Theory of Library Cataloguing

LIBRARY
CATALOGUING
(THEORY)
Prepared By:
Anupama Saini
B-09
BLISc
Department of Library and Information Science
University of Delhi
----- Anupama Saini ----- 1

PREVIEW
TITLE SLIDE
NO.
UNIT 1 – FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
4
I. Definition and Meaning of Library Catalogue 5
II. Objectives 6
III. Purposes and Functions 7
IV. Library Catalogue and the Five Laws of Library Science 8
V. History and Development of Library Catalogue Codes 9
VI. Physical Forms of Catalogues 25
VII.Types of Catalogues 35
UNIT 2 – TYPES OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES 45
I. Kinds of Entries 46
II. Data Elements in Different Types of Entries 56
III. Filing of Entries in Classified and Alphabetical Catalogues 63
2----- Anupama Saini -----

PREVIEW
TITLE SLIDE
NO.
UNIT 3 – CHOICE AND RENDERING OF HEADINGS 73
I. Personal Authors :Western and Indic Names 74
II. Corporate Authors 90
III. Pseudonyms,AnonymousWorks and Uniform Titles 112
IV. Non- Print Resources 136
UNIT 4 – SUBJECT CATALOGUING 141
I. Subject Cataloguing : Concept, Purpose and Problems 142
II. Chain Indexing 149
III. Subject Headings Lists : LCSH, SLSH 158
UNIT 5 – TRENDS IN LIBRARY CATALOGUING 165
I. Centralised and Cooperative Cataloguing 166
II. Bibliographical Standards : ISBD, MARC, CCF, etc. 178
III. ISBN and ISSN 193

UNIT 1 – FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Definition and Meaning of Library Catalogue
2. Objectives
3. Purposes and Functions
4. Library Catalogue and the Five Laws of Library Science
5. History and Development of Library Catalogue Codes
6. Physical Forms of Catalogues
7. Types of Catalogues

1. LIBRARY CATALOGUE :
DEFINITION AND MEANING
• The word `catalogue' has been derived from the Greek expression
`kata logos'. It means a list, register or complete enumeration of
something.
• Dr. S. R. Ranganathan has defined the term library catalogue as a list
of the documents in a library or in a collection forming a-portion of
it.
 Hence,a library catalogue:
i. is a list of books and other reading materials available in a particular
library;
ii. contains entries prepared for all the documents according to rules
prescribed in a catalogue code and organised in a systematic order;
iii. gives bibliographical information of the documents such as author, title,
edition, place of publication, publisher, date of publication in each entry in
order to describe and identify the document;and
iv. gives location number of the document, such as call number of the
document in order to locate the document on the shelves of the library.

2. OBJECTIVES OF A LIBRARY
CATALOGUE
I. To inform the availability/non availability of a particular
reading material in the library.
II. To provide information about the entire collection of the
library. The catalogue lists all the works of a particular author
available in the library collection, all the documents available
in a given subject or in a given kind of literature.
III. To ensure descriptive cataloguing whenever needed.
According to the rules of descriptive cataloguing, the
characteristics of the documents are fully described so that
one document can be identified and isolated from amongst
several similar documents. This type of description is
provided in the catalogue entries only in case of need. If the
rules of descriptive cataloguing are applied indiscriminately, it
would lead to large expenditure.
IV. Whatever may be the approach of a library user, the library
catalogue should convey full information regarding the items
of the person’s specific interest.

3. PURPOSESAND FUNCTIONS OF
A LIBRARY CATALOGUE
 The main purpose of a library catalogue is to aid readers
in making use of the collection of the library by providing
author, subject, title and other approaches to the
collection.
 The primary purpose of a library catalogue is to serve as
a guide to the collection of materials.
 Basically, it reveals to the users the document or non-
document materials contained in the library and aids
them in finding out whether the materials of their
interest are available in the library or not.
 In other words, a library catalogue serves as a key to the
library collection as well as location or as a retrieval tool.

4. LIBRARY CATALOGUE ANDTHE FIVE
LAWS OF LIBRARY SCIENCE
a)Books are for use
Accessibility to library collection through a well designed physical form of a
catalogue as well as the inner structure of catalogue entries and their
organization.
b) Every reader his/her book
The physical form as well as its internal structure of library catalogue should be
designed to help every type or category of users, such as children, specialists or
physically handicapped persons.
c)Every book its reader
Provision of analytical entries for documents to reveal the hidden contents of
documents.
d)Save the time of the reader
All possible approaches to the catalogue through author, title, and subject
indexes, cross reference entries, and guidelines in the use of the catalogue, all
these provide speed of service.
e)Library is a growing organism
Provision to adopt a library catalogue to changes in publications (both paper-
print an electronic) and changing needs of users and other environmental factors.
Provision for OPAC to ensure embracement of digital technology in the library.

5. HISTORYAND DEVELOPMENT OF
LIBRARY CATALOGUING CODES
 In the early stages, cataloguing was a local and
individual library practice.
 It lacked a system. It developed into a logical
system by stages from its primitive beginnings.
 The 19th century marks the beginning of code
making.
 Generally, codes comprise rules for description of
materials (books, etc.) and choice of headings and
their forms needed in making author, title, etc.
bibliographical entries including cross references
as may be warranted.

5.1 British Museum Cataloguing Rules
 In 1757, the Royal Library was transferred to the British
Museum.The library's total stock of books at this time
touched 5,00,000 mark.
 Since the previously compiled catalogues of the British
Museum and the other collections were poorly planned and
not well executed lists, the trustees wanted to have a fresh
alphabetical catalogue along with an additional general
classed catalogue compiled.
 Hence,Anthony Panizzi, the then librarian of the British
Museum, along with his assistants, compiled the famed British
Museum Cataloguing Rules, also known as Panizzi's 91 Rules.
 The code was certainly a pioneering attempt although it
lacked guiding principles to ensure consistency as needed
especially for any subsequent formulation and addition of
new rules for treating new types of materials

5.2 Jewett's Rules
 In 1850, Charles C. Jewett’s code for the catalogue of
the Smithsonian Institution was accepted.
 His code, consisting of 39 rules, was published in 1852.
 This code may be considered a landmark in the history
of cataloguing.
 Jewett acknowledged his debt to Panizzi.
 He extended the principle of corporate authorship
further than Panizzi, entering all corporate bodies
directly under their names.

5.3 Cutter's Rules
 In 1850, Charles Ammi Cutter published his Rules for a
Printed Dictionary Catalogue.
 It was the first American code to receive recognition.
 The chief merit of the code lies in the pragmatism applied by
the author in the making of the rules and in setting forth
"what might be called a set of first principles" to govern the
creation of rules and their practical application.
 Cutter declared that "cataloging is an art, not a science. No
rules can take the place of experience and good judgment
but some of the results of experience may best be indicated
by rules.“
 Rules for author, title, subject, as well as description and on
filing of entries are included.
 Cutter was the first person to recognise and recommend
corporate body as an author.

5.4ALA Code of 1908
 In light of the similar work being done in USA and UK regarding
development of cataloguing codes, Melvil Dewey suggested that there
should be co-operation to produce an Anglo-American code. The
American Library Association and the Library Association formally
agreed to co-operate in 1904. Consultation between the two bodies
occurred by correspondence.
 The first international cataloguing code was published in 1908 in an
American edition (Catalog Rules, Author and Title Entries) and a British
edition (Cataloguing Rules,Author andTitle Entries)
 Both editions contained 174 rules covering both entry and heading for
authors and titles, and description.
 Areas of disagreement between the two editions centred on authors
and publications that changed names or titles.
 In both editions disagreements were explained either in a note or by
printing two versions of the rule. Library of Congress supplementary
rules were also included where necessary.
 It was an incomplete code without rules for description, subject
cataloguing and filing, But it came into wide use in the libraries in both
the countries including a few other nations where English was the
library language.

5.5 Prussian Instructions
 the Prussian Instructions, i.e., Instruktionen fur die
Alphabetischen catalogue der Prussian Bibliotheken,
were published in 1899. Its English translation
rendered by A D Osborn was published in 1938.
 This code represented the German practice which
differed from the Anglo-American tradition.
 It prescribed grammatical rather than mechanical title.
In title entry, the first grammatically independent
word instead of first word (other than article) as
opposed to Anglo-American practice, was prescribed.
 The code did not accept the concept of corporate
authorship. It treated corporate publications as a class
of anonymous publications.

5.6Vatican Rules
 The code was the result of a decision taken in 1927 to
prepare a new catalogue of the printed books in the Vatican
Library (Rome) which was in the process of reorganisation.
 Because of the involvement of the American experts and of
American trained personnel, the code reflected American
bias.
 Next to Cutter's rules, this was the other code that was a
complete and comprehensive code, covering all the aspects
of cataloguing.
 It provided for entry (author, title entries), description,
subject headings and filing.
 The rules for subject cataloguing stated general principles
and included instructions on forms and specific areas of
application.
 It is also claimed as an international code.

5.7 Classified Catalogue Code
 The first edition appeared in 1934 and was continued
through five editions, the last (i.e., the 5th edition)
coming in 1964.
 The second edition (1945) demonstrated the
symbiotic relationship between classification and
cataloging and evolved chain procedure for subject
cataloguing/indexing. Rules for style of writing and
alphabetisation correlating the two through Gestalt
theory of alphabetisation were other added features
of this edition.
 After Cutter's rules and Vatican code, the CCC is the
only other code which is complete to cover all the
cataloguing procedures and to provide rules for entry,
description, subject cataloguing/indexing and filing.

5.8ALA Rules (prel 2nd ed,1941)
 Within two decades of implementation of the joint
code of 1908, libraries in America as well as in
England began voicing dissatisfaction.
 In the 1930s committees of American Library
Association and the Library Association discussed
revision of the 1908 rules. The two bodies co-
operated until 1939 when the Second World War
ended British involvement.
 A preliminary second edition of the American edition
of the 1908 rules was published by the American
Library Association in 1941, and contained 324 rules
in two parts: Part I, Entry and Heading; Part II,
Description of book; as well as various appendices,
including one on “authority cards.”

5.9 Library of Congress Descriptive
Rules
 As the 1949 ALA code did not contain rules for
descriptive cataloguing, the Library of Congress took
responsibility for documenting rules of this nature. As
Library of Congress catalogue cards were widely
used by American libraries, there was interest in the
rules used by the Library of Congress.
 Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress
was published in 1949, and the rules were adopted by
the American Library Association [9]. Included were
rules for separately published monographs, serials,
and some non-book materials.
 Supplementary rules were subsequently issued for
additional non-book formats.

5.10ALA Rules (2nd definitive edition,
1949)
 The 1941 edition was criticised for being too detailed
and complex, and in 1949 A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for
Author and Title Entries was published. This edition
contained only rules for entry and heading.
 American alternative rules in the 1908 code were
reflected in the 1949 code.

5.11AACR 1(1967)
 In 1951 the American Library Association asked Seymour
Lubetzky, of the Library of Congress, to analyse the 1949 ALA
code. An approach was also made to the Library Association
regarding co-ordination of revision of the 1949 code.
 In 1953 Lubetzky’s report (Cataloging Rules and Principles) was
published. This work advocated a move towards a principle-based
rather than case-based code.
 In 1956 Lubetzky was appointed editor of the revised code, and
in 1960 he produced the draft Code of Cataloging Rules; Author
and Title Entry.
 The International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held
in Paris in 1961 to examine the choice and form of headings in
author/title catalogues. The outcome was a statement of 12
principles known as the Paris Principles .
 In 1962 C. Sumner Spalding, of the Library of Congress, became
the new editor of the code.
 In 1967 two versions of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(AACR) were published, a North American text and a British
text . ----- Anupama Saini ----- 20

5.12AACR 2 (1978)
 In 1974 the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR (JSC)
was established, with membership from the American Library
Association, the British Library, the Canadian Library Association
(represented by the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing), the Library
Association,and the Library of Congress.
 The JSC was charged with incorporating the North American and
British texts into a single version.
 The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second edition (AACR2) was
published in one version in 1978 .
 AACR2 was divided into two parts:
◦ Part I, Description
– Based on the ISBD(G) framework.
– Included a general chapter (chapter 1), and chapters for individual formats,
including new chapters for machine-readable data files (chapter 9) and three-
dimensional artefacts and realia (chapter 10).
– The rules for non-book materials were based on alternative codes that
were published in the 1970s.
◦ Part II, Entry and Heading
– Rules were brought more closely into line with the Paris Principles.

5.13AACR 2, 1988 revised
 The 1988 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the
1982, 1983, and 1985 revisions plus subsequent
unpublished revisions.
 The 1988 Revision was published in both book
and loose-leaf format.
 One set of amendments was published in 1993.

1993 amendments, and revisions approved
between 1992 and 1996.
 The 1998 Revision was published in book and
CDROM format.
 Amendments packages were published in 1999
and 2001. The 2001 amendments included a
complete revision of chapter 9 (renamed:
Electronic Resources).

1999 and 2001 amendments, and changes
approved in 2001, including complete revisions of
chapter 3 (Cartographic Materials) and chapter
12 (renamed: Continuing Resources) [26].
 The revision of chapter 12 arose from a
recommendation of the International Conference
on the Principles and Future Development of
AACR, and IFLA-led efforts to harmonize
ISBD(CR), ISSN practice, and AACR2.
 In 2002 AACR was published only in loose-leaf
format.

6. PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY
CATALOGUES
 Meaning of physical forms of catalogues:-
The physical or outer form of the catalogue relates to its external
shape, size, appearance of the stationery to be used for recording
entries of documents (e.g., card) and furniture or equipment to stock
the stationery of bibliographical entries of documents of the library.
 The physical forms of library catalogues can be broadly
studied under two groups:
◦ Conventional and
◦ Non-conventional/Modern.

PhysicalFormsof
LibraryCatalogues
Conventional Forms
Bound register /
Ledger form
Printed book form
Sheaf or Loose-leaf
form
Card form
Non-
conventional/Modern
Forms
Visible index form
Microform catalogue
Machine-readable
catalogue

6.1 DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS
OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
1. Conventional Forms
(i) Bound Register/ Ledger Form
o In this form, the entries of documents of a library
are written by hand in a bound register or ledger,
pages are set apart for different letters of the
alphabets.
o These alphabet are arranged alphabetically.
o Minimum information about the document such as
author, title, edition, accession number and class
number is given for each book.
o There may be a separate register for authors or
titles or subjects.

(ii) Printed Book Form
o In the nineteenth century, the most common
physical form of a library catalogue was the
printed book form.
o These types of library catalogues are prepared
conforming to all the standard principles and
rules of cataloguing, with cross references and
multiple entries.
o Especially, some of the big libraries like British
Museum Library (now renamed as the British
Library), the Library of Congress, National
Library Calcutta, printed their catalogues in the
book form.
o To keep the catalogue updated, they used to
issue supplements to these catalogues at regular
intervals.

