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The Quest for Impact: From
Traditional to Participatory
  Research in Ethiopia
               Layne Coppock
   PARIMA Project, GL-CRSP Closing Conference
           Naivasha, Kenya, 2009
Roadmap
   Background

   Example from Southern Ethiopia

   What Have I Learned?
     Academics/scholarship
     Sustainability
     Role of Livestock CRSP
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Impact Assumptions

   Proper problem diagnosis

   Lack of other systemic constraints

   Effectiveness of extension
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Researched Topics, 1985-99
   Pastoral livelihoods (trends, diversification prospects)

   Descriptive rangeland ecology

   Trials: Options to improve calf growth

   Trials: Options to improve forages

   Trials: Options to improve milk processing
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Does any of this
   matter?
Shift in Approach, 2000-09
   PRA (joint problem diagnosis)

   Peer-to-peer learning/Cross-border diffusion

   Action Research (monitoring/problem solving)

   Structured survey (groups vs. non-groups)
Participatory Rural
Appraisal
PRA Results, 2000
   Results from several Boran communities
    were remarkably similar

     Lack of food and water seen as the primary
      problem

     Locally sustainable solutions focused on
      education, diversified livelihoods
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Data from Kenya Groups
   16 group leaders interviewed
   Avg group age = 10 years
   Avg charter members = 24 (no men)
   Avg illiteracy = 85%
   Half of groups formed spontaneously
   Detailed constitutions, by-laws (memorized)
   Savings; livelihood diversification; publ. services
   High success rates; internal/external challenges
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Group Formation Back in Ethiopia
   60 collective-action groups quickly formed
    between 2001 to 2003

   2,167 charter members; 76% women

   Capacity building short-courses (including
    micro-finance) were implemented

   Action research added as a monitoring tool
Livestock Marketing
   Groups wanted stronger links to markets

   PARIMA used participatory processes to help
    create a new value chain from pastoral
    producers to livestock exporters in Addis Ababa

   This coincided with favorable changes in
    markets and institutions in Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Group Micro-finance Statistics
           (June 2008)
   60 groups, 2001-2008 (not one has failed)
   Savings mobilized = $92,735
   Number of micro-loans = 5,368
   Repayment rate = 96%
   Volume of loan value = $647,666
   Loan interest generated = $29,729
   Profits from small business = $25,614*
   Grew to 2,300 group members; over 13,800 direct
    beneficiaries
Small Ruminant Market Supply,
               2003-05
   11 groups monitored, 289 members total

   Average capitalization of US $3,136

   Average head traded per group 2,330

   Average profit: US $333 to US $1,111
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Innovation System: Stakeholders

   International members: 3

   Regional members: 12

   Local members: 31
Capacity-Building Cost Estimation
   Selective inputs for 13,800 beneficiaries
     PRAs/CAPs =        $0.52 (4% of population)
     Short courses =    $4.03 (3%...)
     Tours =            $4.63 (9%...)
     NF Educ =          $0.99 (16%...)
     Seed loans =       $9.96 (17%...)
     Mon & Eval =       $14.16
           Total = $34.29 over 3 years
Effects of Intervention
   Compared to paired controls in 2 locations,
    collective action improves:

     Personal skills and confidence (P<0.001)
     Level of social support (P<0.001)
     Cash income and access to credit (P<0.001)
     Personal quality of life (P<0.01)
What Have I Learned?
   Traditional vs. participatory work in the context
    of “the academy”

   Sustainability and stakeholder turnover

   Responsibility to human subjects
Participation Checklist:

   Benefits                        Costs
       Local impacts                   Transaction efforts

       Empirical evidence for          More time and money
        interventions
                                        Harder to generalize
       Satisfaction from                results, publish?
        observing research
        application                     Risk of “losing control”
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
Emerging Voices
   “Research for development”

   “Participation, problem-solving, sustainability science”

   “Integration and implementation science”

   “Innovation systems, new forms of knowledge”

   “Post-normal science”
Scholarship Assessed
                    (Glassick et al. 1997)
   Scholarship transition beyond “discovery” to include verifiable
    links to integration, application, teaching…

   Is higher ed a private benefit to individuals, or an investment in a
    collective public good?

   What scholarship “matters,” and how do scholars work?

   Need for stronger societal engagement

   Scholarship ideals: integrity, perseverance, courage
The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia
“First, he wants to know where you will publish”
Hans Jahnke (1982): “building human capacity is the main
way to achieve development impact on marginal lands…”
Role for Livestock CRSP?
Emphasize:
     Discovery, integration, application

     Authentic partnerships, sustainability

     Longer-term funding horizons

     Supporting “global institutional memory”
This research was made possible through
support provided to the Global Livestock
Collaborative Research Support Program
by the United States Agency for
International Development under terms of
Grant No. PCE-G-00-98-00036-00 and by
contributions of participating institutions.

