Tomas Hlavacek - IP fragmentation attack on DNS
0 likes1,454 views
This document summarizes an IP fragmentation attack on DNS resolvers. It exploits IP fragmentation and reassembly to reduce the entropy for cache poisoning from 32 bits to 16 bits. There are two types of attacks - one triggers fragmentation through spoofed ICMP messages, while the other registers a specially crafted zone to generate oversized responses. The attacks allow modifying DNS response fragments off-path to poison caches. Defenses include DNSSEC and workaround like ignoring certain ICMP and limiting response sizes.
Ad
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked (6)
Ad
Similar to Tomas Hlavacek - IP fragmentation attack on DNS (20)
Ad
More from DefconRussia (20)
![[Defcon Russia #29] Борис Савков - Bare-metal programming на примере Raspber...](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/preza-170328124723-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
![[Defcon Russia #29] Александр Ермолов - Safeguarding rootkits: Intel Boot Gua...](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/intelbgpart2-170328124242-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
![[Defcon Russia #29] Алексей Тюрин - Spring autobinding](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/springautobinding-170328123002-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
![[Defcon Russia #29] Михаил Клементьев - Обнаружение руткитов в GNU/Linux](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/revealingrootkitsv5-170328122611-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
![[DCG 25] Александр Большев - Never Trust Your Inputs or How To Fool an ADC](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/presentationdefconrussia-160406215741-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
Tomas Hlavacek - IP fragmentation attack on DNS
- 1. IP fragmentation attack on DNS Original work by Amir Herzberg & Haya Shulman Tomas Hlavacek • [email protected] • ZeroNights 0x03, 7.11.2013
- 2. IP fragmentation attack ● ● Amir Herzberg & Haya Shulman paper Fragmentation Considered Poisonous Two existing PoC: ● ● ● Tomáš Hlaváček & Ondřej Mikle, CZ.NIC Labs Brian Dickson, VeriSign Labs Relatively low technical complexity but a lot of preconditions
- 3. The new attack vector: Fragments ● Attack on UDP ● Exploits IP fragmentation & reassembly ● Off-path modification of packets ● Relies on 16-bit IP ID number in IP headers ● IP ID generation by counter helps ● Fights IP reassembly cache limits
- 4. IP fragmentation attack on DNS ● ● ● ● Cache-poisoning attack on resolvers Reduces entropy from 32 bits (source port + DNS ID) to 16 bits (IP ID) … because UDP header and beginning of DNS data stays in the 1st fragment Attacker modifies the 2nd fragment (authority and additional sections)
- 5. IP frag attack on DNS types ● Two types so far: ● ● 1) Convincing authoritative server to fragment replies for real domain by spoofed ICMPs 2) Registering specially forged zone which generates responses over 1500 B
- 6. st Triggering fragmentation – 1 type ● ● ● ● ICMP destination unreachable, frag. needed but DF bit set (type=3, code=4) Spoofing of ICMP (BCP38 is not a problem, firewalls are) Linux accepts signaled MTU into routing cache for 10 mins Linux minimum MTU = 552 B
- 7. st 1 type big picture
- 8. st 1 type big picture
- 9. st 1 type big picture
- 10. st 1 type big picture
- 11. st 1 type big picture
- 12. st 1 type big picture
- 13. st 1 type big picture
- 14. Effects of ICMP spoofing root@authoritative_server:/# ip route show cache ... 77.243.16.81 from 195.226.217.5 via 217.31.48.17 dev eth0 cache ipid 0xe8a1 Caching resolver IP 62.109.128.22 from 195.226.217.5 via 217.31.48.17 dev eth0 cache expires 576sec ipid 0x6ef3 mtu 552 rtt 4ms rttvar 4ms cwnd 10 63.249.32.21 from 195.226.217.5 via 217.31.48.17 dev eth0 cache ipid 0xa256
