virus scanning could reveal it's caracteristics. Cancer screening is possible with computed tomography. For Alzheimer's proteins it is more difficult because it is changing all the time. Malaria is also on the research agenda. There is no light source like SESAME in MENA region. The project started in 97 with presentation of concept. SESAME is intergovernmental project to support young scientists. 11 accepted projects for the SESAME facilities. Capital funding is still to be stabilized and Jordan members are still difficult to meet actually. Session 2 Light-based technologies for the future with John Dudley Steering Comittee Harry Verhaar The relevance of LED lightning for sustainable development Philips Lightning. Netherlands Look into for future for lightning. 19% of energy is used for lightning. Efficiency will reduce budget deficits and costs for communities and individuals. The growth for lightning will incease 70%. There are fast progresses on products like bulbs. Within 3 Generations the change in light
- 4. technologies is tremendous because our grand fathers had the first bulbs and our children will mostly all use LED technology. Also energy providers are using new systems. LED power as increase during that last ten years and know reach 200 watt. Legislation about stopping incandescent lamps is supposed to end with this technology within 2016. Country assesment is available and will encourage governments to join the program. UN SE4All partnership is encouraging countries to make progress in that matter. Lightning is maximizing daily life experience. To command your light you can even talk to the bulb and it will modify the color and brightness. In the case of schools they have so low budget tat they install the worst energy systems. Connected light for bridges will increase beauty, tourism and energy saving. Also in offices there will be more zero energy buildings and no need to work more hours. Example of sport places using LED lightning will increase event experience. Dubai, Ryahd, Bosphorus bridge in Turkey are now using LED. Phillps is supporting communities with specific projects. It is then possible to increase energy efficiency and improve daily life in our communities. Eugene Arthurs The global impact of photonics SPIE. USA SPIE is a non profit working for photonics and Optics. It is promoting scince with 5 M USS in 2015 for almost all sectors of life. A book to read 'Optics for technicians'. Exhibition in San Francisco reached 20000 visitors. Lasers itself enable 7 billions of economic activity. The real economy activity is three times more because you have to count installation, facilities and maintenance. For example micro SD card is now build with 14 nm technology and much faster than 10 years old litography with 90 nm. Display and solar devices are the largest production in photonics. Asian countries dominate the production. Knowledge generation is the main user of the technology with Hubble, optical instruments like lasers, X Ray, Synchrotron. Photonic Economy is drawn by 10 Millions of companies with Japan as big player with the higher revenue by employee. Photonic devices like telephones are using a large photonic network built around the world called internet. Photonics is revolutionizing our world within a large range of products and usage. Osman Benchikh Renewable energy: challenges and perspective UNESCO Headquarters Ensuring access to affordable, relaible, sustainable and modern energy for all is the 7th goal of development challenge. Energy is the critical issue because it is corelated to human development indicator. UN Summit should succeed to integrate energy development program worldwide. Solar energy ressources is a high value for Africa because it has a great potential. The industrial revolution was happening thank to large use of energy. We need to change the energy paradygm. Energy production is ready and storage is actually a challenge as well as transportation toward consumers. The development of new technologies would help. The poorest communties should benefit from technology and development projects for energy. Modern and post Modern technologies would help to reduce environmental cost even if the investment as higher cost. More than 2.4 Million jobs will be created in Africa for energy projects as well as India with 2.8 Million employees. It is easier in developed countries to shift to newtechnologies.