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The Quest for Impact: The Transformation of Research from a Traditional to a Participatory Format in Southern Ethiopia

  • 1. The Quest for Impact: From Traditional to Participatory Research in Ethiopia Layne Coppock PARIMA Project, GL-CRSP Closing Conference Naivasha, Kenya, 2009
  • 2. Roadmap  Background  Example from Southern Ethiopia  What Have I Learned?  Academics/scholarship  Sustainability  Role of Livestock CRSP
  • 6. Impact Assumptions  Proper problem diagnosis  Lack of other systemic constraints  Effectiveness of extension
  • 11. Researched Topics, 1985-99  Pastoral livelihoods (trends, diversification prospects)  Descriptive rangeland ecology  Trials: Options to improve calf growth  Trials: Options to improve forages  Trials: Options to improve milk processing
  • 14. Does any of this matter?
  • 15. Shift in Approach, 2000-09  PRA (joint problem diagnosis)  Peer-to-peer learning/Cross-border diffusion  Action Research (monitoring/problem solving)  Structured survey (groups vs. non-groups)
  • 17. PRA Results, 2000  Results from several Boran communities were remarkably similar  Lack of food and water seen as the primary problem  Locally sustainable solutions focused on education, diversified livelihoods
  • 21. Data from Kenya Groups  16 group leaders interviewed  Avg group age = 10 years  Avg charter members = 24 (no men)  Avg illiteracy = 85%  Half of groups formed spontaneously  Detailed constitutions, by-laws (memorized)  Savings; livelihood diversification; publ. services  High success rates; internal/external challenges
  • 25. Group Formation Back in Ethiopia  60 collective-action groups quickly formed between 2001 to 2003  2,167 charter members; 76% women  Capacity building short-courses (including micro-finance) were implemented  Action research added as a monitoring tool
  • 26. Livestock Marketing  Groups wanted stronger links to markets  PARIMA used participatory processes to help create a new value chain from pastoral producers to livestock exporters in Addis Ababa  This coincided with favorable changes in markets and institutions in Ethiopia
  • 28. Group Micro-finance Statistics (June 2008)  60 groups, 2001-2008 (not one has failed)  Savings mobilized = $92,735  Number of micro-loans = 5,368  Repayment rate = 96%  Volume of loan value = $647,666  Loan interest generated = $29,729  Profits from small business = $25,614*  Grew to 2,300 group members; over 13,800 direct beneficiaries
  • 29. Small Ruminant Market Supply, 2003-05  11 groups monitored, 289 members total  Average capitalization of US $3,136  Average head traded per group 2,330  Average profit: US $333 to US $1,111
  • 32. Innovation System: Stakeholders  International members: 3  Regional members: 12  Local members: 31
  • 33. Capacity-Building Cost Estimation  Selective inputs for 13,800 beneficiaries  PRAs/CAPs = $0.52 (4% of population)  Short courses = $4.03 (3%...)  Tours = $4.63 (9%...)  NF Educ = $0.99 (16%...)  Seed loans = $9.96 (17%...)  Mon & Eval = $14.16 Total = $34.29 over 3 years
  • 34. Effects of Intervention  Compared to paired controls in 2 locations, collective action improves:  Personal skills and confidence (P<0.001)  Level of social support (P<0.001)  Cash income and access to credit (P<0.001)  Personal quality of life (P<0.01)
  • 35. What Have I Learned?  Traditional vs. participatory work in the context of “the academy”  Sustainability and stakeholder turnover  Responsibility to human subjects
  • 36. Participation Checklist:  Benefits  Costs  Local impacts  Transaction efforts  Empirical evidence for  More time and money interventions  Harder to generalize  Satisfaction from results, publish? observing research application  Risk of “losing control”
  • 38. Emerging Voices  “Research for development”  “Participation, problem-solving, sustainability science”  “Integration and implementation science”  “Innovation systems, new forms of knowledge”  “Post-normal science”
  • 39. Scholarship Assessed (Glassick et al. 1997)  Scholarship transition beyond “discovery” to include verifiable links to integration, application, teaching…  Is higher ed a private benefit to individuals, or an investment in a collective public good?  What scholarship “matters,” and how do scholars work?  Need for stronger societal engagement  Scholarship ideals: integrity, perseverance, courage
  • 41. “First, he wants to know where you will publish”
  • 42. Hans Jahnke (1982): “building human capacity is the main way to achieve development impact on marginal lands…”
  • 43. Role for Livestock CRSP? Emphasize:  Discovery, integration, application  Authentic partnerships, sustainability  Longer-term funding horizons  Supporting “global institutional memory”
  • 44. This research was made possible through support provided to the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program by the United States Agency for International Development under terms of Grant No. PCE-G-00-98-00036-00 and by contributions of participating institutions.