![Data members and functions used
• char matrix[3][3]; //intitial matrix declaration
• char check(void); // checks for someone to win
• void init_matrix(void); //initializes 3*3 matrics
• void get_player_move(void); //get player’s move
• void get_computer_move(void); //get computer’s
move using AI
• void disp_matrix(void); // display matrics after
each move](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tictactoe-210615123049/85/Tic-Tac-Toe-3-320.jpg)
Tic Tac Toe
- 2. Tic Tac Toe Game • Tic-tac-toe (also known as noughts and crosses or Xs and Os) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid. • The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game. • Players soon discover that the best play from both parties leads to a draw. • Hence, tic-tac-toe is most often played by young children.
- 3. Data members and functions used • char matrix[3][3]; //intitial matrix declaration • char check(void); // checks for someone to win • void init_matrix(void); //initializes 3*3 matrics • void get_player_move(void); //get player’s move • void get_computer_move(void); //get computer’s move using AI • void disp_matrix(void); // display matrics after each move
- 4. 1. board data structure • The board matrix (3*3) contains 3 arrays, each representing a row. • Each row array contains 3 character or string elements. • These elements are either: – “ ” as an empty string, representing an empty cell – “X” representing the X player – “O” representing the O player or computer as a player
- 5. 2. check() function • At any given state, the board will be in one and one only of these possible states: – Incomplete – Player X won – Player O won(or computer Won) – or a tie • The check() function receives a board array, iterates over all the rows, through all the columns and across both diagonals. • It checks the succession of symbols. • Then it lets us know the current state of that board.
- 6. 3. get_computer_move() & get_player_move() Function • When the board is empty it is very difficult to identify the best possible move. What is best possible move? X: - 000 000 000 O: - 000 000 000
- 7. • When the board becomes populated, the best possible move pops out to our eyes. • Let’s use this populated board as our starting point. Lets decide that the next move is ours, and that our symbol is an “X”. • Let’s try to identify the best possible move with the tools we already have. There are 3 empty cells that correspond with 3 possible moves. • Lets check the result for each of these options. X: - 000 110 010 O: - 110 000 100
- 8. • From the 3 boards in the figure above, when we send the second board to the check() function, we will receive our trophy. Move-1 Move-2 Move-3 • We can do this by iterating over the possible moves, and for each of them: Create a new board Add our symbol to the corresponding empty cell Send this board to the check() function X: - 001 110 010 O: - 110 000 100 X: - 000 111 010 X: - 000 110 011 O: - 110 000 100 O: - 110 000 100
- 9. Please concentrate for the next essential steps: 1. We need to grade the possible moves so we can compare them. Let’s decide that if a move yields a winning board we will grade it 1. If it yields a losing board it will receive the grade of -1. A tie will receive a grade of 0. 2. Move 2 will receive a grade of 1. When we find a move graded with 1 we can ignore all other possible moves. There is no other better possible move than a definite victory. 3. But for the sake of understanding, how would we grade moves 1 or 3, or any other move with an incomplete result?
- 10. A (partial) game tree for the game of tic-tac-toe. The top node is the initial state, and MAX moves first, placing an X in an empty square. We show part of the tree, giving alternating moves by MIN ( 0) and MAX (X), until we eventually reach terminal states, which can be assigned utilities according to the rules of the game.
- 11. • Let’s Focus on move 3. The solution is to send the corresponding board recursively to get_computer_move() and get_player_move() function. • You might be thinking, “But wait! Our opponent plays the next move.” That’s right. Let’s find out what grade our opponent gets for his best future move. • Our opponent has only two possible moves: Move 3-1 Move 3-2
- 12. • Move 3–1 will win the game in favor of our opponent. Since we are using the exact same get_player_move function, Move 3–1 will receive a grade of 1. • This might be a bit confusing as both our victory and our loss will receive grades of 1. We need to remember that this function call belongs to our opponent, and his victory is our loss and vice versa. • Move 3–1 receives a grade of 1 and Move 3 will receive a grade of -1.
- 13. • In this manner, these function continues to explore moves and consequent moves. This process will continue until: It finds a move graded with 1, in which case it will return the move immediately. It will continue until each possible move has a grade. The possible moves (with grades 0 and -1) are stored in an array • The array will then be: a) randomized. b) sorted from high to low. c) the first element will be returned.
- 14. • These steps guarantee that: – A losing move will be avoided unless it’s the only option – The computer player can play diversely