Type casting involves assigning a value of one data type to a variable of another type. There are two types of casting: widening (implicit) and narrowing (explicit). Widening casting converts data to a broader type without needing explicit casting, like converting an int to a long. Narrowing casting converts to a narrower data type and requires explicit casting, such as converting a double to a long.
Typecasting in C allows changing the data type of a variable, regardless of its original definition. When a variable is typecast to a new type, the compiler treats it as the new type. In the example, dividing two integers results in 0, but casting them to floats first results in the actual quotient of 0.625. Typecasting can be implicit, letting smaller types automatically cast to larger ones in expressions, or explicit using cast operators like (int) or (float). Explicit casts have higher priority and force a specific conversion.
This document provides an overview and outline of a lesson on variables and types in Java. The key points covered include:
- Variables are names for locations in memory that hold values. Primitive data types include numerical, character, and boolean values. Complex objects are instances of classes.
- Variables are declared with a data type, name, and optional initial value. Primitive values can be output and converted between types through casting or automatic promotion.
- Expressions combine operators and operands to compute results. Operators have precedence that determines the order of evaluation. Assignment operators store the result of an expression into a variable.
- The lesson covers primitive data types, variables, expressions, output, conversion, and creating objects
This document discusses data types in C#. It explains that variables must be assigned a data type that specifies their size and values. The common data types covered are integer, floating point, boolean, character, and string. Integer types like int and long store whole numbers, while floating point types like float and double store fractional numbers. Boolean stores true/false values, char stores a single character, and string stores text. It also discusses type casting and conversion, where implicit casting automatically converts smaller types to larger ones, while explicit casting requires manually placing the type in parentheses. User input is covered, noting that ReadLine returns a string, so numerical input requires conversion to the correct type like Convert.ToInt32.
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N.V.Raja Sekhar Reddy
www.technolamp.co.in
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C++ templates allow functions and classes to operate on multiple types of data. Templates define placeholders that are substituted by template arguments. This allows defining functions and classes once that can work with different data types. Function templates define a single function that generates multiple versions based on the template arguments. Class templates generate distinct classes from a single definition. Exceptions represent errors and are thrown using throw statements. Exception handlers use try-catch blocks to catch exceptions and provide error handling.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also covers procedural programming in C++ and compares it with OOP. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating classes, objects, functions, constructors and destructors. The document contains information on basic C++ programming concepts needed to understand and implement OOP principles in C++ programs.
The document discusses data type conversion in C++. It explains that data type conversion can be either implicit (automatic) or explicit (user-defined). Implicit conversion occurs automatically during operations with mixed data types, changing operands to the larger type. Explicit conversion requires a cast operator to manually change a value's type. Four main cast operators are discussed: dynamic_cast, static_cast, reinterpret_cast, and const_cast.
In this chapter we will get familiar with primitive types and variables in Java – what they are and how to work with them. First we will consider the data types – integer types, real types with floating-point, Boolean, character, string and object type. We will continue with the variables, with their characteristics, how to declare them, how they are assigned a value and what is variable initialization.
This document provides information about the C# programming language. It discusses that C# is an object-oriented language that can be used to build a variety of applications like Windows and web. Visual C# .NET is Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for building C# applications and is part of the Visual Studio suite. The document also covers C# language fundamentals like variables, data types, operators, and conditional statements.
Fundamentals of Computing and C Programming - Part 2Karthik Srini B R
This presentation covers fundamentals of C programming including data types, control structures, and functions. It discusses basic data types like integers, floats, characters, and derived types. Control structures are presented including selection statements like if/else and switch case, as well as looping statements like for, while, and do/while loops. Functions are introduced including function prototypes. The presentation is intended to provide an overview of core C language concepts.
This document provides an overview and introduction to C# programming. It covers topics like the structure of a basic "Hello World" C# program, compiling and executing programs, variables and data types, value types vs reference types, operators and casting, constants, reading keyboard input, and command line arguments. Code examples are provided to demonstrate many of these core C# concepts.
Type casting is converting a variable from one data type to another. It is done explicitly using a cast operator like (type_name). It is best to cast to a higher data type to avoid data loss as casting to a lower type may truncate the value. There are two types of casting in C - implicit casting which happens automatically during assignment, and explicit casting which requires a cast operator. Implicit casting is done when assigning a value to a compatible type while explicit casting is needed when types are incompatible.
This document provides an overview of C++ programming concepts across multiple pages. It begins with introductions to fundamental C++ concepts like header files, compiling and linking processes, variables and data types. It then covers expressions, selection statements, loops, arrays, functions, function overloading, structures and unions. The document is intended to serve as a roadmap for learning C++.