(iii) Sheaf or Loose-Leaf Form
o Sheaf form of library catalogue is also
referred to as loose-leaf form.
o A sheaf form of catalogue is one in
which slips of paper are put into a
loose-leaf binder and bound by some
mechanical device into a volume. This is
a loose-leaf binder format, which
provides the convenience of handling a
book.
o In the sheaf form, each entry is made on
a separate slip. But, there may also be
more than one entry on each slip or
page. The entries are either handwritten
or typed.
o New slips can be inserted in appropriate places without disturbing the existing
order of arrangement of entries. It is also possible to remove entries for
specific documents in case such documents are withdrawn from the library
stock.
o Roughly, each volume of a sheaf catalogue may contain about 500 to 600 leaves.
o The volumes so constituted may be displayed on. special shelves with
appropriate labels on their spines, indicating the order (either alphabetical or
classified) of arrangement

(iv) Card Form
o Library catalogue in the
card form is by far the
most popular physical
form. It is widely prevalent
in libraries throughout the
world including India.
o In this form the
bibliographical elements of
every document are
recorded on a single card.
o This method of
representing every
document on a single card
is known as the unit card
principle.
o Because of its wide usage all over the world, many aspects
pertaining to the card catalogue are standardised. For example, 12.5
x 7.5 cm. is the universally adopted size for a catalogue card.
o Similarly, the sizes of cabinets, trays for a card catalogue are all of
uniform standard. Consequently, most of these items of furniture
could be obtained readily from commercial vendors.

2. Non-
Conventional/Modern
Forms
(i)Visible Index Form
o This form of catalogue is extensively
used in libraries attached to business
and industrial houses.
o Visible index catalogue consists of
strips mounted on a frame or cards
held flat, hinged and with edge of each
card protruding so as to make the
heading visible.
o The cards are usually of the size 12.5
x 20 cm.
o The card is inserted into a hinged
kraft pocket, exposing the top
portion.
o These pockets are held in a specially prepared steel cabinet. Such steel cabinets
are available in India under the trade name Kardex.
o Generally, Kardex is used in Indian libraries for maintaining records pertaining
to current periodicals.

(ii) Microform Catalogue
o In microform catalogue, entries
are greatly reduced and printed
upon a film or fiche.
o The microform cannot be read by
naked eyes. A suitable microform
reader, magnifies the reduced
images on the film or fiche and
projects them on to a screen is
necessary for consulting a
microform catalogue.
o Microform catalogues are
compact and occupy less space in
libraries.
o They are portable and accessible to users depending upon the number
of copies of catalogues and machines available.
o Multiple copies of these catalogues can be prepared easily and
inexpensively.
o These films or fiches cannot be used without microform readers.
o They also require special care and protection.
o They are useful only in very large libraries where massive data has to
be stored and retrieved.

(iii) Machine Readable Catalogue
 The machine-readable catalogue is the most significant of these
new forms of catalogue.
 In a machine-readable catalogue entries are rendered in a format
which permits input and storage on magnetic tape or magnetic
disc for manipulation in a computer.
 MARC 21 and Common Communication Format (CCF) are
standard formats.
 Access to the catalogue entries may be òff-line' or òn-line'.
 Òff-line' means that the computer can be used only at certain
times. At the available computer time, search must be made for a
collection or batch of enquiries.
 Online systems, however, are linked directly to the computers
which can be used immediately or at any time for processing
enquiries and searching.
 The computer configuration needed for machine-readable
catalogue is:
i. A computer with keyboard and display units.
ii. Secondary storage facility.
iii. Terminals wherevernecessary.

6.2 FEATURES FORTHE BEST
PHYSICAL FORM OF LIBRARY
CATALOGUE
1. It must be easy to use.
2. It must be easy to keep up-to-date.
3. It should enable browsing on scanning over a
number of entries at a time.
4. Multiple copies must be easily produced.
5. It must occupy as little space as possible.
6. It should provide multiple access points.

7. TYPES OF CATALOGUE
Cataloguing
Process
Creation
of
Entries
Filing
of
Entries

7.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TO ARRANGE
CATALOGUES CATALOGUE ENTRIES
Types of
Catalogues
Alphabetical
Catalogues
Author
Name
Title
Subject
Dictionary
Classified
Catalogues
Classified
Part
Alphabetical
Part
Alphabetico-
Classed
Catalogues
Subject Part
Alphabetical
Index

7.1.1.ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE
 Alphabetical catalogue can be separately designed and constructed
for authors, titles, names recording works on and by authors, subjects
or all entries of authors, titles, subjects, etc. in one single alphabetical
file,known as the dictionary catalogue.
 Types of Alphabetical Catalogues :
◦ Author Catalogue
In an author catalogue, the entries of documents are under authors'
name and are arranged alphabetically.
◦ Name Catalogue
A name catalogue is a mixed type of catalogue which combines the
author and subject entries (the subject entries representing the
author as a subject) into one alphabetical sequence. In this type of
catalogue, biographies and other critical studies of an author, are
arranged along with his original works.

◦ Title Catalogue
In a title catalogue, the titles of documents occupy at the leading
section of entries, which are arranged in an alphabetical order. Queries
of readers who remember only the exact title of the book can be
answered with the help of a title catalogue.
◦ Subject Catalogue
In an alphabetical subject catalogue, entries are made under the name
of the specific subjects of documents. Irrespective of their affiliations,
specific subject entries are strictly arranged in an alphabetical order.
◦ Dictionary Catalogue
The dictionary catalogue derives its name from this general meaning of
the word `dictionary'. A dictionary catalogue gives information about
documents available in a library with reference to their authors, titles,
subjects, etc. All the entries getting arranged in a single alphabetical
order.

7.1.2. CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE
 A classified catalogue is a form of subject catalogue, in which
the entries are arranged by the class number which
representing the subject of document, according to the
classification scheme chosen for a library.
 The classified catalogue has two parts.
◦ The classified part
The classified part has the arrangement of entries of documents by
class number.
◦ The alphabetical part
The alphabetical index to a classified catalogue; consisting of
author, title (wherever necessary), subject entries and other
entries for collaborators, series, editors of series, and a host of
cross references, is meant to support the classified part of the
catalogue. It can fulfil all the functions of a dictionary catalogue i.e.,
collect the works of an author together, bring all the different
editions of a title,cross references for subjects,etc.

7.1.2.1.DICTIONARY CATALOGUE
VS. CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE
Sr. No. Dictionary Catalogue Classified Catalogue
1 It follows alphabetical order in
arranging entries
It follows classified order in
arranging entries (in main or
classified part)
2 It has only one part in which
entries for author title,subject
and cross reference entries are
arranged in one alphabetical
sequence according to the words
or letters forming the headings
It has two parts : Classified and
alphabetical.Alphabetical part is
known as index part.Classified part
contains number entries and
alphabetical part word entries
3 It is easy to consult by a common
reader.Any reader who can
consult a dictionary can consult it
with equal ease
It is comparatively difficult to consult
it because readers may not be aware
of the ordinal value of symbols etc.
forming notation or class number of
subjects

5 Since it follows alphabetical
arrangement entries for related
subjects are normally placed far
from each other due to accident of
alphabets.This inconvenience may
however be removed by providing
sufficient number of cross
reference entries
Since it follows classified arrangement
under number, entries for related
subjects are placed together.This
curtails preparation of large number of
cross reference entries
6 As a consequence of alphabetical
arrangement, filiatory sequence
among subjects cannot be
maintained is arranging entries
It ensures filiatory arrangement of
entries due to number (classified)
arrangement
7 Liberal and excessive provision for
cross reference entries makes the
catalogue bulky
In it number of cross reference entries
are restricted and thus the size and
bulk of the catalogue remains under
control
8 It does not depend for its success
on the scheme of classification used
in the library
Its success depends on the scheme of
classification used in the library.Any
defect in the scheme of classification
can make the arrangement of entries
defective

9 It satisfies direct approach to
specific subjects because subject
entries are arranged under specific
subjects
It can not satisfy direct approach to
specific subject entries are arranged
under their broader subject
10 It cannot serve as a bibliography on
various subjects or as a book
selection tool for smaller libraries
It serves as a bibliography on various
subjects or as a book selection tool
for smaller libraries
11 Entries of synonymous words
starting with different alphabets will
be placed far away from one
another which is not desirable
This never happens in classified
catalogue.
12 Entries of homonyms (words with
same spelling but meaning different
things) come together and create
confusion
This never happens in classified
catalogue.
Conclusion: This is useful for
small and medium size libraries,
public libraries, and general libraries
Conclusion: This is useful for
research libraries and very big libraries
and specialized libraries

7.1.3.ALPHAETICO - CLASSED
CATALOGUE
 The alphabetico-classed catalogue may be considered as a combination or
mixture of the best points associated with dictionary and classified catalogue.
 The alphabetico-classed catalogue gets related subjects together in a way, but
their alphabetical arrangement takes away the filiation of subjects.
 The rearrangement of Dewey Decimal Classification division of ‘600
Technology’ in an alphabetical order would yield the following.
◦ Agriculture and related technologies (630)
◦ Building (690)
◦ Chemical and related technologies (660)
◦ Engineering and allied operations (620)
◦ Home Economics and family living (640)
◦ Management and auxiliary services (650)
◦ Manufactures (670)
◦ Manufacture of product for specific uses (680)
◦ Medicine (610)
◦ Diseases (616)
◦ of blood - forming, lymphatic, glandular system (614.4)
◦ cardiovascular system (616.1) digestive system (616.3)
◦ of hillary tract (616.36)
◦ of mouth and throat (616.31)
 This type of catalogue must have an alphabetical index of specific subject for
its successful operation. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 43

7.2 CHOICE OF FORM FOR A
LIBRARY CATALOGUE
The various factors that should be taken into consideration
while choosing the type of catalogue for the library are :-
i. Types and kinds of users, and their document and
information needs.
ii. Library collection, both with reference to range of subjects
and their scope and size of the collection.
iii. Open or closed access.
iv. Staff
v. Service
vi. Finance
vii. Technical soundness of particular inner form.
viii. Other environment factors.

UNIT 2 – TYPES OF CATALOGUE
ENTRIES
1. Kinds of Entries
2. Data Elements in Different Types of Entries
3. Filing of Entries in Classified and Alphabetical
Catalogues

1. KINDS OF ENTRIES
 What is an ‘Entry’ ?
o An entry is a record of information for a specific purpose.
o The amount of information to be provided in an entry depends
upon the nature of the entry and its purpose.
 Catalogue Entry
o S.R. Ranganathan defined an entry as ‘ultimate unit record in a
catalogue or documentation list’.
o In the case of a library catalogue you are providing information
about a document that exists in the library.
 Need for Catalogue Entries
o A library catalogue can just meet any one type of user's approach
like author approach,title approach,etc.
o A library catalogue is a useful search tool for the effective use of
library.

1.1 ENTRY FORMAT
 A library
catalogue
card is of
a standard
size
12.5cm x
7.5cm.
 It may be
a white
blank card
or a card
with lines
printed
on it.

1.2 MAIN ENTRY AND ADDED
ENTRIES
 Main Entry
o Main Entry is the basic entry.
o It is the entry in which all the essential information useful and
relevant for the identification of a document is provided.
o AACR-2 defines a Main Entry as "The complete catalogue record of
an item, presented in the form by which the entry is to be uniformly
identified and cited".
o Ranganathan in his CCC says that Main Entry is the entry, which
gives maximum information about a document. All other entries
relating to the document are usually derived from the main entry.

 Added Entries
o Added Entries are intended to help the user to find a document
when his approach to the document is different from the one that
the library has preferred for its Main Entry.
o These entries provide access points other than the main access
point.
o AACR-2 gives a simple definition. It says an added entry is "An entry,
additional to the main entry, by which an item is represented in a
catalogue;a 'secondary entry".
o Classified Catalogue Code simply states that an added entry is an
"Entry other than main entry".

1.3 UNIT CARD SYSTEM
 In 'Unit Card' or 'Unit Record System', the Main Entry
and the added entries carry the same information about
the document.
 The only difference between them is that each added
entry will have the approach element at the top of the
entry starting from the second indention.
 In such cases the Main Entry is known as 'Unit Entry'.

EXAMPLE OF ENTRIES IN UNIT
CARD SYSTEM
Book
WORKING AND
MANAGING INTHE
NEW AGE
RON GARLAND
IVY BOOKS – NEW
YORK
1990
Main Card

1.4 CATALOGUE CODES
 When we prepare a catalogue for a library collection, we follow a set of
principles and rules to prepare the entries and to arrange and file them. Sets
of rules that prescribe the various types of entries, their format and contents
are known as catalogue codes.
 Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue, which was in its fourth edition at
the time of his death in 1903, was the first complete code for a Dictionary
Catalogue.
 The Library of Congress was publishing its LC Rules on Printed Cards from
1903 to 1930s.
 Dr. S.R.Ranganathan published his Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) in 1934.
The Code went through five editions during his lifetime.
 The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR) are a
national cataloging code first published in 1967. AACR2 stands for the Anglo-
American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition. It is published jointly by
the American Library Association, the Canadian Library Association, and
the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals in the UK.

1.5 KINDS OF ENTRIES
 Entries in a Dictionary Catalogue
1. Main Entries (under the author or title; if the author is not
known; authorship is diffused; or if the item is produced under
editorial direction that item will be entered under the heading
for the title of the book)
2. Collaborator Added Entries (for persons or institutions, or
organizations or societies, etc., associated with the creation of
the work).
3. Subject Added Entries (for the subject or subjects dealt with in.
the document).
4. Title Added Entries (for title of the work and also for alternate
title if there is one). Sometimes added entry is also provided for
a sub-title of the work if there is a sub-title and it is so distinct
that an added entry for it may be helpful.
In addition to these types of entries `Reference Entries' and
`Analytical Entries' are also provided in a Dictionary Catalogue.

 Entries in a Classified Catalogue
1. Main Entry - Specific Entry giving maximum information about the whole of a
document. All the other entries: specific or general relating to the document,
are normally derived from the Main Entry.
2. Cross Reference Entries - A Cross Reference Entry enters a document
under one or other of the classes other than the dominant focus or class.
3. Class Index Entries - Class Index Entries direct the user to the Classified Part
of the catalogue where materials on different subjects are arranged in a
filiatory sequence with an indication of the relevant Class Number. The Class
Index Entries are derived from the Class Number through the `Chain
Procedure' method.
4. Book Index Entries - Book Index Entries are specific Added Word Entries
provided for a document. These entries are given under the names of authors,
editors, translators etc., under the name of series and in certain cases under
the title.
5. Cross Reference Index Entries - The purpose of Cross Reference Index
Entry is to invite the attention of a reader from the term he brings upto the
catalogue to its equivalent term or some other term under which he can find
his information. This is because the catalogue uses in all Specific Entries only
the term found on the title page and its overflow of the document catalogued.

