The science behind fake news and misinformation: lessons for effective charity communications
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The document discusses the science behind fake news and misinformation, focusing on how valence influences belief formation and processing of evidence. It outlines strategies to deal with false beliefs and emphasizes the importance of understanding emotional and cognitive factors in shaping opinions. The content is based on various research studies and suggests methods for improving reasoning and belief systems.
The science behind fake news and misinformation: lessons for effective charity communications
- 1. #CCSOCIALSCIENCE With: Dr Andreas Kappes (City, University of London) @ankappes [email protected] THE SCIENCE BEHIND FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION
- 3. ROADMAP 1. Why Valence Matters, and Facts Not – Understanding the different brain modes of processing confirming and disconfirming evidence 2. Crossing the Rubicon: When Valence Matters, and When Facts – Understanding when beliefs become loaded with valence 3. Where Does Valence Come From: Why Do we Have Beliefs? – Understanding the functions of beliefs in daily life and how to use them 4. Beware of What People are Saying – What not to do when trying to understand the reasons for false beliefs
- 6. WHY SHOULD YOU LISTEN TO ME?
- 7. WHY VALENCE MATTERS (AND FACTS NOT) Kappes et al., 2020, Nature Neuroscience
- 9. + 2 sec 2 sec 1-3 sec 2 sec 2 sec 4 sec $1.000.000? Your Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Investment 50 Your Investment 40 Final Investment 45
- 10. 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 4 sec $1.000.000? Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Investment 50 Your Investment 40 + 1-3 sec Final Investment 45 Agreement Your Judgment
- 11. 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 4 sec $1.000.000? Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Investment 50 Your Investment 40 + 1-3 sec Final Investment 45 Agreement Your Judgment
- 13. 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 4 sec $1.000.000? Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Investment 50 Your Investment 40 + 1-3 sec Final Investment 35 Disagreement Your Judgment
- 14. ChangeinWager (2ndWager–1stWager) A -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Partner confirms judgment Partner disconfirms judgment No information provided Confirming opinion Disconfirming opinion No opinion provided * ns *
- 15. 2 sec 2 sec 2 sec 4 sec $1.000.000? Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Judgment Partner’s Investment 50 Your Investment 40 + 1-3 sec Final Investment 40 XXXXXXX Your Judgment
- 16. ChangeinWager (2ndWager–1stWager) A -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Partner confirms judgment Partner disconfirms judgment No information provided ns Confirming opinion Disconfirming opinion No opinion provided * ns *
- 17. ChangeinWager (2ndWager–1stWager) A -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Partner confirms judgment Partner disconfirms judgment No information provided ns Confirming opinion Disconfirming opinion No opinion provided * ns *
- 24. Kappes & Sharot, The Conversation, 2020
- 25. Horne et al., 2015, PNAS
- 26. Kappes & Sharot, The Conversation, 2020
- 28. (Kaminska, 2017) Octavius Mark Antony loves Cleopatra more than Rome. Beware of the snakes in the grass. #realtalk #RomeOverEgypt
- 29. CROSSING THE RUBICON: WHEN VALENCE MATTERS (AND WHEN NOT) Kappes et al., 2018, Psychological Science
- 32. The stranger is Lauren, a 33-year old female American.
- 36. Kahane et al., 2013
- 39. WHERE DOES VALENCE COME FROM: WHY DO WE HAVE BELIEFS?
- 40. • √ Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000
- 41. Korn et al., 2014
- 45. Kruglanski et al., 2015 Function Belief Belief
- 46. BEWARE OF WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING
- 48. Zajonc, 1980
- 50. (Kappes & Sharot, 2018) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Good News Bad News Good News Bad News Cognitive Load No Load LearningRate * * WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU BLOCK REASONING?
- 51. POST – HOC RATIONALISATION Haidt, 2001
- 53. IN A NUTSHELL 1. Prevent the crossing of the Rubicon so that valence doesn’t matter 2. Find common ground and don’t be cocky 3. Identify the functions of beliefs and replace those with new beliefs 4. Reason is not the enemy 5. Emotions are key for immunization
- 54. THANK YOU