Type casting
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Type casting is a topic of computer science engineering subject know as computer graphics multimedia and animation(cgma) it contains data types which is explained by the examples
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types
ClassTest
{
public static void main{String args[]}
{
One o;
o = (One) newTwo();
o.show1();
}
}
Note : we are able to access show1() method of the super
class. But in this case, it is not possible to call show2().](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/typecasting-190704071938/85/Type-casting-9-320.jpg)
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DynProg_Knapsack.pptRuchika Sinha The document discusses the 0-1 knapsack problem and provides an example of solving it using dynamic programming. The 0-1 knapsack problem aims to maximize the total value of items selected from a list that have a total weight less than or equal to the knapsack's capacity, where each item must either be fully included or excluded. The document outlines a dynamic programming algorithm that builds a table to store the maximum value for each item subset at each possible weight, recursively considering whether or not to include each additional item.
Dijkstra.ppt
Dijkstra.pptRuchika Sinha Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest paths between vertices in a graph with non-negative edge weights. It works by maintaining distances from the source vertex to all other vertices, initially setting all distances to infinity except the source which is 0. It then iteratively selects the unvisited vertex with the lowest distance, marks it as visited, and updates the distances to its neighbors if a shorter path is found through the selected vertex. This continues until all vertices are visited, at which point the distances will be the shortest paths from the source vertex.
Greedy with Task Scheduling Algorithm.ppt
Greedy with Task Scheduling Algorithm.pptRuchika Sinha A greedy algorithm is any algorithm that follows the problem-solving heuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage. In many problems, a greedy strategy does not produce an optimal solution, but a greedy heuristic can yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a globally optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time
Clipping
ClippingRuchika Sinha When we have to display a large portion of the picture, then not only scaling & translation is necessary, the visible part of picture is also identified. This process is not easy. Certain parts of the image are inside, while others are partially inside. The lines or elements which are partially visible will be omitted.
For deciding the visible and invisible portion, a particular process called clipping is used. Clipping determines each element into the visible and invisible portion. Visible portion is selected. An invisible portion is discarded.
Lec22 intel
Lec22 intelRuchika Sinha Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is the developer of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers
Pc assembly
Pc assemblyRuchika Sinha The main components of a PC and its purpose
Good price ranges for each component
Good options for each component
Cost breakdown for building a
PC Safety for assembly
How to wire a PC
Where each component goes
Casing
CasingRuchika Sinha This document discusses computer casing and hardware. It defines computer casing as the box-like case that contains a computer's electronic components. It describes the main types of casings as desktop, mini tower, mid-size tower, and full-size tower. Each type is defined and their advantages/disadvantages listed. The parts of a computer case are identified as the front panel, back panel, and internal parts. Three factors that influence computer case design are identified as ergonomics, expansion capabilities, and cooling.
Installation of motherboard
Installation of motherboardRuchika Sinha A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
Shortest path
Shortest pathRuchika Sinha In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized
Bellman ford algorithm
Bellman ford algorithmRuchika Sinha The Bellman–Ford algorithm is an algorithm that computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all of the other vertices in a weighted digraph. It is slower than Dijkstra's algorithm for the same problem, but more versatile, as it is capable of handling graphs in which some of the edge weights are negative numbers.
Python material
Python materialRuchika Sinha Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its use of significant indentation. Its language constructs as well as its object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects
Python3
Python3Ruchika Sinha Python allows importing and using classes and functions defined in other files through modules. There are three main ways to import modules: import somefile imports everything and requires prefixing names with the module name, from somefile import * imports everything without prefixes, and from somefile import className imports a specific class. Modules look for files in directories listed in sys.path.
Classes define custom data types by storing shared data and methods. Instances are created using class() and initialized with __init__. Self refers to the instance inside methods. Attributes store an instance's data while class attributes are shared. Inheritance allows subclasses to extend and redefine parent class features. Special built-in methods control class behaviors like string representation or iteration.
Optimization problems
Optimization problemsRuchika Sinha Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete:
An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.
A problem with continuous variables is known as a continuous optimization, in which an optimal value from a continuous function must be found. They can include constrained problems and multimodal problems.
Regular Grammar
Regular GrammarRuchika Sinha A grammar is said to be regular, if the production is in the form -
A → αB,
A -> a,
A → ε,
for A, B ∈ N, a ∈ Σ, and ε the empty string
A regular grammar is a 4 tuple -
G = (V, Σ, P, S)
V - It is non-empty, finite set of non-terminal symbols,
Σ - finite set of terminal symbols, (Σ ∈ V),
P - a finite set of productions or rules,
S - start symbol, S ∈ (V - Σ)
Software Teting
Software TetingRuchika Sinha Software testing is a process that evaluates the functionality and quality of software. It involves examining software through various testing types and processes to verify it meets requirements and is error-free. The main types of software testing include static vs dynamic, black box vs white box, automated vs manual, and regression testing. The goal of testing is to identify bugs and ensure the software works as intended.
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Type casting
- 1. ● Type casting is used to convert an object or variable of one type into another. ●Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as type casting. Syntax : dataType variableName = (dataType) variableToConvert ;
- 2. Type Casting Types of Data Types ◦ Primitive or Fundamental Data Types ◦ Referenced or Advanced Data Types • Casting Primitive Data Type ▫ Widening - Converting lower data type into higher data type is called widening. ▫ Narrowing – Converting a higher data type into lower data type is called narrowing.
- 4. WIDENING IN PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES Char ch = ‘A’ ; int num = ( int ) ch ; int x = 9500 ; float sal = ( float ) x ; Widening is safe because there will not be any loss of data. That is why, compiler does the casting internally and hence this is called “Implicit Casting”.
- 5. int x = 66 ; char ch = ( char ) x ; double d = 12.6879 ; int n = ( int ) d ; Narrowing is not safe because there will be loss of data. That is why, compiler forces the programmer to use cast operator and hence this is called “Explicit Casting”.
- 6. Casting Referenced Data Types A class is referenced data type. Converting a class type into another class type is also possible through casting. But the classes should have the same relationship between them by the way of inheritance. University ↑ College ↑ Department
- 7. Type Casting Generalization : Generalization is a phenomenon where a sub class is promoted to a super class, and hence becomes more general . It needs widening or up-casting. Specialization : Specialization is a phenomenon where a super class is narrowed down to a sub class. It needs narrowing or down-casting.
- 8. Class One { void show1() { System.out.println (“I am class one“); } } class Two extends One { void show1() { System.out.println(“I am class Two”); } }
- 9. Widening in referenced data types ClassTest { public static void main{String args[]} { One o; o = (One) newTwo(); o.show1(); } } Note : we are able to access show1() method of the super class. But in this case, it is not possible to call show2().