This document discusses type casting in Java. It explains that casting can be widening or narrowing. Widening casting converts a primitive type to a larger type and is safe, while narrowing casting converts to a smaller type and can lose data, requiring an explicit cast. It also discusses casting between classes, which is possible if they are related by inheritance, and how casting allows generalization to a super class or specialization to a subclass.
03 and 04 .Operators, Expressions, working with the console and conditional s...Intro C# Book
The document discusses Java syntax and concepts including:
1. It introduces primitive data types in Java like int, float, boolean and String.
2. It covers variables, operators, and expressions - how they are used to store and manipulate data in Java.
3. It explains console input and output using Scanner and System.out methods for reading user input and printing output.
4. It provides examples of using conditional statements like if and if-else to control program flow based on conditions.
Functions in C allow programmers to package blocks of code that perform tasks. Functions make code reusable and easier to understand by separating code into modular units. A function has a name, list of arguments it takes, and code that is executed when the function is called. Functions can communicate between each other via parameters passed by value or by reference. Parameters passed by value are copied, so changes inside the function don't affect the original variable, while parameters passed by reference allow the function to modify the original variable. Functions can also call themselves recursively.
The document discusses input and output functions in Python like input() and print(). It explains that the input() function allows taking user input, displays an optional prompt, and returns the input as a string. Examples show how input() works and how eval() can evaluate expressions. The document also covers implicit and explicit type conversions, noting that implicit conversions are automatic while explicit conversions use functions like int(), float(), and str() and may lose data.
The document discusses primitive data types in C#, including integer, floating-point, boolean, character, and string types. It defines each type, provides examples of declaring variables of each type and assigning values, and describes literals that can be used to represent values of different types. Key points covered include the name, size, and default value of each primitive type as well as demonstrations of declaring and initializing variables in C#.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
This document discusses tokens, expression evaluation, and type casting in C programming. It defines tokens as the smallest meaningful elements of a program like keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, and operators. It describes expression evaluation using an example of evaluating the expression a = 5. It then explains type casting as converting one data type to another, like converting a long to an int, and gives examples of implicit and explicit type casting in C.
What is Data Type?
Primitive Types in C#: Integer Types, Floating-Point Types, Decimal Type, Boolean Type, Character Types, Strings, Objects
Value Types and Reference Types
Variables. Using Variables: Declaring, Initializing, Assigning Value, Accessing Value
Literals: The Values of the Variables in the Source Code. Boolean Literals. Integer Literals. Floating-Point Literals, Decimal Literals, String Literals and Escaping Sequences
Exercises: Working with Primitive Types and Variables
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Java including Eclipse IDE, creating classes, the main method, printing output, variables, data types, user input, arithmetic operators, and typecasting. It explains how to create a Java class in Eclipse, use print statements, declare and initialize variables, take user input, and perform basic math operations and conversions between data types in Java.
This document provides an overview of key C# programming concepts such as declaring variables, data types, conditional statements, loops, namespaces, and more. It also discusses topics like initialization and scope of variables, predefined value and reference types, if statements, and using the console for input/output. The goal is to cover basic C# syntax, conventions, and compiler options to get started with programming in C#.
In this chapter we will get familiar with primitive types and variables in Java – what they are and how to work with them. First we will consider the data types – integer types, real types with floating-point, Boolean, character, string and object type. We will continue with the variables, with their characteristics, how to declare them, how they are assigned a value and what is variable initialization.
This document provides information about the C# programming language. It discusses that C# is an object-oriented language that can be used to build a variety of applications like Windows and web. Visual C# .NET is Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for building C# applications and is part of the Visual Studio suite. The document also covers C# language fundamentals like variables, data types, operators, and conditional statements.
Fundamentals of Computing and C Programming - Part 2Karthik Srini B R
This presentation covers fundamentals of C programming including data types, control structures, and functions. It discusses basic data types like integers, floats, characters, and derived types. Control structures are presented including selection statements like if/else and switch case, as well as looping statements like for, while, and do/while loops. Functions are introduced including function prototypes. The presentation is intended to provide an overview of core C language concepts.
This document provides an overview and introduction to C# programming. It covers topics like the structure of a basic "Hello World" C# program, compiling and executing programs, variables and data types, value types vs reference types, operators and casting, constants, reading keyboard input, and command line arguments. Code examples are provided to demonstrate many of these core C# concepts.
Type casting is converting a variable from one data type to another. It is done explicitly using a cast operator like (type_name). It is best to cast to a higher data type to avoid data loss as casting to a lower type may truncate the value. There are two types of casting in C - implicit casting which happens automatically during assignment, and explicit casting which requires a cast operator. Implicit casting is done when assigning a value to a compatible type while explicit casting is needed when types are incompatible.
This document provides an overview of C++ programming concepts across multiple pages. It begins with introductions to fundamental C++ concepts like header files, compiling and linking processes, variables and data types. It then covers expressions, selection statements, loops, arrays, functions, function overloading, structures and unions. The document is intended to serve as a roadmap for learning C++.