- 5. Session 3: Education and Investment in Science & Technology with Osman Benchikh "Innovation and capacity Building in the Science and Engineering" AbdulAziz Alswallem Scientific Translation: A tool from shadow to light KACST. Saudi Arabia Translation is a important input for the next generation. There are peaks of activity of translation that Ibn Al-Haytham participated to by working on greek books. From translation the document will produce comments, criticism and corrections. Innovation will emerge from the cycle. There is a language gap between regions because each community have his own directory of information. The effect of transfert between generation is based on translation made by leaders. Lessons are taken from experience of a lot of technology transfert. Terminology have to be created when missing, as well as search engines and knowledge base. Clusters of technologies are well known because we can scan the production of goods. A wide range of products is available with technology knowledge linked to it. Innovation cycle create new applications and industry produce the devices. Getting The right information at the right time and the right language is the goal. 700000 terminology items are now listed in BASM for easy and accurate research. Publishing rank 35 for Saudi Arabia with growing citation rate. Several projects are now on going for development of photonic and Solar technologies among other. Recommandations are leading to better transfert of knowledge. Rolf Landua CERN and SESAME - beacons of light for Education. CERN The fundation of CERN 1952 was a collaboration for Peace. 50 years latter the famous Higgs Boson was put to light and help to understand the creation of universe. 38 different countries are involved in the CERN with 11590 from 102 countries. 112000 visitors per year come to CERN with some or no scientific knowledge. Schools and teachers are linked to education and that is why it is important to enhance knowledge transfert from teacher to thousand of pupils. Fundamental research like Dark Matter, Big Bang, Antimatter, Darkenergy are also to be explained to teachers and students. The SESAME helps to bring the people together from MENA region. This light source is the tool for understanding many scientific challenges. Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan Active learning, High Technology and STEM Education University of Waterloo. CANADA Questioning the truth and using technologies for education. Philosophy. You are supposed to question scientific authority in order to create opportunity of finding new solution, otherwise you just repeat previous experiences. Active learning is much more efficient than observation or passive learning. It is important for remembering knowledge to create and experiment things for real. STEM and technology should help to create interactions and build effect, not only illusion. Mobile learning is also an active way of learning because you can search for knowledge, write down and share results. In India the governement produce AKASH tablets and spread it among the student community every year. ALOP project is based on several modules linked to optical experiences.
- 6. Session 5: History of optics 1 With Azzedine Boudrioua Al-Haytham working group Michel Paty Des raisons de la lumière aux lumières de la raison. CNRS France. Remarques sur la raison et le rationel. Avec également Einstein. La métaphore de la lumière est utilisée dans toutes les cultures. Le développement de la science de la lumière influence toutes les cultures. De nombreuses recherches montrent des élargissements culturels à partir d'avancées scientifiques. Ibn Al-Haytham mène un travail expérimental et théorique. C'est lui qui pose le caractère physique de la lumière plutot que l'émission par l'oeil. Il définit la propagation rectiligne de la lumière. Il analyse les conditions physiques de diffusion de la lumière. La lumière n'est plus un rayon visuel, mais une propagation de l'objet vers l'oeil. Réflexion et réfraction sont évoquées. Le rayon de la lumière est étudié par sa géométrie dans des expériences physiques. L'optique géométrique est considérée comme un principe mécanique étudié par analogies aux chocs, déplacements et interférences. L'objet est étudié en tant que tel, de façon indépendante de l'homme. Une forme nouvelle de relationnalité se fait jour. Il y a un héritage intellectuel des prédécesseurs de Ibn Al-Haytham qui se transmet par son travail scientifique. Passage à la Philosophie de Descartes avec "l'éclairage de la raison" et les notions qui s'y rapportent. Au siècle des Lumières sont associées les idées novatrices et libératrices de la Pensée. Les deux contributions d'Eisntein: Relativité restreinte et Mécanique cantique. La lumière est donc conçue physiquement. Les théories semi-empiriques de Laurenz et Poincarré sont améliorées. Les études sont ainsi menées indépendament des corps par la théorie. La géométrie d'espace temps est introduite. La théorie de Maxwell sur la lumière est également comtemporaine de ces recherches. La cosmologie relativiste complète ensuite ces notions. La nature physique de la lumière comporte des discontinuités du fait de l'absorbtion par les corps physiques. Les limitations et caractéristiques de la Lumière demandent des réflexions hors des perceptions humaines, et requièrent des théories indépendantes des constatations empiriques. Einstein revendique l'indépendance des recherches sur les seules possibilités de l'observation. Des concepts sont établit afin qu'ils soient étudiés en tant que grandeurs physiques. Il s'agit de travailler pour réduire l'inconnu. Paul Pietquin Translation and studies of Ibn Al-Haytham optics in Latin University of Liege Belgium 1572 Opticae thesaurus is a major translation from arabic. The difficulty of translation from arabic is the missing letters or words. For example the translation of "angle of refraction" and "incidence". Reflexio word stand for the reflexion and refraction meanings. Conversio and Obliquatio notions. The same word reflexio is used for both notions even if the translated text use it in the same sentence. The difference between fractio and reflexio is explained with latin base terminology. refractio, obliquatio, reflexionis, conversione, refractionis, flexio and reverbatio are studied in Paul Pietquin research. (re)fraxio is then in discussion because it should not be used for refraction meaning but re should be used only in reflexion phenomenom. "bending" reports to reflexion today but is not in arabic original meaning. Probably it is coming from arabic proximity of writing the term. Light was also studied by Euclidis opera omnia work. Roger Bacon worked on "De multiplicatione specierum". Translation from a culture to another is not only a question of words. The construction of work can avoid ambiguity by developping a constent work on use of terms.
