The Parquet Format and Performance Optimization Opportunities
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The Parquet format is one of the most widely used columnar storage formats in the Spark ecosystem. Given that I/O is expensive and that the storage layer is the entry point for any query execution, understanding the intricacies of your storage format is important for optimizing your workloads. As an introduction, we will provide context around the format, covering the basics of structured data formats and the underlying physical data storage model alternatives (row-wise, columnar and hybrid). Given this context, we will dive deeper into specifics of the Parquet format: representation on disk, physical data organization (row-groups, column-chunks and pages) and encoding schemes. Now equipped with sufficient background knowledge, we will discuss several performance optimization opportunities with respect to the format: dictionary encoding, page compression, predicate pushdown (min/max skipping), dictionary filtering and partitioning schemes. We will learn how to combat the evil that is ‘many small files’, and will discuss the open-source Delta Lake format in relation to this and Parquet in general. This talk serves both as an approachable refresher on columnar storage as well as a guide on how to leverage the Parquet format for speeding up analytical workloads in Spark using tangible tips and tricks.
![SELECT * FROM table WHERE x > 5
Row-group 0: x: [min: 0, max: 9]
Row-group 1: x: [min: 3, max: 7]
Row-group 2: x: [min: 1, max: 4]
…
● Leverage min/max statistics
spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown
Optimization: predicate pushdown](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/boudewijnbraams-191031203910/85/The-Parquet-Format-and-Performance-Optimization-Opportunities-21-320.jpg)
![Optimization: predicate pushdown
SELECT * FROM table WHERE x = 5
Row-group 0: x: [min: 0, max: 9]
Row-group 1: x: [min: 3, max: 7]
Row-group 2: x: [min: 1, max: 4]
…
● Dictionary filtering!
parquet.filter.dictionary.enabled](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/boudewijnbraams-191031203910/85/The-Parquet-Format-and-Performance-Optimization-Opportunities-23-320.jpg)
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The Parquet Format and Performance Optimization Opportunities
- 1. WIFI SSID:Spark+AISummit | Password: UnifiedDataAnalytics
- 2. Boudewijn Braams Software Engineer - Databricks The Parquet Format and Performance Optimization Opportunities #UnifiedDataAnalytics #SparkAISummit
- 3. Data processing and analytics Data sources Data processing/querying engine New insights Transformed data (ETL) …. Data sources
- 4. Overview ● Data storage models ● The Parquet format ● Optimization opportunities
- 5. Data sources and formats
- 6. Physical storage layout models Row-wise Columnar Hybrid Logical Physical
- 7. ● OLTP ○ Online transaction processing ○ Lots of small operations involving whole rows ● OLAP ○ Online analytical processing ○ Few large operations involving subset of all columns ● Assumption: I/O is expensive (memory, disk, network..) Different workloads
- 8. Row-wise ● Horizontal partitioning ● OLTP ✓, OLAP ✖
- 9. Columnar ● Vertical partitioning ● OLTP ✖, OLAP ✓ ○ Free projection pushdown ○ Compression opportunities
- 11. Hybrid ● Horizontal & vertical partitioning ● Used by Parquet & ORC ● Best of both worlds
- 12. Apache Parquet ● Initial effort by Twitter & Cloudera ● Open source storage format ○ Hybrid storage model (PAX) ● Widely used in Spark/Hadoop ecosystem ● One of the primary formats used by Databricks customers
- 13. Parquet: files ● On disk usually not a single file ● Logical file is defined by a root directory ○ Root dir contains one or multiple files ./example_parquet_file/ ./example_parquet_file/part-00000-87439b68-7536-44a2-9eaa-1b40a236163d-c000.snappy.parquet ./example_parquet_file/part-00001-ae3c183b-d89d-4005-a3c0-c7df9a8e1f94-c000.snappy.parquet ○ or contains sub-directory structure with files in leaf directories ./example_parquet_file/ ./example_parquet_file/country=Netherlands/ ./example_parquet_file/country=Netherlands/part-00000-...-475b15e2874d.c000.snappy.parquet ./example_parquet_file/country=Netherlands/part-00001-...-c7df9a8e1f94.c000.snappy.parquet
- 14. ● Data organization ○ Row-groups (default 128MB) ○ Column chunks ○ Pages (default 1MB) ■ Metadata ● Min ● Max ● Count ■ Rep/def levels ■ Encoded values Parquet: data organization
- 15. ● PLAIN ○ Fixed-width: back-to-back ○ Non fixed-width: length prefixed ● RLE_DICTIONARY ○ Run-length encoding + bit-packing + dictionary compression ○ Assumes duplicate and repeated values Parquet: encoding schemes
- 16. ● RLE_DICTIONARY Parquet: encoding schemes
- 17. ● Smaller files means less I/O ● Note: single dictionary per column chunk, size limit Optimization: dictionary encoding Dictionary too big? Automatic fallback to PLAIN...