This document discusses type casting in Java. It explains that casting can be widening or narrowing. Widening casting converts a primitive type to a larger type and is safe, while narrowing casting converts to a smaller type and can lose data, requiring an explicit cast. It also discusses casting between classes, which is possible if they are related by inheritance, and how casting allows generalization to a super class or specialization to a subclass.
03 and 04 .Operators, Expressions, working with the console and conditional s...Intro C# Book
The document discusses Java syntax and concepts including:
1. It introduces primitive data types in Java like int, float, boolean and String.
2. It covers variables, operators, and expressions - how they are used to store and manipulate data in Java.
3. It explains console input and output using Scanner and System.out methods for reading user input and printing output.
4. It provides examples of using conditional statements like if and if-else to control program flow based on conditions.
Functions in C allow programmers to package blocks of code that perform tasks. Functions make code reusable and easier to understand by separating code into modular units. A function has a name, list of arguments it takes, and code that is executed when the function is called. Functions can communicate between each other via parameters passed by value or by reference. Parameters passed by value are copied, so changes inside the function don't affect the original variable, while parameters passed by reference allow the function to modify the original variable. Functions can also call themselves recursively.
The document discusses input and output functions in Python like input() and print(). It explains that the input() function allows taking user input, displays an optional prompt, and returns the input as a string. Examples show how input() works and how eval() can evaluate expressions. The document also covers implicit and explicit type conversions, noting that implicit conversions are automatic while explicit conversions use functions like int(), float(), and str() and may lose data.
The document discusses primitive data types in C#, including integer, floating-point, boolean, character, and string types. It defines each type, provides examples of declaring variables of each type and assigning values, and describes literals that can be used to represent values of different types. Key points covered include the name, size, and default value of each primitive type as well as demonstrations of declaring and initializing variables in C#.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
This document discusses tokens, expression evaluation, and type casting in C programming. It defines tokens as the smallest meaningful elements of a program like keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, and operators. It describes expression evaluation using an example of evaluating the expression a = 5. It then explains type casting as converting one data type to another, like converting a long to an int, and gives examples of implicit and explicit type casting in C.
What is Data Type?
Primitive Types in C#: Integer Types, Floating-Point Types, Decimal Type, Boolean Type, Character Types, Strings, Objects
Value Types and Reference Types
Variables. Using Variables: Declaring, Initializing, Assigning Value, Accessing Value
Literals: The Values of the Variables in the Source Code. Boolean Literals. Integer Literals. Floating-Point Literals, Decimal Literals, String Literals and Escaping Sequences
Exercises: Working with Primitive Types and Variables
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Java including Eclipse IDE, creating classes, the main method, printing output, variables, data types, user input, arithmetic operators, and typecasting. It explains how to create a Java class in Eclipse, use print statements, declare and initialize variables, take user input, and perform basic math operations and conversions between data types in Java.
This document provides an overview of key C# programming concepts such as declaring variables, data types, conditional statements, loops, namespaces, and more. It also discusses topics like initialization and scope of variables, predefined value and reference types, if statements, and using the console for input/output. The goal is to cover basic C# syntax, conventions, and compiler options to get started with programming in C#.
ELectronics Boards & Product Testing_Shiju.pdfShiju Jacob
This presentation provides a high level insight about DFT analysis and test coverage calculation, finalizing test strategy, and types of tests at different levels of the product.
The Fluke 925 is a vane anemometer, a handheld device designed to measure wind speed, air flow (volume), and temperature. It features a separate sensor and display unit, allowing greater flexibility and ease of use in tight or hard-to-reach spaces. The Fluke 925 is particularly suitable for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) maintenance in both residential and commercial buildings, offering a durable and cost-effective solution for routine airflow diagnostics.
In tube drawing process, a tube is pulled out through a die and a plug to reduce its diameter and thickness as per the requirement. Dimensional accuracy of cold drawn tubes plays a vital role in the further quality of end products and controlling rejection in manufacturing processes of these end products. Springback phenomenon is the elastic strain recovery after removal of forming loads, causes geometrical inaccuracies in drawn tubes. Further, this leads to difficulty in achieving close dimensional tolerances. In the present work springback of EN 8 D tube material is studied for various cold drawing parameters. The process parameters in this work include die semi-angle, land width and drawing speed. The experimentation is done using Taguchi’s L36 orthogonal array, and then optimization is done in data analysis software Minitab 17. The results of ANOVA shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle,5 mm land width and 6 m/min drawing speed yields least springback. Furthermore, optimization algorithms named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are applied which shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle, 10 mm land width and 8 m/min drawing speed results in minimal springback with almost 10.5 % improvement. Finally, the results of experimentation are validated with Finite Element Analysis technique using ANSYS.