- 7. Mohamad Mrayati Major intiatives to revitalize S&T for Development in the Arab World. UNDESA. Syria The cryptography example in Arab civilization. 15 old manuscripts were discovered and published in six volumes. There were supposed to be lost but finally also translated in english. David Kahn declared that cryptology was born among the arabs. They were the first to discover and write down the methods of cryptanalysis. The Islamic Golden Age is the period when many scientists were working on various fields like administration, cryptography, mathematic etc... Al-Kindy book of cryptology is a must read for anyone who is working in this field. The book was discovered in the Library of Istanbul Mosk. In order to foster development in the Arab world there is a need of creating links between knowledge and profit making structures. There is not enough research and development structures in the Arab world, wich is the opposite of Korean example. A new scheme of knowledge linked to economic and society is needed. The goal is to improve the use of knowledge and to get the experience return from Business world. Money and language should be managed with consideration of language hability to create wealth in the Arab world. Revitalization of knowledge in the MENA region would be a great way to improve Peace process and return of Golden Age of Science. Josef Van Ess Light and Vision before Ibn-Al-Haytham. The perspective of early Islamic Theology. University of Tübingen Germany The creation of light is celebrated in God's work. Light is then a demonstration of power of creation. Light as 'Force de frappe' was used in Hiroshima. Man can also use light for peacefull world. Theology have not developed in rational way. Gihan Kamel SESAME: the first synchrontron Light-Source in the Middle East. Egypt Light sources: natural and artificial as well as other like tissues, cells. Structure is the base with interations, properties and functions. Synchrotron facility is enabling the research in various fields. Cleaner and fast charging batteries are one of the projects. Research for stopping pain and virus scanning could reveal it's caracteristics. Cancer screening is possible with computed tomography. For Alzheimer's proteins it is more difficult because it is changing all the time. Malaria is also on the research agenda. There is no light source like SESAME in MENA region. The project started in 97 with presentation of concept. SESAME is intergovernmental project to support young scientists. 11 accepted projects for the SESAME facilities. Capital funding is still to be stabilized and Jordan members are still difficult to meet actually. Session 2 Light-based technologies for the future with John Dudley Steering Comittee Harry Verhaar The relevance of LED lightning for sustainable development Philips Lightning. Netherlands Look into for future for lightning. 19% of energy is used for lightning. Efficiency will reduce budget deficits and costs for communities and individuals. The growth for lightning will incease 70%. There are fast progresses on products like bulbs. Within 3 Generations the change in light
- 8. Session 6: History of optics 2 with Vaseduvan Lakshminarayanan University of Waterloo Hassan Tahiri Ibn Al-Haytham: Founder of the scientific pluralism Portugal Histoire des Sciences et développement historique. Il n'existe pas aujourd'hui d'ouvrage complet sur l'Astronomie du fait de nombreuses lacunes. Cette discipline a contribué aux changements scientifiques. Les historiens considèrent que les changements de théories scientifiques sont les plus difficiles. Les recherches scientifiques non Ptoleméènnes sont initiées par Ibn Al-Heytham. Les chercheurs arabes ont touours cherché à toucher et à voir ce que leurs équivalents grecs ont conçu intellectuellement. Il existe des influences contradictoires dans les recherches et la liberté de recherche est une notion essentielle pour la découverte d'un nouveau système astronomique. Ibn Al-Haytham sait réfuter le système astronomique selon Ptolémé et il démontrera que ce concept est absurde. Une démonstration que les corps célestes ne peuvent être mu par une force interne est ainsi développée et elle tend à prouver que c'est une influence externe qui provoque les déplacements. La configuration de l'espace et des corps célestes est systématique et correcte, ce qui contredit les théorie de Ptolémé. Razaullah Ansari The scientific Method of Ibn Al-Haytham India Scientific method is present through the history from Galileo and predecessors. Some rules for lights were defined but demonstrations like proving the moon have is own source of light is