2. DATA ELEMENTS IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENTRIES
 Data mean facts given or information provided about a thing or object
or person.
 In a library catalogue we provide data about the document.
 Different elements constitute the data about a document, like,
information about the authorship of the work, the title, the publisher,
the year in which the work is published, the number of volumes the
number of pages of the work .
 On the basis of an understanding between the International Federation
of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the committee that
revised the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, a standard bibliographic
description, known as International Standard Bibliographic Description
(ISBD) is adopted inAACR-2.
 In Ranganathan's Classified Catalogue Code, the nature of description is
different. Ranganathan feels that a catalogue entry need not give
information about the place of publication, name of publisher, etc.
Similarly, there is no need for physical description of the kind number
of pages,illustrations in the work, size of the work, etc.

2.1 DATA ELEMENTS
 The different elements that provide information about the
document in the catalogue entry are the data elements.
 A group of data elements arranged in a prescribed order
constitutes an area of description.
 The International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD)
identified the following eight areas for the description of a
document:
i. Title and statement of responsibility area
ii. Edition area
iii. Material(or type of publication) specific details area
iv. Physical description area
v. Series area
vi. Note area
vii. Standard number and terms of availability area

 Levels of Description
◦ Even though AACR-2 provides for the eight areas of description
and for certain elements of information in each area, it is not
necessary that every document catalogued should be provided
with all he areas of description. Nor is it necessary to provide all
the data elements in any area of description.
◦ AACR-2 specifies three levels of description at Rule 1.0D.
First Level of Description:
For the first level of description the following elements are the
minimum. Guidance is to be taken from the General rules 1.IB, 1.IF,
1.2B,1.3,1.4D,1.4F,I.5B,1.7 and 1.8B for this purpose.
Title proper/first statement of responsibility, if different from main
entry heading in form or number or if there is no main entry
heading. - Edition statement. - Material (or type of publication)
specific details. - First publisher, etc., date of publication, etc. –
Extent of item.- Note(s). - Standard number.

2. Second Level of Description:
For the second level of description the following is the schematic illustration
of the minimum elements:
Title proper (general material designation) = parallel title: other title
information/first statement of responsibility. - Edition statement/first
statement of responsibility relating to the edition.
-Material (or type of publication) specific details. First place of publication,
etc.:first publisher, etc.,data of publication, etc. Extent of item: other physical
details: dimensions. - (title proper of series/statement of responsibility
relating to series, ISSN of series: numbering within the series. Title of sub-
series, ISSN* of sub-series; numbering within sub- series).
- Note(s). Standard number.
(*ISSN =International Standard Serial Number).
3.Third Level of Description:
In this level of description all elements set out in the rules of AACR-2 which
are applicable to the particular item that is being catalogued are to be
included.

2.1.1 DATA ELEMENTS IN A
DICTIONARY CATALOGUE
 Parts of a main entry
I. HEADING
II. BODY OF THE ENTRY (first
paragraph).
III. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
AREA (second paragraph)
IV. SERIES AREA, if any
(following physical
description area as
continuation of second
paragraph).
V. NOTE AREA (each note is a
separate paragraph).
Necessary data that can not
be incorporated in the above
parts of the record.
VI. STANDARD NUMBER AND
TERMS OF AVAILABILITY
AREA (paragraph following
last note).
VII. TRACING (Separate
paragraph)
VIII. CALL NUMBER (formatted
in upper left corner of entry
or on line following tracing)

2.1.2 DATA ELEMENTS IN A
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE
Parts of a main entry
I. Leading Section:
occupied by the
Call Number
II. Heading : records
authorship or its
substitute element
III. Title Section: gives
the title of the
work
IV. Note Section, if
any;
V. Accession
Number;and
VI. Tracing Section.
Tracing Section is
given on the
reverse of Main
Entry card.

• Tracing Section is given on the reverse of Main Entry card.
• The space on the reverse is imagined to be divided vertically into two halves
first.
• Then the right half is again divided into 3 parts by two imaginary horizontal
lines.
• In the left half on the card the Cross Reference Entries that can be given for
the document are listed and in the right half Class Index Entries; Book Index
Entries and Cross ReferenceIndex Entries are listed.

3. FILING OF ENTRIES IN
CLASSIFIED AND ALPHABETICAL
CATALOGUES
 Filing
o Filing helps to find a place for everything and also helps in bringing order
among things.
o Filing serves both the purposes of preservation and ready use of things
preserved through a logical approach.
o It saves time in using a collection and also brings together closely related
things when filing is done scientifically.
 Need for Filing of Catalogue Entries
A good system of filing of entries in a catalogue will
i. save the time of filing of the people who use it;
ii. bring together related entries at one place,
iii. expose the items about which the user may not know till the time of
the search;and
iv. facilitate manipulation and handling of the catalogue with ease, once the
logic behind the arrangement is known.

3.1 NATURE OF ENTRIESTO BE
FILED
 Catalogue entries are either word entries or notational entries.
 In a dictionary catalogue they are word entries.
 In a classified catalogue there are both word entries and entries
under Class Number.
 Further, the shelf-list of a library is generally filed in the
sequence in which the books are arranged on the shelves
according to their call number.
 Filing of catalogue entries would therefore mean filing entries in a
i. Shelf list;
ii. Classified Catalogue; and
iii. Dictionary Catalogue.
 Filing of word entries is known as ‘Alphabetization’ and filing of
numerical and/or symbol entries is known as classified arrangement.

3.2 HISTORY OF FILING SYSTEMS
Filing systems for catalogue entries evolved
over a period of time,
 Berghoeffer System
Towards the end of the 19th century
Christian W. Berghoeffer introduced this
filing system. This system suggests the
division of the catalogue into three sections
as-a personal section, a geographical section,
and a title section.
 ALA Filing Rules
The American Library Association published
in 1942 the A.L.A. Rules for Filing Catalogue
Cards.
 Library of Congress Filing
Rules
Published in 1980, these rules are more
elaborate than the ALA Filing Rules.
Emphasis in these rules is on the practical
adaptability of the rules for computer
processing of the entries.
 Computer Filing
The first code to deal specifically with
computer filing was published in 1966 by
Theodore C. Hines and Jessica L. Harris
under the title Computer Filing of Index
Bibliographic and Catalogue Records.
 BLAISE Filing Rules
Automated information service provided
by the British Library is known under
acronym BLAISE (British Library
Automated Information Service). These
rules for computer filing were prepared on
the basis of the principles developed by
the International Organisation for
Standardization (ISO).
 Ranganathan's Principles
Classified Catalogue Code Ed. 5 Chapter
EG and EH deal with the filing of entries in
Classified Part and in Alphabetical Part
respectively.

3.3 FILING CLASSIFIED ENTRIES
 Filing of number entries will be
easy when a simple scheme of
Classification like Dewey Decimal
Classification is used. The numerals
and their sequential value is quite
familiar to us. So the arrangement
is simple.
 For example when numbers like
030; 360; 130; 505; 330; 720; etc.,
are to be arranged we an-arrange
them in the sequence
030
130
330
360
505
720
 Similarly, when Class Numbers are
based on pure notation using letter of
alphabets like ABCD we can
conveniently arrange them in a
sequential order
AAC
AAH
AAL
ABC
ABG
ABK
ACD
ACM and so
 If both capital letters and small letters
are used and in addition both Arabic
numerals and Roman numerals are also
mixed up, then again some guiding
principles of preference and sequence
are needed.----- Anupama Saini ----- 66

3.3.1 Entries in Classified Part of Ranganathan's Classified
Catalogue at per CCC
◦ Ranganathan provided the rules to be followed while arranging entries in
the classified part of the Classified Catalogue in Chapter EG of his CCC.
Some of these rules are quoted below.
o EG 1 "The entries in the Classified Part are to be arranged by the Class
Numbers in their - respective Leading Sections".
o EU 21 "Among the entries with the same Class Number in their respective
Leading Sections, those with one or more Book Numbers are to have
precedence over those without them".
o EU 22 "Entries with Book Numbers in their respective Leading Sections are to
be arranged among themselves by the Book Numbers",
o EU 24 "Entries with the same Class Numbers as well as Book Numbers in
their respective Leading Sections will be a sequence of "Continued" entries
and they are to be arranged among themselves its numerical sequence":
o EC 11 "Etudes with the same Class Numbers and without Book Numbers in
their respective Leading Sections are to he arranged by the Book Numbers, if
any, in their respective Third Sections".
o EU 32 "Such of the entries coming under rule 11 of this Chapter as have the
same Book Numbers in their respective Third Sections, are to be arranged
among themselves by the Class Numbers occurring in their respective Third
Sections",

3.3.2 Class NumberArrangement
 Unlike the Class Numbers of Dewey Decimal Classification the Colon Class
Numbers have not only Arabic Numerals but also capital letters of the Roman
alphabet and also punctuation marks and other symbols.
 So, arrangement of entries according to class numbers in the classified part will be
difficult unless the order of precedence is given for the various digits.
 Ranganathan suggested the order of precedence for these digits.
 The Seventh Edition (1987) of Colon Classification provides the following ascending
value of digits.
* <-“ & ‘ .: ;, - = ab …Z 12 …9A …Z
The following Class Number arrangementillustrates the precedence of Numbers:
B*Z
B <- C
B "a
B
B&C
B ‘N65
B.44
B:36
B;4
B,5
B-9N
B=9R ----- Anupama Saini ----- 68

3.3.3 Shelf List Filing
 Shelf list reflects the arrangement of documents in the library. That is to
say, the classificatory arrangement of the documents in a library can be
seen through the entries in its shelf list. Entries in a Shelf list are, therefore,
Class Number and Call Number entries.
 Some examples of filing shelf list entries when Dewy Decimal
Classification (DDC) scheme is used, are given below:
 Example 1: DDC Class Number Order
001 Knowledge
001,424 Operations research
001.43 Research
001.5 Information and Communication
001.51 CommunicationTheory
001.534 Perception theory.
001.575 Artificial Intelligence
017 Subject Catalogues
018 Author Catalogues
027 Central Libraries

3.4 FILING ALPHABETICAL
ENTRIES
3.4.1 ALA Rules for alphabetical arrangement give a number of clear-cut
directions forming a set of guidelines.These relate to:
(a) Letter by letter arrangement
The letters are taken in their sequence irrespective of their word division. For
example New York and Newark are arranged in the order
Newark
New York
(b) Word by word arrangement
This form of filing is also called "Nothing before something" method. Each word
is taken as' a unit in this form of filing. Between word and word there is
`nothing'. That is to say the space that we leave between word and word we treat
as nothing. So "something" should follow only after "nothing" is filed.
For the two terms we considered earlier, namely, New York and Newark the
filing under this system would be
New York
Newark
The first three letters are common for both. Then by the principle of `nothing
before something' the tern New York with `nothing' immediately after the three
letters has to come first.

(c) Initial articles at the beginning of headings
◦ Initial articles at the beginning of headings, titles, etc.; when taken into
consideration may disperse similar and closely related headings in
alphabetisation.
◦ For example:
‘A Manual of Technical Drawing’ will be filed under letter `A' if the initial
article is also taken. But if it is 'omitted or ignored in filing, the same title
entry will be filed under the letter `M' and filed by the side of similar
manuals. Further, the user may be searching the catalogue under `M'
since he may be remembering the title of the book only as `Manual of
Technical Drawing' rather than `A Manual of Technical Drawing'.
◦ Filing rules usually prescribe omission of initial articles unless they form
an integral part of a proper name heading.
(d) Filing of initials and acronyms
◦ BLAISE files them as words whether they contain full stops or not. But
if the initials are separated by spaces they file as letters.
◦ ALA Rules and LC file them as words whether they contain full stops
or not. But if the initials are separated by spaces they file as letters. ALA
Rules and LC file them as letters if they are separated by spaces or
marks of punctuation.

3.4.2 Ranganathan's Alphabetisation
Principles
 For the alphabetical part of the
classified catalogue according to CCC,
Ranganathan has provided the Rules in
Chapter EH.
 Rule EH 70 says:
"The following ascending scale of ordinal
values is to be borne in mind in
arranging the entries in the Alphabetical
Part:
1. Section Space;
2. Full stop;
3. Comma;
4. Numerals in their natural sequence;
5. Bracket;
6. Words in Roman;
7. Words in italics or underlined words;
8. The word "and", or its substitution
semicolon;and
9. Etc.
 GestaltAlphabetisation
o In Gestalt alphabetization ordinal
values are given to. "Word Space",
"Sentence Space" and "Paragraph
Space". Different ordinal values are
also given to "Capital Letters",
"Small letters" and "Letters in
Italics".
o Ranganathan was following the
Gestalt Aplhabetisation to a severe
degree in the earlier editions of
CCC up to the 3rd edition
published in 1951.
o In the fourth edition of CCC, he
preferred All-through
alphabetisation, which is the other
extreme of Gestalt alphabetisation.
o But in the 5th edition he preferred
midway position. For this purpose
the code itself provided the Rules
on the style of writing in Chapter
ED and they are so coordinated
with the Rules in Chapter EH to
implement the midway position.

UNIT 3 – CHOICE AND
RENDERING OF HEADINGS
1. Personal Authors :Western and Indic
Names
2. Corporate Authors
3. Pseudonyms,AnonymousWorks and
Uniform Titles
4. Non- Print Resources

1. PERSONALAUTHORS :
WESTERN AND INDIC NAMES
 Author Catalogue
o A cataloguer presumes that generally, a library user
has three ways of approaching the collection - author,
title, or subject.
o Of the three approaches, author approach is most
common.There are several reasons for it.
i. the author's name is an easily identifiable element, as it is
very clearly stated on the title page of a book.
ii. an author is "the person chiefly responsible for the
creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work"
(AACR-2). This gives rise to the concept of intellectual
responsibility coming down to use from the historical
tradition of scholarship.

 Authorship
o In cataloguing, it is not only the principle of intellectual
responsibility that operates but one is required to go
beyond it. The term `author' is taken in a much broader
sense by a cataloguer.
o For a cataloguer, author is not just a person who writes a
book, but also one who is otherwise responsible for the
creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a
book/work.
o This explains the existence of entries such as editors,
commentators, compilers and translators under `authors'.
o Authorship can be of the following types:
i. single,
ii. shared responsibility and
iii. works produced by compilation or under editorial
direction.

