The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris germplasm under salt marsh habitat in Swat, Pakistan

Original article
The morpho-agronomic characterization study of Lens culinaris
germplasm under salt marsh habitat in Swat, Pakistan
Rabia Noor a
, Shujaul Mulk Khan b,⇑
, Fayaz Ahmad c
, Murtaza Hussain b
, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah d,⇑
,
Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi d
, Abeer Hashem e,f
, Abdullah Aldubise d
a
Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
b
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
c
Agriculture Research Institute, Swat, Pakistan
d
Department of Plant Production, Collage of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Collage of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
f
Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza 12511, Egypt
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 27 March 2017
Revised 6 July 2017
Accepted 17 July 2017
Available online 20 July 2017
Keywords:
Lens culinaris
Salt marsh habitat
Protein
Grain yield
Genotype
a b s t r a c t
The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens
culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of
Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2,
NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., ger-
mination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods
formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the
study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic
traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days,
and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg haÀ1
and 1933 to 3655 kg haÀ1
respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It
was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight
and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat
Valley, Pakistan.
Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
The Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) is one of the oldest annual
leguminous crops belongs to family Papilionaceae. It was origi-
nated from salt marsh habitat in the South Western Asia in
6000 B.C. It was cultivated in 31 thousand hectare with
40,000 tones annual production with an average rate of
657 kg haÀ1
(Erskine and Saxena, 1993). It is mostly grown in
rain-fed areas, receiving 300–400 mm rain falls.
Due to high level of Protein content, other dietary products and
minerals, it was very suitable for human utilization with a lower
level of anti- nutritional factors (Rozan et al., 2001; Sharma and
Banik, 2015). It is considered as poor’s meat due to cheapest source
of vegetable protein (22–34.6%) for under privileged group of peo-
ple in the developing countries (Hariyappa, 2006). It contains 44.3%
crude fiber and 63.1% starch (Sahi et al., 2000; Bhatty and Wu,
1974). Regarding its consumption in vegetarian cultures, it is con-
sumed as soups, pies, snack and curries. Its leaves and young pods
are used as vegetable in various part of the world. Furthermore, it
is occasionally used as fodder, as green manure crop and the straw
plus pods residues from thrashing have good feed value containing
huge amount of proteins (Aman and Hatam, 2000). Regarding its
cultivation, the most important cause of the low production of
lentil was the cultivation in marginal land without application of
fertilizer, poor management practice and cultivation of local vari-
ety as well as sub consciousness of farmers. For high productivity,
the soil must be enriched with organic matter, mineral nutrient
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.007
1319-562X/Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
⇑ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: smkhan@qau.edu.pk (S. Mulk Khan), eabdallah@ksu.edu.sa (E.
F. Abd_Allah).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