also mentionned. Knowing the truth is the way of analysing scientific books. Mohamed Baghdadi A brief story of light University Rabbat Morocco. For Ibn Al-Haytham light is made of small balls. Each scientist have is own theory of what is light and how it is displaying rays. Equations were used to calculate direction of sun rays depending to material to reflect. Quantum theories are connected to eliptical movement study. Specific places of space which are modified by interaction are called fields. We have to combine mathematics and physics to study Science as said Ibn Al-Haytham. Mohamed El-Gomati Modern electron optics and the search for more light: the legacy of Ibn Al-Haytham Foundation of Science UK There is a foundation of our modern technologies in ancient scentific works. All life was developped by light over millions of years ago. Sunlight is good for health as it is creating 90% of Vitamins and food 10%. LED is producing blue light that is stimulating ganglion receptors from morning to night. UV light also helps to purify water. LED light is used at 20% in the world. Light Emitting Diode are different from Electronic light from phones. The elements moving inside PN junction are producing the form of light emitted by LED. It has different component for white light and each color needs its element. LED is far hundred times more resistant to usage. The road to higher definition is reducing chromatic aberation due to spherical lenses. Even Ibn Al-Haytham was descibing this aberation has a difference of focus of colors and light. Better
- 9. definition of nm technology for silicium circuits is also linked to better control of spherical aberation. Low energy analitical microscope is based on reflection of electrons on a surface and then mutiplied when bouncing back inside the chanel that leads to reception surface. Even Hubble telescope had to be corrected in aberation matter because it previously gave incorrect image. Sameen Ahmed Khan Medieval Arab Achievements in Optics College Of Arts and Applied Sciences Dhofar University Oman. Light and vision have always fascinated civilization. Lenses have been used worlwide and light is essential for life. At the decline of greek civilization the Arabic science have come to light. Translation into arabic was done to scientists themselves then it could help to save the greek heritage and create cristicism and progress and technology. It was the time of great changes due to improvements and comments on translations. Ibn Al-Haytham belongs to the list of translators and also the area preceding him have influence in History of Science. Ibn Sahl's book Burning Instruments 984 CE formulated the Law of reflexion. He was teacher of Ibn Al-Haytham who wrote 96 manuscripts, half mathematics and quarter of astronomy. Pinhole camera, double refraction, dispersion of light and description of ray of light carateristics come from his work. The ray of light directed to a small hole will find and use the shorter and easier path. Now the Golden Age of Arabic science have been recognise and there is a need for reflexion on the decline of Science in Arab World. The number of scientists is lower in arab world than Asia (with arabic states of Asia seperated from Asia). There is a need for international Arab states research center. A book to read by speaker was published July 2015. Charles Falco Al Haytham influence on the optics and culture of Medieval Europe USA Condensed Matter Physics Prior to Al Haytham there were several theories like our eyes are sending a ray outside. Also extra-intra emission fo reception of images. We actually know that light is reflected on onjects and sent to your eyes. The object is focused upside down inside the eye, but previously the idea was that cristalin get the image first. Alazhen was also influencing science at the time of Ibn Al- Haytham. Optical perspective is possible through miror with direct light and reproduction is actually made by painter. Medieval christian theology with Martin Luther started with reformation. The vision is classified by sensitive or intellectual perception. The reflexion about God's image projection through the 'ostie' was a way to explain ubiquity. In the "Roman de la Rose" four pages are discussing about optics. Ibn Al-Haytham has influenced Art and the perspective reflexion have been used through centuries by painters. We could imagine they have been drawing by hand but they were using mirors to get exact lines. In recent scientific books the arab famous persons are not listed but agregated in common chapters. Then a lot have to be done for enlighting the work of arab scientits.