- 18. ● Increase max dictionary size parquet.dictionary.page.size ● Decrease row-group size parquet.block.size Optimization: dictionary encoding
- 19. ● Inspect Parquet files using parquet-tools Optimization: dictionary encoding
- 20. ● Compression of entire pages ○ Compression schemes (snappy, gzip, lzo…) spark.sql.parquet.compression.codec ○ Decompression speed vs I/O savings trade-off Optimization: page compression
- 21. SELECT * FROM table WHERE x > 5 Row-group 0: x: [min: 0, max: 9] Row-group 1: x: [min: 3, max: 7] Row-group 2: x: [min: 1, max: 4] … ● Leverage min/max statistics spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown Optimization: predicate pushdown
- 22. ● Doesn’t work well on unsorted data ○ Large value range within row-group, low min, high max ○ What to do? Pre-sort data on predicate columns ● Use typed predicates ○ Match predicate and column type, don’t rely on casting/conversions ○ Example: use actual longs in predicate instead of ints for long columns Optimization: predicate pushdown
- 23. Optimization: predicate pushdown SELECT * FROM table WHERE x = 5 Row-group 0: x: [min: 0, max: 9] Row-group 1: x: [min: 3, max: 7] Row-group 2: x: [min: 1, max: 4] … ● Dictionary filtering! parquet.filter.dictionary.enabled
- 24. ● Embed predicates in directory structure df.write.partitionBy(“date”).parquet(...) ./example_parquet_file/date=2019-10-15/... ./example_parquet_file/date=2019-10-16/... ./example_parquet_file/date=2019-10-17/part-00000-...-475b15e2874d.c000.snappy.parquet … Optimization: partitioning
- 25. ● For every file ○ Set up internal data structures ○ Instantiate reader objects ○ Fetch file ○ Parse Parquet metadata Optimization: avoid many small files
- 26. ● Manual compaction df.repartition(numPartitions).write.parquet(...) or df.coalesce(numPartitions).write.parquet(...) ● Watch out for incremental workload output! Optimization: avoid many small files
- 27. ● Also avoid having huge files! ● SELECT count(*) on 250GB dataset ○ 250 partitions (~1GB each) ■ 5 mins ○ 1 huge partition (250GB) ■ 1 hour ● Footer processing not optimized for speed... Optimization: avoid few huge files
- 28. ● Manual repartitioning ○ Can we automate this optimization? ○ What about concurrent access? ● We need isolation of operations (i.e. ACID transactions) ● Is there anything for Spark and Parquet that we can use? Optimization: avoid many small files
- 29. ● Open-source storage layer on top of Parquet in Spark ○ ACID transactions ○ Time travel (versioning via WAL) ○ ... Optimization: Delta Lake ● Automated repartitioning (Databricks) ○ (Auto-) OPTIMIZE ○ Additional file-level skipping stats ■ Metadata stored in Parquet format, scalable ○ Z-ORDER clustering
- 30. ● Reduce I/O ○ Reduce size ■ Use page compression, accommodate for RLE_DICTIONARY ○ Avoid reading irrelevant data ■ Row-group skipping: min/max & dictionary filtering ■ Leverage Parquet partitioning ● Reduce overhead ○ Avoid having many small files (or a few huge) ● Delta Lake ○ (Auto-) OPTIMIZE, additional skipping, Z-ORDER Conclusion
- 31. Thank you
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