through development and adaptation of suitable agronomic man-
agement practices (Sadiq et al., 2001). It requires nitrogen in less
quantity as compared to non-legume crops but phosphorus and
potassium were essential nutrients for its higher and quality yield.
Furthermore, lentil crop is grown to improve soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen through bacterial symbiosis (Mahmood
et al., 2010). The factor that effect the yields of lentil were delayed
maturity, lowered harvest index, disease infestation and frost dam-
age (Whitehead et al., 2000). Lentil maturity is initiated by leaf
senescence like other annual crops, which were triggered by plant
hormones, drought and insufficient supply of nutrients especially
Nitrogen (Conley et al., 2009). Because soil water availability and
sites of soil Nitrogen mineralization were not controlled in dry-
land agriculture, soil nitrogen management and desiccant applica-
tions were the practical strategies to induce maturity in undefined
crops (Gan et al., 2009; Menalled, 2015). Extensive vegetative
growth, lodging and pod abortion due to limited light interception
in the lower part of the canopy, excessive flower, pod shedding,
competition between pods and vegetative parts for photosynthesis
were all the consequences of indeterminacy and late maturity.
Improved cultivars contributed to increase lentil production in
yield. In most lentil production regions yield resulted to be no
more than one half of the potential cultivar yield and far below
theoretical mix yield. This difference reflects a production con-
straint that prevents the realization of true genetic yield potential
(Sabaghnia et al., 2008).
The present study is conducted to evaluate the morphological
and biochemical traits of various lentil genotypes seed types to
germination, days to Physiological maturity, 50% flowering, Pods
formation, No of Pods per plant and Lowest pod Height from
ground level. Furthermore, it also investigates the biological yield
(kg haÀ1
), grain yield (kg haÀ1
), 100 seed weight and protein
content.
2. Materials and methods
A total of 14 genotypes and 3 replicates for each genotype were
observed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
under salt marsh habitat. The distance between plants and rows
were kept 5cm and 30cm respectively. Each plot comprised of 4
rows with 4 meter length. Lentil crop was reserved free from
weeds, insects and pests. In order to know the soil chemistry of
the field, soil samples were analyzed i.e., pH, electrical conductiv-
ity, Lime percentage, organic matter concentration, nitrogen, phos-
phorus and potassium concentration through various parameters
before sowing (Ahmad et al., 2016; Bibi et al., 2016; Iqbal et al.,
2015; Khan et al., 2016, 2014; Khan 2012). The recommended
morpho-agronomic traits were recorded, which includes Germina-
tion data, Days to physiological maturity and 50% flowering was
collected after the sowing date. The physiological data were col-
lected, when 70–80% plants become matured. Pods per plant were
calculated from each plot from 10 randomly selected plants and
then mean values were calculated. Biological yield of two matured
central rows were randomly selected and weighted kg/ha. While
the Grain yields kg haÀ1
two central rows of each plot in all the
replications were harvested, sundried and weighed. The obtained
data were then changed into kg/ha by means of formula given
below:
Grain Yield
kg
ha
¼
Economic yield
2a Plot Size
10000 m2
From each plot randomly 100 Seeds were taken, weighted and
its mean values were calculated. While height of the lowest pod
above ground level was measured in centimeter. Chemical analysis
of Crude protein was calculated from the N content, using the 6.25
coefficient. True protein was determined following the Bernstein
method Nitrogen content, determined by the Kjeldhal method
and expressed with reference to the dry matter of the sample
(Seline and Johein, 2007). Each sample was twice analyzed. The
amino acid was analyzed by HPLC after hydrolysis of the flour sam-
ples with 6 N HCl at 110 °C under vacuum for 24 h on an amino
acid analyzer (Applied Bios stems 421 amino acid analyzer).
3. Results
A total of fourteen genotypes were studied to evaluate the most
suitable high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for agro climatic
environment under salt marsh habitat of Swat, Pakistan. These
genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1,
NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.
Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. The results obtained during research
work, summarized and parameter-wise details are presented as:
3.1. Days to germination
The total 14 genotypes of lentil for various yields related to
morpho-agronomic traits were studied. Initially data regarding
number of days to germination (seedlings) was statistically signif-
icant. Maximum days to 50% germination were observed in geno-
types NL-2, NARC-11-1 and 09503, whereas minimum numbers of
days were observed in all remaining genotypes (Fig. 1).
3.2. Days to physiological maturity
The days to physiological maturity were extensively affected by
many lentil genotypes. The recorded time for physiological matu-
rity were ranged from 149–169 days. Among the tested genotypes,
three genotypes i.e., 09506, Markaz-09, 09505 and P. Masoor were
observed early matured availing 149, 150 and 150 days respec-
tively. The lentil genotypes AZRC-4, NL-4 and NL-6 show late
maturity taking 169 days correspondingly (Fig. 2).
3.3. Days to 50% flowering
The days to 50% flowering among the tested lentil genotypes
ranged from 110 to 116 days. Maximum number of days to 50%
flowering (116.33) were taken by genotypes NARC-11-1 followed
by genotypes NARC-11-2 (116), while minimum days to 50% flow-
ering (110) were recorded in genotypes NL_6 respectively (Fig. 3).
3.4. Days to pods formation
The present research work showed that the pods formation was
significantly affecting among lentil genotypes. The maximum days
for pods formation were observed in genotype NARC-11-2 fol-
lowed by genotype NL-2 whereas minimum days were recorded
in genotype Markaz-09 (Fig. 4).
3.5. No of pods per plant
The significant variations in number of pods per plants were
investigated in various genotypes i.e., genotype AZRC-4 produces
highest number of pods (123 per plant), which is followed by
NL-2 that producing 104 pods per plant. Poor performance was
shown in the genotype NARC-11-4 and NARC-11-1 respectively
(Fig. 5).
1640 R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645

Fig. 2. Days to Physiological maturity of various lentil genotypes in study area.
Fig. 3. Days to 50% ﬂowering of various Lens culinaris genotypes.
Fig. 1. Number of days to germination of 14 various lentil genotypes in Swat, Pakistan.
R. Noor et al. / Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (2017) 1639–1645 1641

3.6. Lowest pod height from ground level
In the genotype AZRC-4 maximum height of the lowest pod
were observed, which is 2.97cm from the ground level, followed
by NL-5 having 2.23cm height of the lowest pod. While minimum
height of the lowest pod (0.793) was obtained in the genotype NL-
2 (Fig. 6).
3.7. Biological yield (kg haÀ1
)
Regarding biological yield, the genotype 09503 produces maxi-
mum yield up to 9777 kg haÀ1
which is followed by genotypes
Markaz-09 having 9555 kg haÀ1
, while the genotype NL-2 have
minimum biological yield up to 5333 kg haÀ1
(Fig. 7).
3.8. Grain yield (kg haÀ1
)
The grain yield data revealed signiﬁcant effect of lentil geno-
types. The maximum grain yield was recorded from genotypes
AZRC-4 up to 3655.6 kg haÀ1
, followed by genotypes 09506 with
3455.6 kg haÀ1
production. The P.Masoor-09 was the deprived
genotype among all regarding the grain yield having
1933.3 kg haÀ1
production (Fig. 8).
3.9. Weight of 100 seeds
The 100 seed weight in various lentil genotypes ranging from
5.4 to 7.3 g. The genotype AZRC-4 was the heaviest seed with
7.3 g/100 seeds weight, followed by 09503 recording 7.1 g/100
seeds while genotype markaz-09 show lowest seed weight with
5.4 gm per 100 seeds weight (Fig. 9).
3.10. Protein content
The statistical analysis of protein content shows that the geno-
type Markaz-09, containing maximum amount of protein (28.45%),
followed by genotypes NL-2 (28.24%). Whereas genotype NL-5
shows minimum amount of protein contents [23.21%] (Fig. 10).
Fig. 4. Diagram represents number of days to pods formation of lentil genotypes.
Fig. 5. Variations in number of pods per plants in 14 various lentil genotypes in swat, Pakistan.