 Choice of Heading
o In cataloguing, a heading is a name (in an author catalogue) or a
term (in a subject catalogue) appearing at the head of an entry and
may consist of one or more words or phrases. For a catalogue
user, a heading acts as an access point to a source of information
or bibliographical item.
o In an author catalogue, therefore,all headings will be in the form of
names of personal authors.
o A cataloguer preparing an author catalogue chooses the author's
name as it appears on the title page of a book. Thus, the author's
name is the natural choice of a heading in an -author catalogue.
 Form of Heading
o Having made the choice of a heading which, in the context of this
topic, is the personal name, the next step involved in author
cataloguing is to render it in such a way as to conform to the
customary usage of the linguistic community to which the author
belongs.
o Personal names consist of several parts and one of these is
selected to form the entry element in a heading. The part of the
name that intitates the heading is called entry element. It is the
cataloguer's responsibility to choose the appropriate part of the
name to start the heading of an entry.

1.1 RULES FOR CHOICE OF
HEADING
1.1.1 AACR-2R
In AACR-2R following basic rules talk about choice of name in case of
personal authors:-
i. The name by which an author is commonly known should be
chosen `as the basis of the heading'. This is determined from the
chief sources of information of works by that person.
Bibliographies and biographical dictionaries like Books in Print
and Who's Who of Indian Writers are obviously such chief
sources of information of works. For example, Homer, Kalidasa,
George Bernard Shaw,R.K. Narayan.
ii. Title of nobility or honour, or words or phrases that commonly
appear in association with the name are included in the name
chosen. For example, Duke of Marlborough, Sir John Suckling,
Munshi Premchand,Acharya Rajnish.
iii. Accents and diacritical marks and hypens in the name are to be
retained. For example, John Le Carre, Charlotte Bronte,
Winifried Gerin,Ange-Pierre Leca

1.1.2 CCC
 Classified Catalogue Code lays down general principles about the
choice of personal names as the basis of the heading.
 These principles are embodied in the Canons (general laws
governing the treatment of a subject) formulated in the Code.
 For example, CCC states that "the safest course to determine the
choice of the heading is to rely on the Canon of Ascertainability."
‘Canon of Ascertainability’ states that the information found in the
title page and its overflow pages of a document should be the
guide for a cataloguer.
 Rule FC31 is a basic rule. According to it, "Person as author, the
responsibility for the thought and the expression constituting the
work resting solely on his private capacity and not on the capacity
body,nor on the capacity of that body".
 By and large there is no difference between AACR and CCC with
regard to the choice of personal names as the basis of the heading.

1.2 RULES FOR FORM OF HEADING
1.2.1 AACR-2R
 AACR-2R prescribes rules for determining the entry
element of Western and Indic names and rendering the
full heading.
 We can separate these relevant rules into three groups,
viz.,
i. general,
ii. those relating toWestern names and
iii. those concerning Indic names.

(i) General Rules
 If a person's name consists of several parts, select as the entry element that part of
the name under which the person would normally be listed in authoritative
alphabetic lists in his or her language or country.Thus:
◦ from William ButlerYeats to Yeats,William Butler
◦ from Manohar Malgonkar to Malgonkar, Manohar
In all these cases, the names are entered under the surname, e.g., Yeats and
Malgonkar
 In several Indian languages, however, authors are known by their forenames. Again,
forename may be the first element in the name as is often the case in North Indian
(Indo-Aryan) names or the last as in the South Indian (Dravidian) names.
 If the entry element is the first element of the name, enter the name in direct
order.
◦ Krishna Chandra (Hindi)
Note that there is no need to put a comma in between Krishna and Chandra
when you are writing the name in its direct order.
◦ Tanguturi Prakasam (Telugu)
If the entry element is not the first element of the name, transpose the elements
preceding the entry element.
Prakasam, Tanguturi

(ii)Western Names
1. English names consist of forename (s) and a surname, and as such, the
surname is the entry element.
W. Somereset Maugham to Maugham,W. Somereset
2. There are surnames with separately written prefixes such as De, Le, Du
and De la.All such names are entered under the prefix.
Thomas De Quincy to De Quincy,Thomas
3. Compound surnames, with or without a hyphen, are entered under the
first element of the compound.
Cecil Day – Lewis to Day – Lewis, Cecil
4. The rule for the names with titles of nobility reads as follows: Enter under
the proper name in a title of nobility, if the person is commonly known by
that title. Follow the proper name in the title by the personal name in direct
order and the term of rank.
Lord Byron to Byron,George Gordon, Baron

If an author is more commonly known by his title, the entry is made
under the last part of the title.
Duke of Wellington to Wellington,ArthurWellesley,Duke of
However, if an author is not commonly associated with his title, his
surname becomes the entry element.
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield
5. British titles of honour, Sir, Dame and Lady, are added, if they commonly
appear with the names of authors in their works.
Sir John Suckling to Suckling, Sir John
Note these titles of honour precede the forename.
6. If the territorial designation (place) is an integral part of the title,
include it. Russell of Liverpool,Edward Frederick Langley Russell, Baron.
(territorial designation + full name in direct order + term).

(iii) Indic Names
 Early Indic Names (before the middle of the nineteenth century)
1. Enter an Indic name borne by a person under the first word of the
personal name, ignoring honorifics and religious terms of address that
may precede it (Sri,Shri,Swami,Acharya, Muni, Bhikku, etc.)
Kalidasa
2. Enter an ancient or medieval Sanskrit author under the Sanskrit form of
the name and refer from any significantly different form.
Aryabhata not Arya Bhata
3. A title is included as an integral part of the name, if it appears with the
name in referencesources.
Narain Swami
4. Enter the name of a Buddhist author of a Pali text under the Pali form
of the name. Refer from a significantly different form.
Dhammakitti not Dharmakirti

 Modern Indic Names (from the mid-nineteenth century )
o It is more convenient to treat modern Indic names language wise.
1. Assamese, Bengali, Gujrati, Sindhi names consist of forename (s) and
surname. Assamese, Bengali and Oriya forenames have the appearance
of compound names. Gujrati, Marathi and Sindhi names consist of a
given name, father's name and surname.
Assamese : Birinchi Kumar Barua to Barua, Birinchi Kumar
Bengali : Romesh Chunder Dutt to Dutt, Romesh Chunder
Oriya : Bhanja Kishore patnaik to patnaik, Bhanja Kishore and
Gujrati : Govindbhai Sukhabhai patel to Patel, Govindbhai
Sukhabhai
Marathi : Gopal Krishna Gokhale to Gokhale, Gopal Kirshna
Sindhi : Jethanand Bhagwandas Lalwani to Lalwani, Jerthanad
Bhagwandas
2. Kashmiri Hindu names consist of forename and surname and are
entered under the surname of an author.
Jayalal Kaul to Kaul, Jayalal ----- Anupama Saini ----- 84

3. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu names are entered under the given
name (forename like Ramachandran). Given names in these languages are
usually preceded by a place name and occasionally by the father's given
name and may be followed by a caste name.
(i) Place name and given name: transposed (for Telugu names it
is better to refer it as Surname(house name) and given name:
transposed)
Vavilala Gopala Krishnaiah to Gopala Krishnaiah,Vavilala
(ii) Place name, father's name and given name:transposed
Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan to Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita.
(iii) Place name, given name and caste name: under the given
name followed by the caste name.
Chettur Sankaran Nair to Sankaran Nair, C.
(iv) Place name, father's name, given name and caste name:
under the given name followed by the caste name
Chetpet Pattabhirama Ramaswamy Ayyar,C.P.
Usually place names and father's name are initialed
Ranganathan, S.R.

4. Punjab/Sikh names: Enter a Punjabi or Sikh name under the first or given
name.
Trilok Singh
Occasionally these names contain a surname or name that appears, and is used,
as a surname. In all such cases, enter it under that name e.g.,
Bedi, Rajinder Singh
5. In North India, names occasionally consist of only given names, like,
Bhuvan Prakash
These are entered in direct order.
Many Hindi personal names, however, contain a surname or proper name that is
used as such.All such names are entered under the surname.
Agarwal, Chandra Prakash
6. Enter a modem person of religious vocation (Hindu, Buddhist or Jain) under
the religious name and add the religious title.
Chinmayananda, Swami

1.1.2 CCC
 As in the earlier case (Choice of Entry), there are no
articulated rules in Classified Catalogue Code for
rendering a heading.
 But tables have been provided in this Cole (CCC) in
parts H and J, for different categories of names to give
the directions to a cataloguer.
 CCC also discusses compound surnames in Indic
languages not discussed in AACR-2. These compound
surnames are either hyphenated or left split into two. All
such compound surnames are entered under the first
part of the compound
◦ Bengali:DAS GUPTA (Samaresh).
◦ Kannada:MOKASHI-PUNEKAR (Shankar R).

1.1.3 Other Indic Names: Muslim Names
 The structure of Muslim names varies and usage is very fluid.
 Muslim names variously consist of simple personal names;
compounds connected by-ud,-ur,-us-uz and -al; and both
occasionally with caste names and honorific.
 The order of elements also varies.
 In the following cases, the last part of the name is the entry
element.
i. CHAUDHRI (AnwaruI Haque).
ii. KHAN (Abdur Rahim).
iii. MUSTAFA, (AT M).
 Compound names joined by a hyphen are entered under the first
part.
i. SHAMUS-UD-DUHA.(A H Motel).
 Names composed of two given names are entered under the first
name.
i. MUHAMMAD HUSAIN

1.1.4 Christian Names from Goa
 Christian names in Goa are Portuguese in origin.
 However, unlike in Portuguese, the surnames with a prefix are
entered under the prefix.
i. D' CUNHA, (Stany).
ii. DE SOUZA (Robert).

2. CORPORATE AUTHORS
 The AACR-2R defines corporate body as an organisation or a group of
persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as
an entity.
 The AACR-2R lists associations, institutions, business firms, non-profit
enterprises, governments, government agencies, projects and programmes,
religious bodies and conferences as typical examples of corporate bodies.
 A corporate body is chosen as author for the following categories of
Works:
a) All works of an administrative nature dealing with the corporate body
itself
its policies, procedures and/or operations;
Its finances;
its staff; and
its resources like catalogues, inventories and directories.
b) Legal and governmental works like laws; decrees having the force of law;
treaties;court decisions; and legislative hearings.
c) Works recording the collective thought of the corporate body, e.g.,
reports of commissions and committees and official statements of
position on external policies.
d) Works reporting the collective activity of a conf`6-ence; e.g.,
proceedings, collected papers, etc., of an expedition, e.g., exploration,
investigation, etc.; or of an event,e.g., exhibition, fair, festival, etc.

 Shared Responsibility
1. A work which is the result of the responsibility shared by
two or more corporate bodies should be entered under
the body for which principal responsibility is attributed by
the wording or the layout of the chief source of
information.
2. If the principal responsibility is attributed to two or three
bodies the entry shall be under the first named.
3. If in such a shared responsibility between two or three
corporate bodies the responsibility is not attributed to any
one of them, the entry shall be under the first named.
4. If the responsibility is shared among more than three
corporate bodies and the responsibility is not attributed
to any one, two or three, enter under the title.
5. These rules for shared responsibility are also, applicable to
persons sharing responsibility for a work.
6. A work of a subordinate unit of a corporate body is
entered under the subordinate unit, if its name is
prominently stated in the work.

2.1 FORM OF HEADING IN AACR-2R
2.1.1 Governments and Government
Agencies
 A government is entered under its conventional name,
unless the official name is in common use.
 The conventional name of a government is the
geographic name of the area (country, state, county,
municipality, etc.) over which the government exercises
jurisdiction (political and administrative authority).
Conventional Official
India Republic of India
United States Unites States of America

Government bodies or agencies entered subordinately
The next rule concerns government bodies or agencies that are entered
subordinately, meaning, under the name of the government creating it. The AACR-
2R lists eleven types of such bodies.
1. An agency with a name containing a term such as department, division, section,
branch, etc., which implies subordination, is entered under the name of the
government of which it is a part.
India.Department ofAtomic Energy
Agencies subordinate to bodies such as the above are entered directly under
the name of the government and not under the departments to which they
are attached.
Direct Sub-headings
India.Nuclear Power Board
not India.Department ofAtomic Energy.Nuclear Power Board
2. An agency with a name containing a word that implies administrative
subordination, e.g. committee or commission, is entered under the name of the
government creating it. The name of the government is necessary for identification
of the agency.
India.Atomic Energy Commission

3. An agency with a name that is general in nature or that does
no more than indicate a geographic, chronological, or numbered
or lettered sub-division of the government or of one of its
agencies entered subordinately.
United States.Public Health Service.Region XI (Name:Region XI)
4. An agency with a name that does not convey the idea of a
corporate body and does not contain the name of the
government.
Canada.Ocean andAquatic Sciences
(Name:Ocean andAquatic Sciences)
5. An agency that is a ministry or similar executive agency is
entered under the government of which it is a part.
India.Ministry of Human Resource Development
6. When a legislature has more than one chamber, enter each as
a sub-heading of the heading for the legislature.
India.Parliament.Rajya Sabha

7. Courts are entered under their jurisdiction.
India. Supreme Court
Bombay. High Court
Maharashtra. Sessions Court (Pune)
8. Armed forces. A service of the armed forces of a government is
entered as a direct sub-heading of the name of the government.
India.Air Force
9. Chiefs of states and heads of governments are entered under the
heading for the area of their jurisdiction;
India. President
Bihar. Governor
For a head of state (sovereign, president, governor or other head of
state) the sub-heading isists of the title of the office, the inclusive years
(the beginning and the end of office) of region or office and the name
of the person in a brief form.
India. President (1950-1962: Rajendra Prasad)
Maharastra. Governor (1986-1987: S.D.Sharma)

10. Embassies and Consulates; The order of elements in the heading for an embassy
or consulate the name of the country represented, (2) the term embassy or
consulate,and (3) the name le country or city where located.
India.High Commission (United Kingdom)
India.Embassy (France)
11. Delegations to international and intergovernmental bodies. These are entered,
as sub-headings of the headings for the countries represented.
India.Delegation to the United Nations.
Inter - governmental Corporate Bodies
1. The name of an international intergovernmental body should he entered in the
English form,if given on the items issued by it.Thus,
European Economic Community
not Communaute Economique Europeene
2. If variant forms of the name of an inter-governmental body appear in the chief
sources of information, use the predominant form. If there is no predominant form,
use a brief form.
UNESCO
not United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
----- Anupama Saini -----
96

2.1.2. Societies
Societies include, besides those commonly so named, such bodies as
political parties,firms and associations.
1. The basic rule in the case of societies is to enter them directly
under the name, omitting an article and a term indicating
incorporation,if any.
American Ethnological Society
(Without inc.)
American Philosophical Society
LibraryAssociation
(WithoutThe)
2. A term of incorporation is not omitted when it is an integral part of
the name and is needed to make it clear that the name is that of a
corporate body:
LarsenToubro Limited

3. If the name of a society consists of initials, omit or include full stops
according to the predominant usage of the body:
Aslib
4. If the name of a society appears in different languages, use the form in the
official language of the body;
Society Historique Franco-Americaine
not Franco-American Historical Society
5. If there is more than one official language and one of these is English, use the
English form.
United Nations.
not Nations Unies
6. Political parties are entered directly under their official names with the name
of the country added, if necessary.
Labour Party (Great Britain)
but Indian National Congress

Subordinate Bodies of Societies:
1. Societies may have subordinate bodies under them. These
subordinate bodies are entered as sub-headings of the societies.
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.
Section on Cataloguing.
2. A subordinate body may have a subordinate unit under it. For
identification of this unit, it is necessary to add the name of the
subordinate body between the name of the society and the name of
the unit.
American Library Association. Cataloguing and Classification
Section.Policy and Research Committee.