- 10. Nouredine Melikechi Ibn Al-Haytham's: From Basra, earth to the gale crater, Mars NASA Ibn Al-Haytham described the seeker of truth the person who use arguments and demonstration as a method. He examined the optic caracteristics of reflexion. Optical design is used for detection of gases in the atmosphere. Bio-photonics helps for cancer detection. Stereo vison on camera is possible after mathematics explained the formula. Laser induced break down spectroscopy is use to analyse and classify rocks in space. Elements of life might be discovered on other planet thanks to these technology. ChemCam spectrometer cameras are able to analyse smokes after laser beam hit the rock. Light is then analised when going out from cold plasma emitted rays. Ibn Al-Haytham showed the light losses its intensity as it propagates. He suggested that the close packing of surface material is conditionning the reflexion of light. For the next mission the color spectrometer will help to make better analisis. Einstein declared is was not nearer to understand light quantum than predecssors. Questions are the base of evolution of Science, then arab world may ask himself if it is still possible to think freely. Bahaa Saleh Stretching the limits of optics & imaging: science and technology challenges College of Optics and Photonics at University of central Florida USA Magnificent men and women have contributed to the evolution of sciences. The laser that was invented in 1915 by Charles Townes could be interesting to IBN Al-Haytham. What are today's challenges? Light to transfert energy and light to transfert information. Reading, Writing, Communicating wich is Reading/Sending/Writing information. It is know possible to make the light move around an object and go around like if the object is invisible. Also the management of light as speed, energy, power and frequency is possible. It is now possible to create shorter flashes of light. Also faster frequencies helps to increase technologies as long as some diciplines are progressing. Space of action is becoming smaller and smaller. Localization is possible in 3D at very small scale. Light can be used for witing, reading and erasing data. Negative index material are discovered by John Pendry wich have reverse refraction and focus light instead of diffracting it. Beams can be shapped as vortexes, airy beam that follow atmosphere, no diffracting beams and focused beams. Photonic crystal, plasmonic materials and devices are actually developped. Some material can stop light as it passing through instead of only slowing down the beam. Electronic is not as fast as light is but it is small, then making small optical devices with fast response will be a new revolution. Optical devices are still large. Pre laser optics technology was the first step and then more things came. Non linear optics and nano material are the following steps reached after 55 years of research. Majed Chergui Atomic-scale time with new light sources Ecole Polytecnic of Lausanne EPFL Switzerland Francis Crick said "if you want to understand function, study structure". Inventor of Image gun was french Etienne-Jules Marrey 1882 and he could shoot very good motion of movement. Now you need to consider what type of movement you want to capture and then determine which technology and speed ou need to do it. Attoseconds is 10-18 S and you can observe the smallest movement of electron emission. Optical domain spectroscopy is not precise enough to study atoms. Shorter X rays are used for atomic research. In the synchrotron system the light is tangentialy sent inside the device. Free electron lasers are ultra short high energy photons lasers. Standford facility, SACLA Japan, Switzerland and XFEL Hamburg.