Fig. 6. Height of the lowest pod from ground surface.
Fig. 7. Biological yield (kg/ha) of lentil genotypes in study area.
Fig. 8. Average values of grains yield of different lentil genotypes.

4. Discussion
The preliminary results of present study show maximum num-
ber of days (7) were recorded for genotypes NL-2, NARC-11-1 and
09503, whereas minimum number of days (6) to 50% germination
were recorded for all the remaining genotypes. Similarly (Talaka
et al., 2013) also reported considerable variation in days to 50%
germination in concerning lentil genotypes. Regarding to 50
percent flowering day’s data ranged from 110 to 116 days. The
maximum numbers of days (116.33) were shown by genotypes
NARC-11-1 and minimum number (110) by genotypes NL-6. Like
our findings (Wang et al., 2010) also reported the appropriate thing
of flowering is a pivotal adaptive quality of controlling the circula-
tion and survival of a plant species. Significant genetic variability in
flowering period of lentil genotypes has also been reported by
some earlier scientist like (Bakhsh et al., 1993; Ayub et al., 2001;
Bicer and Sßakar, 2004; Yaqoob et al., 2005a, 2005b).
It is cleared from the data that noteworthy difference exists
among lentil genotypes regarding biological yield. Maximum bio-
logical yield (9777 kg haÀ1
) were produced by genotypes 09503
followed by Markaz-09 (9555 kg haÀ1
) while minimum
(5333 kg haÀ1
) was obtained from genotype NL-2. Overall biomass
production was considered for economically important perfor-
mance of a crop plant. On sun dried growth basis biological yield
is measured as a result of ecological condition and nutrient uptake
by the plants. The difference of yield was due to genetic variation
among the genotypes studied. (Tyagi and Khan, 2010) concluded
that pods per plant are the most important character which are
responsible for treatment of seed yield in lentil.
The genotypes AZRC-4 revealed highest grain yield (3655.6 kg/
ha) followed by genotypes 09506 (3455.6 kg haÀ1
). Whereas mini-
mum grain yields was obtained from genotype P.Masoor-09. It is
also resulted that grain yield is affected by many agronomic condi-
tion and environmental factors. It depends upon on single yield
components. Our result are same as result of (Ayub et al., 2001;
Mandal and Majumdar, 2001; Reddy and Ahlawat, 2001; Bicer
and Sßakar, 2004; Yaqoob et al., 2005a, 2005b; Tyagi and Khan,
2010; Dutamo et al., 2015) who investigated that differences in
the seed yield haÀ1
due to change in genetic material.
In current study 100 seed weight in various lentil genotypes
were significantly affected and rang from 5.4 to 7.3 g. The heaviest
seed 7.3 g per 100 grain were produced by genotype AZRC-4 fol-
lowed by 09503 7.1 g, whereas the lowest weight were reported
from genotype markaz-09 5.4 g. For the final crop yield, seed
Fig. 9. Weight of 100 seeds of fourteen genotypes of the present research work.
Fig. 10. Protein Contents of the 14 genotypes of lentil species.

weight is essential factor for determination. The difference of seed
weight of genotypes under observation was take place due to dif-
ferent genetic potential of genotypes for character. Size and weight
of seed is important feature which directly correlates with final
grain yield. The selection criterion on the basis of seed size varies
from crop to crop.
The size of grain always differs under different soil moisture
regimes and nutrient availability to crop. The present study can
be compared with (Bakhsh et al., 1993; Kayan and Olgun, 2012;
Roy et al., 2013) that studied large variation among seed weight
and larger seed size do not need to produce more yield.
The Markaz-09 has more amount of protein contents in their
seed (28.45%) followed by genotypes NL-2 (28.24%), while low pro-
tein contents were observed from genotype NL-5 (23.21%) respec-
tively. Varieties have significantly different protein contents that
are highest protein content in BARI Masur-4 (25.80%), BARI
Masur-3 (25.50%), BARI Masur-2 (28.31%). According to (Khatun
et al., 2010) they also concluded that seed present on lower plant
parts had greater protein content as compare to middle and upper
part of plant.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to
the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its
funding this Research group NO (RG-1435-014).
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