2.1.3 Institutions
1. AACR-2R does not make a distinction between societies and
institutions. Therefore, the basic rule for societies applies to
institutions as well. Institutions are entered directly under their
official name:
University of Oxford
Yale University
University of Delhi
2. There are institutions with more than one campus. Add the
name of the campus after the name of the institution to
distinguish it from another.
University of Delhi (South Campus)
3. Similarly, to distinguish institutions of the same name located
at different places, add the name of the place:
Indian Institute ofTechnology (Powai)

Subordinate Bodies under Institutions:
1. A subordinate body is entered as a sub-heading, if it is
a department, college or school.
Stanford University. Department of Civil Engineering
2. When the name of a subordinate body includes the
entire name of the institution, the subordinate body is
entered as a sub-heading of the institution:
University of Southampton. Mathematical Society
Name: Mathematical Society of the University of
Southampton.
3.However, a subordinate body is entered directly under
its own name when it is commonly so identified;
Harvard Law School.
Refer from Harvard University. Law School

2.1.3 Conferences, Congresses, Meetings, etc.
1. Since conferences etc. are regarded as corporate bodies, they are entered
directly under the name by which they are predominantly identified.
World Methodist Conference
2. When the name of an international conference is firmly established in an
English form in English language usage, use this English form for entering it.
Casablanca Conference
3. Omit from the name of a conference, words that denote its number,
frequency or year of convocation.
Conference on Coordination of Galactic Research
not Second Conference on Coordination of Galactic Research
4. Add to the name of a conference the number, the year and the place in
which it was held, if it was in a series of meetings.
International Marketing Congress (14th:1987: New Delhi)
5. If it was a single meeting,add only the year of meeting:
Conference on Library Services (1965)

6.Add the name of the place or institution:
Conference on Machinability (1965: London)
7. Do not add the name of the place, if the heading is for a series of
conferences;
Hybrid Corn Industry Research Conference
8. If the place is part of the name of the conference, do not repeat and add it to
the heading again.
Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy (1958)
9. If the sessions of a conference were held in two places, add both:
World Peace Congress (1st: 1949: Paris and Prague)
If the sessions of a conference were held in three or more places,
add the first named place followed by etc.
International Geological Congress (15th: 1929: Pretoria,etc)
10. Conferences of Political parties are entered under the name of the party:
Labour Party (Great Britain) Conference (72nd:1972: Blackpool)

2.2 FORM OF HEADINGIN
CCC
 According to Classified Catalogue Code, a work is of
corporate authorship, if
i. it indicates somewhere in itself the name of a corporate
body,
ii. there is internal evidence of corporate authorship, (iii) the
title page mentions the name of a corporate body and
iii. the content is of deliberative, legislative, directive, judicial,
administrative or routine character.
 Governments and government organs (agencies,
according to AACR-2R), institutions and their affiliates,
and delegations to conferences are viewed as corporate
bodies by CCC.

2.2.1 Governments and Government
Agencies
1. The name of a government is the geographic name of an
area over which that government exercises jurisdiction.
INDIA
INDONESIA
2. The CCC does not make any distinction between official
and conventional names of governments. It only uses one of
the known forms:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
not UNITED STATES
GREAT BRITAIN
not UNITED KINGDOM.

2.2.1.1 Executive Bodies
3. An administrative department or ministry of a government is entered as a sub-
heading of the heading for the government. Further, the sub-heading for an organ is
inverted to start with the 'word denoting the sphere of work.
INDIA, EDUCATION (Department of -)
INDIA, FINANCE (Ministry of -).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.COMMERCE (Office of-)
4. If a department of a government has several area offices, or functional divisions,
each of these is indicated by adding an appropriate differentiating term.Thus:
INDIA,ARCHAEOLOGY (Department of -) (Northern Circle)
5.An organ of a government may have a subordinate body under it and if its name is
not unique, it is necessary to add the name of an immediate superior agency
between the name of this body and the heading for the government.
UNITED STATES OFAMERICA,TREASURY (Department),
6. An Ad hoc committee or commission appointed by a government is entered
under the name of the government followed by the name of the
committee/commission,the date and the name of the chairman.
INDIA,TAXATION ENQUIRY (Commission)( I953)(Chairman:John Mathai)

 Heads of States
7. The order of elements for heads of states is: the name of the state,
the title of office and the name of the incumbent,e.g.
INDIA,PRESIDENT (Zail Singh).
GREAT BRITAIN, CROWN (Elizabeth II).
 Embassies,Consulates,etc
8. The order of elements in a heading for embassies, consulates etc is
the country represented,the name of office and the place:
GREAT BRITAIN, HIGH COMMISSIONER (New Delhi).
GREAT BRITAIN, CONSUL-GENERAL (Cairo).

2.2.1.2 Legislative Bodies
9. A legislative body is entered as a direct sub-heading of
the heading for the government.
INDIA,LOK SABHA.
GREAT BRITAIN, HOUSE OF COMMONS.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,SENATE.
10. Similarly, joint committees appointed by a legislature
having two houses are entered under a compound sub-
heading, unlike in AACR
INDIA, LOK SABHA and RAJYA SABHA, PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
(Committee)
but INDIA,LOK SABHA, ESTIMATES (Committee).

2.2.1.3 Judiciary
11. Courts are entered directly as sub-headings under the
name of the government;
GREAT BRITAIN,COURT OF APPEAL
INDIA,SUPREME COURT.
TAMIL NADU, HIGH COURT
12. If two or more courts of the same government have
similar names, they are differentiated by adding a
jurisdictional term.Thus,
TAMIL NADU, DISTRICT COURT (Coimbatore)
TAMIL NADU, DISTRICT COURT (Salem)
MAHARASTRA, HIGH COURT
MAHARASTRA, HIGH COURT (Nagpur Bench)

2.2.2 Institutions Including Societies
Classified Catalogue Code puts societies, academic and religious bodies under a generic term
institutions.
1. Enter them directly under their names,omitting articles and honorifics.Thus:
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
ASIATIC SOCIETYOF BENGAL
BODLEIAN LIBRARY
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
2. In rendering the name of an institution, beginning with a numeral, the numeral is to be spelt
out.
TWENTY EIGHTH JANUARY 1948 MEMORIAL SOCIETY
not 28 JANUARY 1948 MEMORIALSOCIETY.
3. When it is not possible to identify a specific institution because of its very general name, add
location:
LABOUR PARTY (Canada)
LABOUR PARTY (Great Britain)
4. If the name of a place is an integral part of the name of the institution, add the year of
foundation to distinguish it from another institution of the same name:
CINCINNATI MEDICAL SOCIETY (1819)
CINCINNATI MEDICAL SOCIETY (1837).

2.2.3 Conferences, Congresses, etc.
1. Conferences, congresses, meetings, etc., are mattered directly under
the name by which they are known. The place and the year of a
conference are to be added when the conference is not held
periodically .
CONFERENCE OF ORIENTALISTS (Shimla) (1911)
INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE (The Hague) (1899)
2. A periodical conference is catalogued according to the rules for
periodical publications in which case the place and the year are omitted
from the heading.
3. The name of the place of a diplomatic conference is prefixed to the
name of the conference, if it is not already in its name. The year is
added at the end of the heading:
GENEVA SUMMIT CONFERENCE (1956)

3. PSEUDONYMOUS AND
ANONYMOUSWORKS AND
UNIFORMTITLES
3.1 PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS
 Pseudonym, according to AACR-2R is a name assumed
by an author to conceal or obscure his or her identity.
 Pseudonymous works exist in all literatures of the
world.
 AACR-2R identifies four basic kinds of pseudonymous
works.A cataloguer is, thus, likely to come across:
i. works of a person known predominantly by a single
pseudonym;
ii. works of a person using two or more pseudonyms;
iii. works of a person intermittently using his real name as well
as a pseudonym;and
iv. works of two or more persons jointly using a single
pseudonym.

3.1.1Treatment in AACR-2R
i) Works of a person known predominantly by a single
pseudonym :
 If all works by a person appear under one pseudonym, or if
the person is predominantly identified in reference sources
by one pseudonym, choose the pseudonym for heading.
 If necessary, make a reference from the real name to the
pseudonym.
e.g. The famous author Mark Twain is known predominantly by his
pseudonym and not his real name. Hence, entry for his works will
made with his pseudonym as the heading.
Mark Twain (Pseudonym) - Twain, Mark
not Samuel Langhorn Clemens (Real Name)
Reference for the above heading from real name to
Pseudonym (heading)
Clemens, Samuel Langhorn
see Twain, Mark

ii) Works of a person using two or more pseudonyms :
 If the works of a person appear under several pseudonyms, choose
the one by which the person has come to be identified
predominantly in later editions of his or her works, in critical works,
or in reference sources,in that order.
 Make references from the other names.
e.g. The author William Warner Bishop has written under two pseudonyms -
Emmett Holt and Edward Elleyn. But in the modern editions of his works and
reference sources, he is identified predominantly by the real name. Hence, the
heading for the main entry will be in his real name and not pseudonym.
Bishop,WilliamWarner
not Holt, Emmett
not Elleyn, Edward
Reference from pseudonym to real name will be given for both
pseudonyms.
Holt, Emmett
see Bishop,WilliamWarner
Elleyn,Edward
see Bishop,WilliamWarner

(iii) Works of a person intermittently using his real name as well
as a pseudonym
 If a person is intermittently using his or her real name and
one or more pseudonym and is not known predominantly by
one name, choose for each item the name appearing in
it.
 Make references to connect the names.
e.g. John Creasey has used different names in different editions of
the same work and also more than one name in the same edition.
In such a case, therefore, the name appearing in an item should be
chosen as the basis of heading. Further, as prescribed by the rule,
all names have to be connected using `see also' references,e.g.
Creasey,John
see also Ashe, Gordon
Halliday,Michael Marric,J.J.
MortonAnthony
York,Jeremy

(iv) Works of two or more persons jointly using a single
pseudonym
 If two or more persons collaborate and use a single
pseudonym, use the pseudonym as the heading for the
works produced by their collaboration.
 Refer to the pseudonym from their names.
 Refer also from the pseudonym to the headings under
their names, if the latter already exist in the catalogue.
e.g. T.W.O is likewise the joint pseudonym of Virginia C.
Young and Mary C.Hungerford. The entry should, therefore,
be under the initials T.W.O. with references to it from Young
and Hungerford:
Young,Virginia C.
see T.W.O
Hungerford, Mary C.
see T.W.O

3.1.2Treatment in CCC
1. When the title page of an item bears only a pseudonym, the
item should be entered under the pseudonym, e.g.,
TWAIN(Mark),Pseud.
2. If the real name of an author also appears on the title page
along with his pseudonym, it is to be added in direct order.Thus:
TWAIN(Mark),Pseud (i.e.Samuel Langhorne Clemens).
Conversely, if a pseudonym appears subordinately after the real
name, the pseudonym becomes the sub-heading of the heading:
SHARMA (Omprakash),(i.e.Prakash,Pseud)
3. If the second name (either real or pseudonym) is taken from
outside sources other than title page and its overflow pages it
should be added to the heading within square brackets "[ ]"

4. When a pseudonym represents two joint authors, the names
of both the authors, if known, are to be added to the
pseudonym in direct order. For example
TWO BROTHERS, Pseud. (i.e. Alfred Tennyson and Charles
Tennyson).
5. If there are two or more pseudonyms of an author occurring
in a work, they are treated as a joint pseudonym and the work
is entered under the joint pseudonym as in the following case:
JayneAnn Krentz andAmanda Quick , Pseud.(i.e. Jayne Castle).
6. If a pseudonym does not have the appearance a personal
name, it is entered in direct order, e.g.
ANAMERICAN
7. If a pseudonym is the entry element in a heading, refer to it
from the real name and vice versa:
CLEMENS (Samuel Langhorne).
See
TWAIN (Mark)

3.2ANONYMOUSWORKS
 An anonymous work is of uncertain or
unknown authorship, or by an unnamed group.
 Most of the sacred books and many old and
medieval texts are anonymous works; meaning
they cannot be ascribed anonymous works
under five different situations.

(i) If a work is of unknown or uncertain personal
authorship, or if it emanates from a body that lacks a name,
enter it under title:
Personal
The secret expedition: a force (in two acts) as it has been
represented upon the political, theatre of Europe
(Author unknown. Entered under the title)
Corporate
A memorial to Congress against an increase of duties on
importation's. (by citizens of Boston and vicinity)
Orthogonal expansions and their continuous analogues:
proceedings of a conference held at Southern Illinois
University;
Edwardsville. April 27-29, 1967 (edited by Deborah Tapper
Haino)

(ii) If such a work has been attributed to one or
more persons or corporate bodies, enter it under
title and make added entries under the headings
for these persons or bodies:
The law of serutiny;or,Attornies' guide
(variously attributed to Andrew Carmichael and
William Noreott)
Main entry under the title and added entries
under
Carmichael,Andrew
Noreott,William

(iii) If reference sources indicate that a person is
the probable author of such a work, enter it under
the heading for that person; and make an added
entry under title:
Portrait of Andrew Jackson
(Once attributed to Mathew Brady, but generally
thought to be by EdwardAnthony)
Anthony, Edward (Main entry)
Added entries under Brady, and title as
Brady, Mathew
Portrait of Andrew Jackson

(iv) If the name of a personal author is unknown and the
only indication of authorship is the appearance in the chief
source of information of a characterising word or phrase
or of a phrase naming another work by the person, enter
it under that word or phrase; and make an added entry
under title:
The unveiled heart: a simple story
(by the author of Early impressions)
Enter under the phrase ‘Author of Early impression’
Early impressions, Author of
Added entry under title
The Unveiled heart: a simple story

(v) If the only indication of authorship is a predominantly non-
alphabetic and non-numeric device, enter it under title. Do not make
an added entry under the device:
Angry thoughtsby x!x!x!
Enter under title as,
Angry thoughts
Enter anonymous works in scripts other than Greek or Roman, under
their established titles in English.
Arabian Nights
Book of the Dead
When an anonymous work is known to be written by a particular
author,enter it under the name of the author;
A Tale of aTub
(Published anonymouslyby Jonathan Swift)
Enter under Jonathan Swift as,
Swift,Jonathan
Added entry under title
A Tale of aTub

 In CCC an anonymous work is defined as `work' of
unknown authorship either personal or corporate.
 Many of the sacred books, old classics are anonymous. A
few pedestrian books also occasionally come out
anonymously.
 The general prescription in CCC for choice and
rendering of bibliographical data in catalogue entries is
that they are to be determined by the information given
on the title page and the overflow pages of a document.
This prescription is based on the Canon of
Ascertainability.
 An anonymous work is treated in two ways in CCC viz.,
a) those that are with collaborators and
b) those without collaborators.

a)Those that are with collaborators
In the first type the name of the collaborator is chosen as
the heading, if the title page of a document gives the name
of the collaborator.
For examples:
(i) HUXLEY (Aldous),Td.
(ii)Texts and pretexts,an anthology with commentaries.
MUKHERJI (Dhana Gopal),Tr.
Song of God,Tr of the Bhagawad Gita.
b)Those without collaborators.
In the second type, the title page does not carry any name;
the heading gives the title of the book.
Example :
ANGLOASSAMESE (dictionary,etc.) Ed 10.