Passenger car unit (PCU) of a vehicle type depends on vehicular characteristics, stream characteristics, roadway characteristics, environmental factors, climate conditions and control conditions. Keeping in view various factors affecting PCU, a model was developed taking a volume to capacity ratio and percentage share of particular vehicle type as independent parameters. A microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM has been used in present study for generating traffic flow data which some time very difficult to obtain from field survey. A comparison study was carried out with the purpose of verifying when the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models are appropriate for prediction of PCUs of different vehicle types. From the results observed that ANFIS model estimates were closer to the corresponding simulated PCU values compared to MLR and ANN models. It is concluded that the ANFIS model showed greater potential in predicting PCUs from v/c ratio and proportional share for all type of vehicles whereas MLR and ANN models did not perform well.
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Originally applied to water (hydromechanics), it found applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
It can be divided into fluid statics, the study of various fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics.
Fluid statics, also known as hydrostatics, is the study of fluids at rest, specifically when there's no relative motion between fluid particles. It focuses on the conditions under which fluids are in stable equilibrium and doesn't involve fluid motion.
Fluid kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics that focuses on describing and analyzing the motion of fluids, such as liquids and gases, without considering the forces that cause the motion. It deals with the geometrical and temporal aspects of fluid flow, including velocity and acceleration. Fluid dynamics, on the other hand, considers the forces acting on the fluid.
Fluid dynamics is the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic.
Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research, typically mathematically complex. Many problems are partly or wholly unsolved and are best addressed by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow.
Fundamentally, every fluid mechanical system is assumed to obey the basic laws :
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
The continuum assumption
For example, the assumption that mass is conserved means that for any fixed control volume (for example, a spherical volume)—enclosed by a control surface—the rate of change of the mass contained in that volume is equal to the rate at which mass is passing through the surface from outside to inside, minus the rate at which mass is passing from inside to outside. This can be expressed as an equation in integral form over the control volume.
The continuum assumption is an idealization of continuum mechanics under which fluids can be treated as continuous, even though, on a microscopic scale, they are composed of molecules. Under the continuum assumption, macroscopic (observed/measurable) properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and bulk velocity are taken to be well-defined at "infinitesimal" volume elements—small in comparison to the characteristic length scale of the system, but large in comparison to molecular length scale
Concept of Problem Solving, Introduction to Algorithms, Characteristics of Algorithms, Introduction to Data Structure, Data Structure Classification (Linear and Non-linear, Static and Dynamic, Persistent and Ephemeral data structures), Time complexity and Space complexity, Asymptotic Notation - The Big-O, Omega and Theta notation, Algorithmic upper bounds, lower bounds, Best, Worst and Average case analysis of an Algorithm, Abstract Data Types (ADT)
its all about Artificial Intelligence(Ai) and Machine Learning and not on advanced level you can study before the exam or can check for some information on Ai for project
"Boiler Feed Pump (BFP): Working, Applications, Advantages, and Limitations E...Infopitaara
A Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) is a critical component in thermal power plants. It supplies high-pressure water (feedwater) to the boiler, ensuring continuous steam generation.
⚙️ How a Boiler Feed Pump Works
Water Collection:
Feedwater is collected from the deaerator or feedwater tank.
Pressurization:
The pump increases water pressure using multiple impellers/stages in centrifugal types.
Discharge to Boiler:
Pressurized water is then supplied to the boiler drum or economizer section, depending on design.
🌀 Types of Boiler Feed Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps (most common):
Multistage for higher pressure.
Used in large thermal power stations.
Positive Displacement Pumps (less common):
For smaller or specific applications.
Precise flow control but less efficient for large volumes.
🛠️ Key Operations and Controls
Recirculation Line: Protects the pump from overheating at low flow.
Throttle Valve: Regulates flow based on boiler demand.
Control System: Often automated via DCS/PLC for variable load conditions.
Sealing & Cooling Systems: Prevent leakage and maintain pump health.
⚠️ Common BFP Issues
Cavitation due to low NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head).
Seal or bearing failure.
Overheating from improper flow or recirculation.
5. Example of Implicit(widening)
public class Test
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{ int i=100;
long l=I; //no explicit type casting required
float f=I; //no explicit type casting required
System.out.println(“Int Value “+i);
System.out.println(“Long Value “+l);
System.out.println(“Int Value “+f);
}
}
OUTPUT
Int Value 100
Long Value 100
Float Value 100.0
7. Example of Explicit(narrowing)
public class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{ double d=100.04;
long l=(long)d; //explicit type casting required
Int i=(int)I; //explicit type casting required
System.out.println(“Double Value “+d);
System.out.println(“Long Value “+l);
System.out.println(“Int Value “+i);
}
}
OUTPUT
Double Value 100.04
Long Value 100
Int Value 100