UART(universal asynchronous receiver transmitter ) PPT
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UART – Stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter It is a piece of hardware that acts as a bridge between the processor and the serial communication protocol or port (RS-232). It performs parallel – to – serial data conversion at the transmitter side and serial – to – parallel data conversion at the receiver side.Asynchronous serial communication. A serial communication can be done using fewer wires as compared to its parallel counterpart. It is a cheapest communication device with a single wire for transmitting the data and another wire for receiving. When the high-speed data transfer is not required UART is used. In a simple serial communication, 3 pins are used: TxD, RxD and GND. At Transmission side (i.e. From Microcontoller), one can write data into UART Data Register (e.g. UART0_DR) by using software code. These 8 bits of data from Data Register is passed to Tx FIFO Buffer. After that, the data is sent out(one at a time) from Tx Shift Register. TxFIFO flag = 1 (Buffer full) TxFIFO flag = 0 (not full - Software can write to Data Register) At Receiver end, there is Rx FIFO Buffer. RxFIFO Empty flag = 1 (Buffer is empty) RxFIFO Empty flag = 0 (Buffer has data to be read) A frame is the unit of transmission in serial communications Start bit: To declare the start of transmission. Data bits: 4,5,6,7, or 8 bits of useful data bits. Parity bit : To check for transmission errors. Stop bit: To declare end of frame Parity bit is used to check the integrity of a frame and signal if an error occurred during transmission. It is an extra bit added to the end of a frame. Even parity :The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be even. Odd parity : The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be odd The configuration settings at both ends of Txd and Rxd: Full or half-duplex operation Data length Start/Stop bits Transmission speed. EX:-198 = 11000110 Transmission speed Common speed = 9600 bits/sec 1/9600 = 104 us. After detecting start it will count 104us and complets start bit. Then begins sampling the input bits after 52us with equal count of 104us between each bit untill the next stop bit with high pulse. Advantages Requires minimum wires No need for clock or any other timing signal. Parity bit ensures basic error checking. Disadvantages Size of the data in the frame is limited. Can connect only two devices at a time Speed for data transfer is less compared to parallel. Transmitter and receiver must agree to the rules of transmission and appropriate baud rate must be selected. if we are looking for a device to device serial communication then UART proves itself the best as it is easy to deal with and also widely used in many peripheral devices.
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A New Enhanced Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) Combined with Elephant Herdin...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering Although the exploitation of GWO advances sharply, it has limitations for continuous implementing exploration. On the other hand, the EHO algorithm easily has shown its capability to prevent local optima. For hybridization and by considering the advantages of GWO and the abilities of EHO, it would be impressive to combine these two algorithms. In this respect, the exploitation and exploration performances and the convergence speed of the GWO algorithm are improved by combining it with the EHO algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes a new hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) combined with Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) algorithm. Twenty-three benchmark mathematical optimization challenges and six constrained engineering challenges are used to validate the performance of the suggested GWOEHO compared to both the original GWO and EHO algorithms and some other well-known optimization algorithms. Wilcoxon's rank-sum test outcomes revealed that GWOEHO outperforms others in most function minimization. The results also proved that the convergence speed of GWOEHO is faster than the original algorithms.
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International Journal of Advance Robotics & Expert Systems (JARES)
International Journal of Advance Robotics & Expert Systems (JARES)jaresjournal868
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International Journal of Advance Robotics & Expert Systems (JARES)
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A New Enhanced Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) Combined with Elephant Herdin...
A New Enhanced Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) Combined with Elephant Herdin...Journal of Soft Computing in Civil Engineering
UART(universal asynchronous receiver transmitter ) PPT
- 1. UART Presented BY G. Sai praneeth kumar
- 2. contents • Introduction • Block diagram • How it works • Frame • parity • Configuration • Example • Advantages & disadvantages • Conclusion
- 3. Introduction • UART – Stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter • It is a piece of hardware that acts as a bridge between the processor and the serial communication protocol or port (RS-232) • It performs parallel – to – serial data conversion at the transmitter side and serial – to – parallel data conversion at the receiver side. • Asynchronous serial communication.
- 4. WHY UART • A serial communication can be done using fewer wires as compared to its parallel counterpart. • It is a cheapest communication device with a single wire for transmitting the data and another wire for receiving. • When the high-speed data transfer is not required UART is used.
- 7. UART TxD
- 8. UART RxD
- 9. DESCRIPTION • In a simple serial communication, 3 pins are used: TxD, RxD and GND. • At Transmission side (i.e. From Microcontoller), one can write data into UART Data Register (e.g. UART0_DR) by using software code. • These 8 bits of data from Data Register is passed to Tx FIFO Buffer. After that, the data is sent out(one at a time) from Tx Shift Register. • TxFIFO flag = 1 (Buffer full) TxFIFO flag = 0 (not full - Software can write to Data Register) • At Receiver end, there is Rx FIFO Buffer. • RxFIFO Empty flag = 1 (Buffer is empty) RxFIFO Empty flag = 0 (Buffer has data to be read)
- 10. How UART works
- 11. FRAME • A frame is the unit of transmission inserial communications – Start bit: To declare the start of transmission. – Data bits: 4,5,6,7, or 8 bits of useful data bits. – Parity bit : To check for transmission errors. – Stop bit: To declare end of frame
- 12. PARITY • Parity bit is used to check the integrity of a frame and signal if an error occurred during transmission. • It is an extra bit added to the end of a frame. • Even parity :The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be even. • Odd parity : The number of ‘1’ symbols inside a frame must always be odd
- 13. Transmisson and reception • Transmission • Reception
- 14. configuration • The configuration settings at both ends of Txd and Rxd: • Full or half-duplex operation • Data length • Start/Stop bits • Transmission speed.
- 15. Example • EX:-198 = 11000110 • Transmission speed – Common speed = 9600 bits/sec – 1/9600 = 104 us.
- 16. Example • After detecting start it will count 104us and complets start bit. • Then begins sampling the input bits after 52us with equal count of 104us between each bit untill the next stop bit with high pulse.
- 17. Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages – Requires minimum wires – No need for clock or any other timing signal. – Parity bit ensures basic error checking. • Disadvantages – Size of the data in the frame is limited. – Can connect only two devices at a time – Speed for data transfer is less compared to parallel. – Transmitter and receiver must agree to the rules of transmission and appropriate baud rate must be selected.
- 18. Conclusion • if we are looking for a device to device serial communication then UART proves itself the best as it is easy to deal with and also widely used in many peripheral devices.
- 19. Thank you