3.3 UNIFORMTITLES
 In AACR-2R, the term uniform title is used in respect of two kinds
of works.
1. A uniform title is the particular title by which a work that has
appeared under varying titles is to be identified for cataloguing
purposes.
2. It is also a conventional collective title used to collocate(bring
together in a catalogue) entries for publications of an author, or
corporate body, containing several works, or extracts from
several works, e.g.complete works in a particular literary form.
 Purpose of using uniform title:-
1. Uniform title helps to avoid dispersal in a catalogue of the entries of
the various editions of the same work due to their varying titles.
2. It helps to collocate the entries of publications of an author
containing several works in a particular literary form.
3. Uniform titles also facilitate identification of a work when the title by
which it is known differs from the title proper of the item being
catalogued.

 Use of uniform titles depends upon:
1. how well the work is known;
2. how many manifestations (editions, translations,
etc.) of the work are involved;
3. whether another work with the same title proper
has been identified; a whether the main entry is
under the title;
4. whether the original work was in another language;
and
5. the extent to which the catalogue is used for
research purposes.

 The basic rule about uniform titles in AACR-2R prescribes
selection of one title of a work, if it manifestations have appeared
under several titles.
 The uniform title is to be enclosed in square brackets and given
before the title proper.
 In the following example,the uniform title is used as heading:
Blind date
Chance meeting
(Motion picture issued in Britain as: Chance meeting later issued in the
U.S. as Blind date).
 Thus, the two manifestations of the same work-in this case, Blind
date-are brought together under the uniform title.
 When a work is entered under a uniform title, it is necessary to
make an added entry under the title proper of the item being
catalogued.Thus,in the above case,
Chance meeting
see Blind date

 If a work is entered under a personal or corporate heading and a uniform heading is used,
make a name-title (author's name and title) reference from variants of the title;
Dickens, Charles
The life and adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit.1868
see Dickens, Charles
Martin Chuzzlewit...
 If a later manifestation of a work is a revision or updating of the original work, a uniform title
is not to be used. Instead, on the entry for the revision or updating a note should be provided,
giving the title of the earlier edition. For example,
Scott, Franklin D
The United States and Scandinavia-1950
Scott, Franklin D.
Scandinavia...Rev. & enl.ed...1975
Note:previous ed.published in 1950 as:The United States and Scandinavia
 While cataloguing works created from 1501 A.D., the title of a work in the original language
by which it has become known through use in its manifestations is to be used. For, example,
Jonathan Swift's Travels into several remote nations of the world by Lemuel Gulliver has
become known as Gulliver's travels,
Swift,Jonathan
[Gulliver's travels]
Travels into several remote nations of the world by
Lemuel Gulliver...1726

 If no one title of the several titles of a work is best known, use the
title proper of the original edition, omitting introductory phrases and
articles.
 If a work is published simultaneously in the same language under two
different titles, use the title of the edition published in the home
country where the cataloguing is being done. If it is not published in
the home country, use the title of the edition received first in the
library.
 Use the title, or form of title in the original language by which a work
created before 1501 is identified in modern reference sources.
 Use as well-established English title for a work originally written in
classical Greek. If there is not English title, use the Latin title. If
neither exists, use the Greek title.
Homer
[Odyssey]
not Odyssea
not Odysseia
 Add in brackets an explanatory word, brief phrase, or other
designation to distinguish between two identical uniform titles
Genesis(Anglo-Saxon poem)

 If the item being catalogued is a translation, add the name of the
language of the item to the uniform title:
Goncourt,Edmond de
[Les freres Zemganno,English]
The Zemganno brother...
(An English translation of a French novel)
 If the item being catalogued is in two languages, name both. If one of
the languages is the original language,name it second:
Caesar,Julius
[De bellow Gallico.French & Latin]
 If the item is in three or more languages, use the term Polyglot,
unless it is originally in three or more languages in which case name
all languages;
United States
[The Declaration of Independence.Polyglot]
The Declaration of Independence of the United States in ten
languages.

 If a separately catalogued part of a work has a title of its own, use the
title of the part by itself as the uniform title. Make a `see reference
from the heading for the whole work. Make an explanatory reference,
when necessary.
 If the item being catalogued consists of consecutively numbered parts
of a work, use the designation of the parts in the singular as a sub-
heading of the title of the whole work.
Homer
[IIiad. Book 1-6]
 For non-consecutive parts, the title of the first part becomes the
uniform title for the item:
Homer
[Iliad. Book 1 English]
Iliad. Books I andVI
Added entry under.Homer, Iliad: Book 6 English
 If an item being catalogued contains two works of an author, use the
uniform title of the work that occurs first in the item. Make a name-
title added entry using the uniform title of the second work .
 Use as the uniform title for a sacred scripture the title by which it is
most commonly identified. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 133

 Uniform title in CCC is described as follows:
"Title uniformised by popular or cataloguing usage in
lieu of listless, and often unintended, variants of the title
of one and the same work in different editions or the
titles of different volumes of one and the same work."
(CCC page 121)
 Bible, Vedas, and Talmud are examples of such
UniformisedTitles.
 The same thing happens also in the case of Classics and
Works of Literature.
 Many governmental and annual reports change their
titles routinely. For example, it may be Administrative
report on agriculture in one year, Annual report on
agriculture in a still another year.

 Sacred works of religions, such as Vedas, Upanishads, Bible.
New Testament, Kuran, etc., are treated as if they were a class
or subject. To distinguish them from a normal class or a
subject, they are called a quasi-class or quasi-subject.
 Similarly, works of literature such as Ramayana, Sakuntala,
Iliad, Hamlet, etc., are also treated as if they were a quasi-class
or quasi-subject.
 Classical works such as Aristotles' Poetics, Newton's
Principia, Marx's Capital are also treated as a quasi-class or
quasi-subject.
 Works which cannot be considered as classics, or work of
literature or sacred books of religion, are known in CCC, as
pedestrian works. Yet these works are treated as quasi-
classes or quasi-subjects and given title entries in heading.
 In CCC cataloguing of translations, parts of a work, extracts,
two works together, complete work, selections, legal
publications, are not discussed under uniformised titles. They
are treated under the respective heads in different chapters,
unless such works come under the categories mentioned in
this section.

4. NON-PRINT RESOURCES
 DEFINITIONS OF NONBOOK MATERIALS
◦ Materials that are not totally dependent on the
printed words to transmit data or information.
◦ Materials that are not in book format.
◦ Materials that require some sort of equipment, such
as projectors, computers, players, etc. to provide the
data, sound, and visual images contained in them.
◦ Also known as nonprints, audio-visual materials, and
special materials.

 CATEGORIES OF NONBOOK
MATERIALS
Category Example
Cartographic Materials Map, globe
Manuscripts Typescript,hand writings
Music Piano score, vocal score
Sound Recordings Cassette tape, CD, MP3
Motion Pictures and Video recordings Films,VHS,VCD, DVD
Graphic Materials Chart, picture,slide, filmstrip
Electronic Resources Computer data, computer program

 Problems in cataloguing of Non-Print Materials
1. The characteristics of the materials.
2. The diverse nature of non-print collections.
3. The characteristics and needs of the users.
4. Cataloguing practices and procedures.
 Things to be taken into consideration while
cataloguing non-print materials :
1. The classification scheme to be adopted.
2. The numbering system for the call number.
3. Subject heading system to be followed.
4. The extent and detail of descriptive cataloguing
and added entries.

Sources of Catalogue
Information
 The chief source of
information for non-print
materials is the item itself,
including any labels that are
permanently attached to the
item.
 If the item described consists
of two or more separate
physical parts, the chief
source of information is as
follows:
o the “first part” that gives
meaning to the various
parts
o the part that gives the
most information
o the container
Areas of Description
1. Title and Statement of
Responsibility Area (with
GMD)
2. EditionArea
3. Material Specific Details
Area (Applicable only
to cartographic materials,
continuing resources,
electronic resources and
published music)
4. Publication, Distribution,
etc.Area
5. Physical DescriptionArea
6. SeriesArea
7. Note Area
8. Standard Number and
Terms of AvailabilityArea

 Example of Catalogue for Sound Recording
as per AACR2

UNIT 4 – SUBJECT CATALOGUING
1. Subject Cataloguing : Concept,Purpose
and Problems
2. Chain Indexing
3. Subject Headings Lists : LCSH, SLSH

1. Subject Cataloguing : Concept,
Purpose and Problems
 The entries that indicate the inclusion of documents
in classes defined by subject content are known as
`subject entries'.
 The process of preparing subject entries for
documents and organising them for subsequent
retrieval is known as Subject Cataloguing.
 Also, the vast increase in the number of documents in
every sphere of human activity, clubbed with the
increased complexity of the pattern of knowledge,
calls for a full proof method of access to records on
any subject.
 Thus, subject cataloguing is concerned with subject
description of documents.

1.1 Objectives of Subject Cataloguing
1. To provide access by subject to all relevant material;
2. To provide subject access to materials through all suitable
principles of subject organisation such as matter and applications;
3. To bring together references to materials, which treat substantially
the same subject regardless of differences among groups of
subject specialists, and/or from the changing nature of the
concepts with the discipline itself,
4. To show such affiliations among subject fields, which may depend
upon use or application of knowledge;
5. To provide entry through any vocabulary common to a
considerable group of users, specialists or laymen;
6. To provide formal description of the subject content of any
bibliographic unit in the most precise, or specific terms possible:
whether the description is in the form of a class, number or
symbol;and
7. To provide means to the users to make a selection from among all
terms in any particular category, according to any chosen set of
criteria such as, most thorough,most recent,etc.

1.2 SubjectApproaches
 A subject may be defined by
a) an area of interest,
b) an area in which an individual researcher or professional
works,
c) an area in which an individual writes, and
d) an area of knowledge being studied.
 A subject device normally seeks to fulfill two functions
a) To show what a library or information centre has on a
particular subject;and
b) To show what a library or information centre has on related
subjects.
 When a subject is expressed through words chosen to
describe the different subjects, it is called a subject heading.
 When a subject is expressed through notation based on a
scheme of classification, it is called a class number.

1.3Types of a subject catalogue
1.Alphabetico-Direct Catalogue:
It uses direct form of headings, i.e. natural form of a phrase,
taken from ordinary usage as opposed to indirect headings
like,
EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY (direct heading)
not SOCIOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL (indirect heading)
2.Alphabetico-Indirect Catalogue:
It uses indirect form of headings, i.e. headings taken from
lists of subject headings as opposed to direct headings like,
SOCIOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL (direct heading)
not EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY (indirect heading)

3.Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue:
In this form of catalogue, terms are listed in the form of indirect
heading. Every heading belonging to a main subject is brought together.
Hence, limited collocation is achieved. Within the main subject, there is
alphabetical scattering.Example,
EDUCATION
EDUCATION,ADULT
EDUCATION,POST-GRADUATE
EDUCATION,SECONDARY
EDUCATION,SECONDARY,MANAGEMENT
4. Classified Catalogue:
This catalogue uses notational symbols to arrange entries. The
arrangement achieved is systematic and provides maximum degree of
collocation. For example, below, the entries have been arranged on the
basis of notation used in Colon classification.
S1 CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
S2 ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY
S3 POST - ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY

1.4Theory and Rules Governing
Subject Headings
 There is certainly a need to develop an agreed body of theory or
principles upon which the practice and method to derive subject
headings for the preparation of subject catalogue can be based.
 We also require a comprehensive manual for practical application
of subject catalogue on the basis of body of principles.
 Although Sears List of Subject Headings and Library of Congress
Subject Headings are useful manuals, yet they are not fully
satisfactory.
 Ranganathan did make an attempt to develop principles, but there
is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive manual of subject
headings based on chain procedure for practical application.
 The alphabetical subject catalogues in most libraries are based on
Cutter’s Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue.
 Many codes have been formulated after Cutter, but except
Ranganathan’s CCC to some extent, all derive from and indicate
the influence of Cutter’s rules.

1.5 Problems in Determining a Subject
Heading
 The subjects often overlap in their extension and
intension and hence, it is difficult to categorise them
separately.
 Subjects shift their scope and coverage, and change their
nomenclature.
 Subject may have no specific name, because it is not
always possible to find a single term or phrase to
represent a specific subject.
 Subject may have more than one name.
 The document may deal with no precise subject or it
may cover more than one subject.

2. CHAIN INDEXING
 Ranganathan designed a new method of deriving verbal subject
headings in 1934 to provide subject approach to documents through
the alphabetical part of a classified catalogue.
 He discerned that classification and subject indexing were the two
sides of the same coin.
 Classifying a document is the translation of its specific subject into an
artificial language of ordinal numbers which results in the formation of
a class number linking together all the isolate ideas in the form of a
chain. This chain of a class number is retranslated into its verbal
equivalents to formulate a subject heading that represents the subject
contents of the document.
 Although Chain procedure was intended initially to provide class
index entries to a classified catalogue, rules and procedures were
formulated for deriving subject headings for a dictionary catalogue
also.
 In fact this method can be extended to formulate subject entries to
bibliographies, documentation lists, abstract bulletins and also query
analysis to formulate search strategies to retrieve documents from
any bibliographic file.

 Chain indexing includes of following four types links:
1. Sought Link (SL) - A link in a chain representing a
subject which is likely to be sought by the user.
Only this link will receive index entry.
2. Unsought Link (UL) - A link in a chain
representing a subject on which reading material is
not likely to be looked up by any user. This link will
not receive any index entry.
3. Missing Link (ML) - A link in a chain-with-gap is
the missing isolate in the chain.
4. False Link (FL) - A link, which does not represent
a subject with definite name. For example, digit (s)
representing connecting symbol or indicator digit,
time and phase relation.