- 15. Response of the authoritative server ; EDNS: version: 0, flags: do; udp: 4096 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaa aa.ad.example.cz. IN A ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: ad.example.cz. 360 IN NS ad-ns1.example.cz. ad.example.cz. 360 IN NS ad-ns2.example.cz. ad.example.cz. 360 IN NSEC ad-ns1.example.cz. NS ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ad-ns1.example.cz. 360 IN A 217.31.49.71 ad-ns1.example.cz. 360 IN RRSIG A 5 3 360 … ad-ns2.example.cz. 360 IN A ad-ns2.example.cz. 360 IN RRSIG A 5 3 360 ... 217.31.49.70 1st and 2nd fragment border
- 16. Response in the resolver log ; EDNS: version: 0, flags: do; udp: 4096 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaa aa.ad.example.cz. IN A ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: ad.example.cz. 360 IN NS ad-ns1.example.cz. ad.example.cz. 360 IN NS ad-ns2.example.cz. ad.example.cz. 360 IN NSEC ad-ns1.example.cz. NS ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ad-ns1.example.cz. 360 IN A 217.31.49.71 ad-ns1.example.cz. 360 IN RRSIG A 5 3 360 … ad-ns2.example.cz. 360 IN A ad-ns2.example.cz. 360 IN RRSIG A 5 3 360 ... 1st and 2nd fragment border 62.109.128.20 UDP checksum fixup
- 17. Technical challenges in PoC ● ICMP packet forgery (easy) ● Selecting vulnerable zone (medium) ● Forging fragments, fixing UDP checksums (hard) ● Inserting into network (depends on local admin's paranoia) ● IP reassembly queue size = 64 @ Linux (needs further work) ● RR-set order randomization (annoyance) ● Label compression (not a problem) ● Fragment arrival order (potentially breaks the attack)
- 18. Forged packet acceptance ● ● Bailiwick rules Generally low level of trust in RR from additional section ● Gradually stronger rules in BIND since ~2003 ● Unknown (most likely strict) rules in Unbound
- 19. PoC & tricks ● This (1st type) attack worked in lab! ● IP ID known to attacker ● No firewalls, no conntrack ● Non-default IP reassembly queue settings ● 1 out of 3 trials succeeded (due to RR-set randomization and timing)
- 20. nd 2 type attack ● Forge zone with specific NS RRs: ● ● ● Add target NS (and glue) to poison Forge zone to produce long referral responses (N x ~250 B NS RR) Register the domain at the lowest possible level (2nd level zone)
- 21. Malicious zone in ccTLD ;poisonovacizona.cz. IN NS ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: poisonovacizona.cz. 18000 IN NS eaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. kaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. qaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. poisonovacizona.cz. ... poisonovacizona.cz. 18000 IN NS ns2.ignum.cz. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns2.ignum.cz. 18000 IN A 217.31.48.201 eaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. kaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. qaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. poisonovacizona.cz. 18000 IN ... ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 1949 A 217.31.48.1
- 22. Attack through the malicious zone ● The zone produces fragmented referral replies ● The zone is perfectly valid ● … even though it contains weird NS RR ● ● It contains target NS RR of a high-profile authoritative server Glue for the target NS is exposed in the 2 nd fragment
- 23. Defenses ● DNSSEC now! ● Workarounds ● ● 1st type: Ignore ICMP type=3, code=4 2nd type: limit response size & set EDNS0 buffer size to your MTU value (on both sides – authoritative as well as recursive)
- 24. Demo session ● Two computers – victim and attacker ● Real zone & name servers ● IP-ID known to attacker ● Minor hacks in iptables on victim to guarantee quick success
- 25. Demo session explained ● Generate spoofed ICMP ● Inject spoofed ICMP into network ● Query the server and capture response ● Modify DNS response ● Fixup response UDP checksum & change MAC ● Inject forged response & re-run the query
- 26. Thank You Tomas Hlavacek • [email protected] • ZeroNights 0x03, 7.11.2013