- 11. The longest time that can be observed is HHG facilities. Depending to the x ray pulse the observation will show the structure of the sample. Resonnance inside the material can be observed with the most modern systems. X ray enable scientists to analise proteins but not all of them can be crystalised. Nano crystal of proteins are the solutions because the chemical stability is better. For high speed storage the best technology is light excitation that change state of material. Catalysis and solar enegy conversion is possible by metal oxides dynamic technology. Session 8: OPTICS AND photonics in the arab and islamic world with Azzedine Boudrioua Other international meetings will leading to better knowledge of arab science contribution. A white paper include the giants who have allowed us to see far, todays optic and photonics in arab and islamic countries. Science Philosophy and Religion development during Golden Age was happening because of dialogue, debate and freedom. Convergence of photonics and electronics must be considered as a challenge for arabic forces of research. Marie Abboud Optics and Photonics Research in Lebanon: Key figures, way forward UNESCO Lebanon Lebanese location is a cross road of Cultures and Civilizations. Start of KSARA is 1911 and high education system is developed in the country. Technology careers are offered to students as well as research projects. It is mainly financed by the government with external projects like UNESCO and other agencies. There is a weak link between research and production networks. Future research in Lebanon should lead to specific application for findings in the production. Nurdogan Can Tunable luminescence of rare earth doped some yttrium-based phosphors University of Jazan Saudia Arabia Quantum mecanics and information science lead to quantum information century. Slow light with electromagnetic transparency induced in fiber optic. Percolation and network dynamics are the subject of research. Light application ideas influenced by old ceramic technics may lead to new findings and application. Internal force of atoms may enable the production of new kind of engines. February 15 to 19 conference will be held in Lebanon. Phosphors will have great application in solar, security etc. White LED should improve in efficiency through the coming years. Color rendering is a problem with LED because it has a different peak of power than solar light. Mohammad D. Al-Amri Overview of optics and photonic research in Saudi Arabia National Center for applied physics KACST Lythography helps to engrave nano meter circuits for electronic and going thinner means better speed. Engraving use light for different level inside the material. Quantum key distribution protocols requiere photons and carrier.
- 12. technologies is tremendous because our grand fathers had the first bulbs and our children will mostly all use LED technology. Also energy providers are using new systems. LED power as increase during that last ten years and know reach 200 watt. Legislation about stopping incandescent lamps is supposed to end with this technology within 2016. Country assesment is available and will encourage governments to join the program. UN SE4All partnership is encouraging countries to make progress in that matter. Lightning is maximizing daily life experience. To command your light you can even talk to the bulb and it will modify the color and brightness. In the case of schools they have so low budget tat they install the worst energy systems. Connected light for bridges will increase beauty, tourism and energy saving. Also in offices there will be more zero energy buildings and no need to work more hours. Example of sport places using LED lightning will increase event experience. Dubai, Ryahd, Bosphorus bridge in Turkey are now using LED. Phillps is supporting communities with specific projects. It is then possible to increase energy efficiency and improve daily life in our communities. Eugene Arthurs The global impact of photonics SPIE. USA SPIE is a non profit working for photonics and Optics. It is promoting scince with 5 M USS in 2015 for almost all sectors of life. A book to read 'Optics for technicians'. Exhibition in San Francisco reached 20000 visitors. Lasers itself enable 7 billions of economic activity. The real economy activity is three times more because you have to count installation, facilities and maintenance. For example micro SD card is now build with 14 nm technology and much faster than 10 years old litography with 90 nm. Display and solar devices are the largest production in photonics. Asian countries dominate the production. Knowledge generation is the main user of the technology with Hubble, optical instruments like lasers, X Ray, Synchrotron. Photonic Economy is drawn by 10 Millions of companies with Japan as big player with the higher revenue by employee. Photonic devices like telephones are using a large photonic network built around the world called internet. Photonics is revolutionizing our world within a large range of products and usage. Osman Benchikh Renewable energy: challenges and perspective UNESCO Headquarters Ensuring access to affordable, relaible, sustainable and modern energy for all is the 7th goal of development challenge. Energy is the critical issue because it is corelated to human development indicator. UN Summit should succeed to integrate energy development program worldwide. Solar energy ressources is a high value for Africa because it has a great potential. The industrial revolution was happening thank to large use of energy. We need to change the energy paradygm. Energy production is ready and storage is actually a challenge as well as transportation toward consumers. The development of new technologies would help. The poorest communties should benefit from technology and development projects for energy. Modern and post Modern technologies would help to reduce environmental cost even if the investment as higher cost. More than 2.4 Million jobs will be created in Africa for energy projects as well as India with 2.8 Million employees. It is easier in developed countries to shift to newtechnologies.