2.1 Formation of Subject Heading
through Chain Indexing
1. Classification of the subject of the document:
The Class Number of a-document according to Colon
Classification is obtained by the application of postulates of
Basic Subject, Fundamental Categories, Rounds and levels
and Principles of Facet Sequence.
For example,234:7.44`N9t
A report on reference service in University
libraries in India during 1990s

2.Representation of the Class Number in the Form of a Chain
Class number is to be represented then in the form of a chain in which each
link consists of two parts: class number and its verbal translation into
standard terms used in the preferred classification scheme.
The representation of this class number in the form of a chain would be as
follows

3. Digit by Digit Interpretation of Class Number
I. Make the first link from first digit.
II. Make the second link out of two digits and so on, upto the last link which is to be
made of all digits.
III. Write the links one below the other in succession.
IV. Write against each link its translation into natural language.
4. Determination of Different Kinds of Links
Each link of the chain is required to be identified by any one of the following kinds
of links :
I. Sought Link (SL): A link in a chain representing a subject which is likely to be
sought by the user.This link only will receive index entry.
II. Unsought Link (UL) : A link in a chain representing a subject on which reading
material is not likely to be looked up by any user. This rule admits of local
variation in its application.This link will not receive any index entry.
III. Missing Link (ML) : A link in a chain-with-gap corresponding to the missing isolate
in the chain. Class number for a particular component idea may not be available in
a preferred classification scheme and this will result in ML in a chain. In
representing the class number in the form of a chain, every ML is to be inserted
at the proper place by means of verbal extension whenever there is such a need.
IV. False Link (FL) : A link, which does not represent a subject with definite name. For
example, digit (s) representing connecting symbol or indicator digit, time and
phase relation.
In the above example, the different kinds of link are determined on the basis of the Canon of
Sought Heading and they are indicated within parentheses for each link. This is a principle,
which regulates the inclusion or exclusion of a particular component of the heading on the
basis of the users' approach. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 153

5. Derivation of Subject Heading
Subject heading for the Specific Subject Entry is to be
derived from the last SL and moving upwards by taking the
necessary and sufficient upper SL (s) in a reverse or
backward rendering process.

6.Construction of Subject Heading
The specific subject entry or subject reference entry is to be
constructed with minimum number of terms of upper links as are
necessary and sufficient to make the subject heading meaningful and
individualised.
The above mentioned Specific Subject Heading and Subject References,
as drawn by chain procedure, (known as Class Index Entries) are
arranged in a single alphabetical sequence in the subject index part of
the Classified Catalogue (as shown below). Subject Index part may be
referred to classified part by the class number.

In Dictionary index or catalogue, bibliographical details of the
documents(s) dealing with the subject represented in the specific
subject heading are provided under that specific subject heading. Cross
reference entries are prepared for subject references. They are linked
to their specific subject heading by the "See also " references:

2.2 Merits of Chain Procedure
1. It is a systematic, consistent and almost mechanical method of deriving
subject entries;
2. With its postulational approach and principles, Chain Procedure is based
on a fairly strong theoretical foundation of classification which gives it a
logical syntax;
3. It economises on the number of subject entries;
4. It provides for exhaustive, at the same time pin-pointed retrieval
efficiency;
5. It is an useful method not only for deriving subject entries for
documents in libraries but also for retrieval in bibliographies and micro
level documents;
6. Its classificatory approach makes it possible for deriving subject entries
for documents in languages other than English.
7. Class numbers need not limit its application for subject retrieval; once
the chain of isolate ideas are formed by facet analysis and synthesis,
subject headings can be derived from the verbal chain;
8. With further research and refinement in faceted classification,
particularly with reference to computer retrieval, Chain Procedure could
be further strengthened to be a powerful tool for subject retrieval.

2.3 Limitations of Chain Procedure
1. Classification has its own limitations as it provides only for a
linear approach to subject retrieval, whereas many other
approaches may be desirable. Therefore, these limitations are
reflected in any system of subject indexing based on such
classificatory principles.
2. In Chain Procedure only one entry is equivalent to the subject.
3. Chain Procedure operates quite well backed by a faceted
classification system which has a well regulated and modulated
schedule. With other systems of classification such as Dewey
Decimal Classification,its efficiency suffers.
4. For selection of sought links, a cataloguer is expected to use
his/her flair.This may not work at all times.

3. Subject Headings Lists : LCSH, SLSH
3.1 Subject Indexing Systems
Subject indexing systems have been designed and developed
with their own standard rules and procedures for constructing
subject headings.
3.2 Need and Purpose of Subject Indexing Systems
The main purposes of providing standard rules and procedure
for deriving subject headings are:
I. to provide standard methodology for constructing subject
headings;
II. to be consistent in the choice and rendering of subject
headings;
III. to enable readers to access any desired document through
subject approach;
IV. to decide the optimum number of entries which would
ensure optimum size of the bulk of the catalogue and at
the same time minimize cataloguing.

3.3 Factors Governing Subject
Indexing Systems
i. content analysis of documents to select the right key
words that represent their specific subject;
ii. rendering the selected key words in a logical sequence
according to prescribed principles and postulates;
iii. establishing main and added entries in standard
formats;
iv. provision of cross references to subject concepts to
obtain as many relevant documents as are available in
the library through catalogue or index file; and
v. arrangement of entries.

3.4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
SUBJECT HEADINGS
 The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is one of
the widely accepted subject indexing devices in the English
language for providing subject approach in a dictionary
catalogue.
 The Library of Congress began printing its subject heading in
parts in 1909.
 However, a complete list covering all areas of knowledge was
issued in 1911.
 The list is in its thirty seventh edition published in 1966.
 The list includes terms which can be used as subject
headings for a library catalogue.
 The list records the practices of Library of Congress.
 Each subject heading included in it was chosen from the
dictionary catalogue of the library.

 Principles followed in LCSH:
oCutter’s percepts are followed in many respects.
oThe list includes terms, which can be used as
subject headings as well as those from which
references should be prepared.
oTerms have been given in various forms – single
nouns, adjective form of nouns, complete phrases,
compound nouns to express relations, paired
terms, etc.
 Revision :
oSupplements are issued every month, listing new
and revised headings.
oApproximately 9,000 new subject headings are
established every year.

 Usage:
oThe headings from this list appear in the
tracing on printed cards issued by the Library
of Congress and H.W.Wilson Company.
oHence, this list is followed extensively by
those libraries which use the above card
services.
oAs the list includes more terms and provides
comprehensive subject coverage, it is
therefore, considered more suitable for
larger libraries than Sears list of subject
headings.

3.5 SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT
HEADINGS
 Sears List of Subject Headings
(SLSH) is an abridged version of
the Library of Congress Subject
Headings, named after the first
compiler Minnie Earl Sears.
 It was in response to a demand
from small and medium-sized
libraries for a list of subject
headings that Sears compiled
this list to be less
comprehensive and more suited
to the needs of all medium-
sized public and school libraries
that were known to be well
catalogued.
 Presently it is in twenty first
edition, published by the well
known bibliographic publishers
H.W.Wilson Company. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 164

3.6 SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT
HEADINGSAND LC LIST OF
SUBJECT HEADINGS
 Sears is based on LC, but it is smaller than LC because of
the elimination of many specific headings.
 Sears List makes use of more combined subject heading
forms and provides for fewer sub-divisions.
 Both have similar headings, references, and terminology, thus
making it possible for a library to change from Sears to LC,
in case it becomes sufficiently large.
 However, Sears contains fewer specific headings and
subdivisions.
 In many cases, specific headings found in LC is rejected by
Sears and put under broader headings. For example, PLANE
GEOMETRY.
 Both have similar limitations, but they have set a high
standard.
 Great care should be taken while applying them.

UNIT 5 – TRENDS IN LIBRARY
CATALOGUING
1. Centralised and Cooperative Cataloguing
2. Bibliographical Standards : ISBD, MARC,
CCF, etc.
3. ISBN and ISSN

1. CENTRALISED AND COOPERATIVE
CATALOGUING
1.1 Library Cooperation
 When two or more libraries come together to share their resources or exchange their
services or agree to cooperate with each other, then such an understanding is known as
library cooperation.
 The following are some of the areas in which there can be cooperation among libraries:
1. Selection of documents.
2. Acquisition documents.
3. Processing of documents.
4. Inter-lending of documents.
5. Preparation of bibliographies,acquisition lists, union lists and catalogues, etc.
6. Helping users through information services like translation service, on-line search,
etc.
 In such cases of cooperation, there can be central cooperating library or coordinating
body which monitors and oversees these activities.
 Sometimes, without any such coordinating body the libraries themselves may agree to co-
operate with each other following certain broad guidelines and principles.
 Library co-operation can be not only within a group of libraries or library systems but
also within the main library and its branch libraries of the same library system. These
activities can be accomplished through library networks. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 167

1.2 Centralised Cataloguing
1.2.1 Meaning
◦ By centralized cataloguing, we mean the provision of
cataloguing service from a central point to several clients.
◦ In simple terms Needham defines centralized cataloguing
as "the cataloguing of documents by some central
organisation".
1.2.2 Objectives
1. To avoid duplication of work;
2. To achieve -uniform and standard cataloguing practices;
3. To minimize the cost of cataloguing; and
4. To help member libraries provide better and more
effective library services.

1.2.3 Advantages of Centralised Cataloguing
1. Duplication of work can be avoided.
2. Cost of cataloguing can be minimised.
3. Uniform and standard cataloguing` practices can be adopted.
4. Cataloguing can be qualitatively improved.
5. Some of the professional staff who are relieved of cataloguing
work can be utilised for other useful professional service:
6. Preparation of union catalogues will become easy.
1.2.4 Drawbacks
1. Pooling up the necessary funds to opt for centralized
cataloguing may be difficult for some libraries.
2. Because of local variations it may be difficult to go in for
centralized cataloguing.
3. Centralized cataloguing system may cause delay. A library with
a lower number of accessions can complete the job of
cataloguing much earlier.
4. Similarly such libraries may not need all the catalogue cards
prepared by the central organisation. It may not buy all the
books because of its limited funds and requirements. Excess
cards will be a waste then.

1.2.5 Forms of Centralisation
In centralised cataloguing we observe that there are several
forms of centralisation like:
1. Card (or Sheaf) Service
o This is the type of centralised cataloguing where the unit
entries are prepared by a central organisation.
o The individual libraries can buy these cards in multiple
numbers.
o One card is retained as main entry and other cards are used
for preparing added entries by adding the appropriate access
points like names of the collaborator(s),title(s),subject(s),etc.
2. MARC Service
o In this service cataloguing data is prepared for documents in
machine readable form on magnetic tapes,etc.
o Client libraries can either directly search the information from
the tapes or use the service for the creation of conventional
forms of catalogues and bibliographies.

3. Information Service
o In this type of centralised service a central organisation produces a
bibliography from which libraries can prepare their own catalogues.
o These catalogues can be prepared either by using the catalogue
information from the bibliography for the books they have to
catalogue or by cutting and pasting on cards the appropriate entries
from the bibliography.
o The British National Bibliography (BNB) and the Indian National
Bibliography (INB) are such types of tools.
4. Cataloguing-in-Source
o A publisher of a book, if he can provide the catalogue entry in the
book itself, will be helping the purchasing libraries. Their processing
work is reduced to a large extent.
o What is needed in such service is that the catalogue code followed
should be the one which is universally acceptable. The entry should
also carry class number according to a popular and acceptable
scheme of classification.
o Such a service is known as Cataloguing-In-Source (CIS).
o Ranganathan made a plea for such cataloguing of a book even before
its release. He termed it as `Pre-natal Cataloguing'. There is yet
another term for similar service; namely, Cataloguing-in-Publication
(CIP).

5. Cataloguing-in-Publication
o Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) began in July 1971 at Library of
Congress.
o The entries were prepared from galley proofs and data returned
to publishers within ten working days. Subtitle, imprint and
collation were not given.
o However,the LC includes this information later in the MARC.
o The MARC is made available four to six months before the
book's publication.
o There are three products of Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP).
Namely;
1. Record of CIP cataloguing data on MARC tape made
available before the final cataloguing copy appeared on the
MARC tape.
2. The LC cards made available before the publication date of
the book.
3. Cataloguing data printed in the book itself.
o The success of CIP depends on the cooperation extended by the
publishers.

6. Pre-Natal Cataloguing
o Ranganathan mooted the idea of cataloguing and classification of
a book prior to its release by the publisher. Since the cataloguing
is to be done before it is delivered (released) for sale or use he
called the process `Pre-natal Cataloguing'.
o Pre-natal technical work is to be undertaken by the National
Central Library of each country.
o The publisher is obliged to send a copy of the formed proof of
the book to the National Central Library under a legal provision.
o The National Central Library then prepares a master stencil of
the catalogue cards for the book before its release.
o The catalogue cards are later made available for distribution to
various libraries which acquire the book.
o Ranganathan suggested even providing the call number for the
book before it is published and released. The class number can be
printed in the back of the title page.
o Ranganathan had said there would be a saving of 79 per cent if
such centralised cataloguing is done.

1.3 Cooperative Cataloguing
1.3.1 Meaning
o In cooperative cataloguing a group of independent
libraries share the cataloguing work.
o Needham says that cooperative cataloguing refers to
"a situation where a number of independent libraries
share the work of producing a catalogue for their
mutual benefit“
1.3.2 Objectives
1. Better use of resources:
2. Standardization of cataloguing practices:
3. Economy in expenses:
4. Improving the quality of library services; and
5. Preparation of union catalogues with relative ease.

1.3.3 Forms of Cooperative
Cataloguing
1. The Library of Congress (LC) is running a
cooperative program under which other libraries are
expected to contribute catalogue cards for printing.
LC edits and correlates each copy to correlate it
with other entries provided on LC cards. These
edited copies are printed and distributed to
subscribers.
2. Since 1965, the LC has established a global network
of national and regional offices. Each office is now
responsible for the selection and dispatch of
materials published locally.
3. Creating of union catalogue.

1.3.3.1 Union Catalogue
o A library catalogue, we know, is a list of all or some of
the holdings of a library. If two or more libraries make
out such a list we call it a Union Catalogue.
o Ranganathan defines a union catalogue as a "List of all
the documents in two or more libraries giving the
names of all the libraries where copies of each
document can be found. A union catalogue may cover
all kinds of documents or any restricted kind of them".
o Union catalogue is a very good example of cooperative
cataloguing where two or more libraries cooperate
with each other in listing their holdings partially or fully.
o Union catalogues can be prepared at local, regional,
national and international levels.

o Functions of Union Catalogue
1. To serves as a tool which can reveal the document resources available in libraries in
a geographical region.
2. To reveals the strength and weaknesses of library collections.
3. To indicates the probable areas of collection specialisation and cooperation.
4. To helps in coordination of collection development activities of the libraries.
5. To serves as a tool for bibliographical information.
6. To provides useful information for document selection.
o Pre-requisites for a Union Catalogue
Compilation of a union catalogue is possible only through library cooperation. Any such
compilation should be very clear in the beginning itself about the
1. purpose of the Union catalogue to be compiled,
2. region to be covered,
3. materials to be covered; (decision as to the type of reading materials, language,
period, subject, etc),
4. physical form of the catalogue,
5. catalogue code to be followed,
6. type of entries,
7. level of description,
8. arrangement of entries, and
9. The method of compilation and revision.

1.4 Cooperative and Centralised
Cataloguing
SR.NO. COOPERATIVE
CATALOGUING
CENTRALISED CATALOGUING
1 Services are not expected to go
beyond the cooperative libraries.
In some cases.,the services can be
used by libraries which are out of the
network.
2 Jobs are completed by the
participating libraries by sharing
the work.
Central agency does the work on the
behalf of other libraries which are a
part of the network.
3 Cataloguing takes place at
different libraries.
Cataloguing takes place at a central
place.
4 Cataloguing work is coordinated. Cataloguing work is centralised and
controlled.
5 Participating libraries continue to
perform their own technical work.
Participating libraries have minimal
technical work as the major portion of
work is done by central agency.
6 It is not a commercial preposition
and the expenses are shared by
the participating libraries.
There is an option to make it a
commercial preposition andother
participating libraries can pay for
services.----- Anupama Saini ----- 178

2. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STANDARDS
 Bibliographic record is set of bibliographical information for
characterizing and identification of the bibliographic item.
 Bibliographic record can be created for any independent
bibliographic item (book, journal, newspaper, audio cassette,
video cassette, cartographic publication etc.) and for
analytical bibliographical item or component part (article
from the journal or newspaper, chapter from a book, map,
sheet, illustration etc.).
 Depending on the particular bibliographic item one
distinguishes 2 types of bibliographic records:
1. record of an independent bibliographical unit - which
identifies the bibliographic unit itself;
2. record of component part - which identifies both the
analytical bibliographical item and the source where it is
located.

 The goal of bibliographical record standard is:
1. To ensure the international exchange of records;
2. To overcome the language bareer in the perception of
the records;
3. To promote the convertion of bibliographic records into
machine-readable format.
 The standard of bibliographic records enumerates all
components necessary for describing and identification of all
possible library materials, as well as defines the system of
record zone, sequence of components and punctuation.
 Some popular bibliographical standards are :
1. ISBD
2. MARC
3. CCF

2.1 International Standard Bibliographic
Description (ISBD)
 The International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) is a
set of rules produced by the International Federation of Library
Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to create a bibliographic description
in a standard, human-readable form,especially for use in a bibliography or
a library catalogue.
 The International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions date back to 1969,
when the IFLA Committee on Cataloguing sponsored an International
Meeting of Cataloguing Experts. This meeting produced a resolution that
proposed the creation of standards to regularize the form and content of
bibliographic descriptions.
 As a result, the first of the ISBDs was the International Standard
Bibliographic Description for Monographic Publications (ISBD(M)), which
appeared in 1971.
 It was followed by a series of specialised ISBDs for various forms of
documents and the final integrated general format for all sorts of
documents, called General International Standard Bibliographic
Description, ISBD (G) was developed.

 Development of ISBD may be termed as the greatest achievement
contributing to the standardisation of bibliographic records for the
following reasons
1. It facilitates records from various sources to be interchangeable.
2. It assists in the interpretation of records across language
barriers.
3. It assists in the conversion of bibliographic records to machine-
readable form.
4. It enhances interoperability with other content standards.
 The types of resources covered by the ISBD include the following:
1. cartographic resources
2. electronic resources
3. moving images
4. multimedia resources
5. notated music resources
6. printed texts
7. sound recordings
8. still images

 Structure of an ISBD record
◦ The ISBD defines nine areas of description.
 0:Content form and media type area
 1:Title and statement of responsibility area,consisting of
 1.1Title proper
 1.2 Parallel title
 1.3 Other title information
 1.4 Statement of responsibility
 2:Edition area
 3: Material or type of resource specific area (e.g., the scale of a map or the
numbering of a periodical)
 4:Publication,production,distribution,etc.,area
 5: Material description area (e.g., number of pages in a book or number of
CDs issued as a unit)
 6:Series area
 7:Notes area
 8:Resource identifier and terms of availability area (e.g., ISBN,ISSN)
◦ Each area, except area 7, is composed of multiple elements with structured
classifications.
◦ Elements and areas that do not apply to a particular resource are omitted
from the description.
◦ Standardized punctuation (colons, semicolons, slashes, dashes, commas, and
periods) is used to identify and separate the elements and areas.
◦ The order of elements and standardized punctuation make it easier to
interpret bibliographic records when one does not understand the language
of the description. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 183

 Example
A typical ISBD record looks like this:
Text : unmediated
A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and
dissertations : Chicago style for students and
researchers / Kate L. Turabian ; revised by Wayne C.
Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, and
University of Chicago Press editorial staff. — 7th ed. —
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2007. — xviii, 466
p. : ill. ; 23 cm. — (Chicago guides to writing, editing, and
publishing). — Includes bibliographical references (p.
409-435) and index. — ISBN 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth :
alk. paper) : USD35.00. — ISBN 978-0-226-82337-
9 (pbk. : alk. paper) : USD17.00

2.2 MARC Standards
 MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging) standards are a set
of digital formats for the description of items catalogued by
libraries,such as books.
 It was developed by Henriette Avram at the US Library of
Congress during the 1960s to create records that can be used by
computers,and to share those records among libraries.
 By 1971, MARC formats had become the national standard for
dissemination of bibliographic data in the United States, and the
international standard by 1973.
 There are several versions of MARC in use around the world, the
most predominant being MARC 21, created in 1999 as a result of
the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and
UNIMARC,widely used in Europe.
 The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats
for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and
community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic
records.

 Record structure and field designations
◦ The MARC standards define three aspects of a MARC record:
the field designations within each record, the structure of the
record,and the actual content of the record itself.
1.Field designations
 Each field in a MARC record provides particular information
about the item the record is describing, such as the author,
title,publisher,date,language,media type,etc.
2.Record structure
 MARC records are typically stored and transmitted as
binary files, usually with several MARC records
concatenated together into a single file. MARC uses the ISO
2709 standard to define the structure of each record.
 In 2002, the Library of Congress developed the MARCXML
schema as an alternative record structure, allowing MARC
records to be represented in XML; the fields remain the
same, but those fields are expressed in the record in
XML markup.
 Libraries typically expose their records as MARCXML via
a web service, often following the SRU or OAI-
PMH standards.

3. Content
 MARC transmits information about a bibliographic item, not
the content of that item; this means it is
a metadata transmission standard, not a content standard.
 The actual content a cataloger will place in each MARC field
is usually governed and defined by standards outside of
MARC, except for a handful of fixed fields defined by the
MARC standards themselves.
 The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, for example, define
how the physical characteristics of books and other item
should be expressed.
 The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) provides
a list of authorized subject terms to describe the main
content of the item. Other cataloging rules, subject thesauri,
and classification schedules can also be used.

 MARC Formats
1. MARC 21
 MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record
format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to
the international community.
 MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data:
Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format,
Community Format,and Classification Data Format.
 Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by
The British Library, the European Institutions and the major
library institutions in the United States, and Canada.
 MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States
and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC).
 MARC21 is based on the ANSI standard Z39.2, which allows
users of different software products to communicate with each
other and to exchange data.
 MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-
8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8.

2. MARCXML
◦ MARCXML is an XML schema based on the
common MARC21 standards.
◦ MARCXML was developed by the Library of Congress and
adopted by it and others as a means of facilitating the sharing of,
and networked access to, bibliographic information.
◦ Being easy to parse by various systems allows it to be used as an
aggregation format, as it is in software packages such as MetaLib,
though that package merges it into a wider DTD specification.
◦ The MARCXML primary design goals included:
i. Simplicity of the schema
ii. Flexibility and extensibility
iii. Lossless and reversible conversion from MARC
iv. Data presentation through XML stylesheets
v. MARC records updates and data conversions through XML
transformations
vi. Existence of validation tools

2.3 Common Communication Format
(CCF)
 CCF is a structure format for creating bibliographical
records and for exchanging records between groups of
information agency and libraries.
 An international symposium in Taormina, Sicily conducted by
UNESCO was held in April, 1978. On the recommendations
of the symposium UNESCO / PGI formed the adhoc group
on the establishment of a Common Communication Format
(CCF).
 The first edition of CCF was published in 1984 under the
editorship of Peter Simmons and Alan Hopkins and its
second edition was published in 1988 in two volumes called
CCF/B and CCF/F.
 Several countries have adopted this standard for exchange
and creation of bibliographic records at national level.

 Structure of CCF:
◦ The structure of CCF is the implementation of ISO-2709. It
consists of the following-
a) Record Labels:
 Each CCF record begins with a fixed record label of 24
characters and consists of data element which contains the
record.
 Each data element is identified by its relative character
positioning the label.
b) Directory:
 The directory is a table containing a variable number of 14
characters entries i.e the length of each directory entry is of
14 characters terminated by a fixed separator character.
 Each directory entry corresponds to a specific variable.
 Data fields in the record are divided into four sub sections
or parts,containing data for the following data element-
i. Tab
ii. Length of the data field
iii. Starting character position
iv. Implementation defined section

c) Data Fields:
In the CCF a data field is defined as consisting of-
i)Indicator
ii) Sub Fields:
A sub field consists of a subfield identifier followed by a data string
which is terminated by either another sub field identifier or a field
separator.
iii) Field Separator:
The field separator is that character which constitutes the final
character of every data field except for the final data field in the
record.
iv) Record Separator:
The record separator is that character which makes the end of
the final data field in the record and constitutes the final character
of the record.

 Limitation of the CCF:
◦ CCF is not designed to meet the requirement of all types of libraries and
information organizations for local implementation.
◦ It is also not expected that institutes will use CCF record format for
internal storage and processing purpose.
The major limitations of CCF are-
a) It is not sufficiently detailed in its definition and coverage of all data
elements necessary for creating a bibliographical database for an individual
library.
b) It does not include its cataloguing rules nor does it align itself with any
particular cataloguing code or set of rules oriented towards a specific or
fixed type of information output form.
c) Except for standard CCF fields CCF recommends the use of
alphanumeric code for tags but it may not be possible to use alphanumeric
code for tags in all cases (eg when library system uses CDS/ISIS, this
recommendation cannot be implemented).
d) Though in CCF further addition of the new data elements and their
respective content designator is possible, the unrestricted interpolation by
different users can create complication for exchanging data among libraries.
In such cases, the content designators of newly added data elements are
likely to vary which may cause inconvenience for exchanging data from one
database to another. ----- Anupama Saini ----- 193

3. ISBN and ISSN
3.1 ISBN
◦ The International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
is a uniquenumeric commercial book identifier.
◦ An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation
(except reprintings) of a book. For example, an
ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the
same book would each have a different ISBN.
◦ The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits
long if assigned before 2007.
◦ The method of assigning an ISBN is nation based, and varies from state to state
often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a state.
◦ The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon
the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966.
◦ The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO
2108 (the SBN code can be converted to a ten digit ISBN by prefixing it with a
zero).
◦ Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately
or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure; however, this can be
rectified later.

 An International Standard Book Number consists of 4
parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit
ISBN):
1. for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element -
a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made
available by GS1,
2. the registration group element, (language-sharing
country group, individual country or
territory)
3. the registrant element,
4. the publication element,and
5. a checksum character or check digit.
 A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (prefix element, registration
group, registrant, publication and check digit), and when this is done it is
customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces.
 Separating the parts ( resistration group, registrant, publication and check digit
) of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces.
 Figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated,
because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits.

 How ISBNs are issued
◦ ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the
ISBN registration agency that is responsible for that country or
territory regardless of the publication language.
◦ The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on
the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so the ranges
will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type,
and size of publishers that are active.
◦ Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or
within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding from
government to support their services.
◦ In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by
organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not
government funded.
◦ The Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), part of
the Ministry of Culture, is responsible for registration of Indian
publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government
departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Calculation of Check Digits
 A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error
detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary check bit. It consists of
a single digit computed from the other digits in the message.
 ISBN-10 check digits
◦ The 2001 edition of the official manual of the International ISBN
Agency says that the ISBN-10 check digit – which is the last digit of the
ten-digit ISBN – must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol X is used for 10),
and must be such that the sum of all the ten digits, each multiplied by its
(integer) weight, descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of 11.
◦ For example, for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-2:

 ISBN-13 check digit calculation
◦ The calculation of an ISBN-13 check digit begins with the
first 12 digits of the thirteen-digit ISBN (thus excluding the
check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately
multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are
summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9.
Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A
zero (0) replaces a ten (10), so, in all cases, a single check
digit results.
◦ For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615-
? is calculated as follows:
Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is
ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7.

3.2 ISSN
 An International Standard Serial
Number (ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number
used to identify a periodical publication at a
specific media type.
 It is internationally accepted as a fundamental
identifier for distinguishing between identical
serial titles and facilitating checking and
ordering procedures, collection management,
legal deposit, interlibrary loans etc.
 When a periodical is published, with the same content, in two or more
different media, a different ISSN is assigned to each media type – in particular
the print and electronic media types, named print ISSN (p-ISSN) and electronic
ISSN (e-ISSN or eISSN).
 If a periodical/journal has been assigned with ISSN it does not mean it is an
International publication.
 ISSN is a number that identifies periodicals worldwide, whether in printed form
or other media (including online).
 It does not denote the level of coverage, connectivity and circulation of the
journal.

 The ISSN system was first drafted as
an ISO international standard in 1971
and published as ISO 3297 in 1975.
 The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is
responsible for the standard.
 To assign a unique identifier to the serial
as content, linking among the different
media, "linking ISSN (ISSN-L)" must be
used,as defined by ISO 3297:2007.
 ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually
located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International
Centre based in Paris.
 The International Centre is an intergovernmental organization created in
1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French
government.
 The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned
worldwide, the ISDS Register (International Serials Data System) otherwise
known as the ISSN Register.
 At the end of 2013, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,749,971
items.

3.3 Difference Between ISBN and ISSN
1. “ISBN” is “International Standard Book Number” and “ISSN”
is “International Standard Serial Number.”
2. One of the main differences between the ISBN and ISSN is
that the former one identifies the publisher whereas the
latter one does not identify the publisher.
3. International Standard Book Number is given for
monographs or books whereas International Standard Serial
number is given to a series of monographs or books.
4. In the case of the ISSN, it is only optional, which means that
the publisher is not legally bound to use it. On the other
hand, the ISBN is obligatory if the book falls under the ISBN
application.

Theory of Library Cataloguing

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Theory of Library Cataloguing