Underscore.js

Underscore.js
Underscore is a utility-belt library for JavaScript that provides a lot of the
functional programming support that you would expect in Prototype.js (or
Ruby ), but without extending any of the built-in JavaScript objects. It's the
tie to go along with jQuery 's tux.

Underscore provides 60-odd functions that support both the usual
functional suspects: map, select, invoke — as well as more specialized
helpers: function binding, javascript templating, deep equality testing, and
so on. It delegates to built-in functions, if present, so modern browsers will
use the native implementations of forEach, map, reduce, filter, every, some
and indexOf.

A complete Test & Benchmark Suite is included for your perusal.

You may also read through the annotated source code .

The project is hosted on GitHub . You can report bugs and discuss features
on the issues page , on Freenode in the #documentcloud channel, or send
tweets to @documentcloud .

Underscore is an open-source component of DocumentCloud .

Downloads (Right-click, and use "Save As")

Development Version (1.1.3) 26kb, Uncompressed with Comments
Production Version (1.1.3) 3kb, Packed and Gzipped

Table of Contents
Object-Oriented and Functional Styles

Collections
each , map , reduce , reduceRight , detect , select , reject , all , any , include ,
invoke , pluck , max , min , sortBy , sortedIndex , toArray , size

Arrays
first , rest , last , compact , flatten , without , uniq , intersect , zip , indexOf ,
lastIndexOf , range

Functions
bind , bindAll , memoize , delay , defer , throttle , debounce , wrap ,
compose

Objects
keys , values , functions , extend , clone , tap , isEqual , isEmpty , isElement ,
isArray , isArguments , isFunction , isString , isNumber , isBoolean , isDate ,
isRegExp isNaN , isNull , isUndefined

Utility
noConflict , identity , times , mixin , uniqueId , template

Chaining
chain , value

Object-Oriented and Functional Styles
You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style,
depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are identical
ways to double a list of numbers.
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; });
_([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });

Using the object-oriented style allows you to chain together methods.
Calling chain on a wrapped object will cause all future method calls to
return wrapped objects as well. When you've finished the computation, use
value to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining together a

map/flatten/reduce, in order to get the word count of every word in a song.
var lyrics = [
{line : 1, words : "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
{line : 2, words : "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
{line : 3, words : "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
{line : 4, words : "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
];

_(lyrics).chain()
.map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
.flatten()
.reduce(function(counts, word) {
counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
return counts;
}, {}).value();

=> {lumberjack : 2, all : 4, night : 2 ... }

In addition, the Array prototype's methods are proxied through the chained
Underscore object, so you can slip a reverse or a push into your chain, and
continue to modify the array.

Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)

each _.each(list, iterator, [context]) Alias: forEach
Iterates over a list of elements, yielding each in turn to an iterator function.
The iterator is bound to the context object, if one is passed. Each invocation
of iterator is called with three arguments: (element, index, list) . If list is
a JavaScript object, iterator's arguments will be (value, key, list) .
Delegates to the native forEach function if it exists.
_.each([1, 2, 3], function(num){ alert(num); });
=> alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ alert(num); });
=> alerts each number in turn...

map _.map(list, iterator, [context])

Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in list through a
transformation function (iterator). If the native map method exists, it will be
used instead. If list is a JavaScript object, iterator's arguments will be
(value, key, list) .

_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]

reduce _.reduce(list, iterator, memo, [context]) Aliases: inject, foldl
Also known as inject and foldl, reduce boils down a list of values into a
single value. Memo is the initial state of the reduction, and each successive
step of it should be returned by iterator.
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=> 6

reduceRight _.reduceRight(list, iterator, memo, [context]) Alias:
foldr
The right-associative version of reduce. Delegates to the JavaScript 1.8
version of reduceRight, if it exists. Foldr is not as useful in JavaScript as it
would be in a language with lazy evaluation.
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=> [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]

detect _.detect(list, iterator, [context])

Looks through each value in the list, returning the first one that passes a
truth test (iterator). The function returns as soon as it finds an acceptable
element, and doesn't traverse the entire list.
var even = _.detect([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> 2

select _.select(list, iterator, [context]) Alias: filter

Looks through each value in the list, returning an array of all the values that
pass a truth test (iterator). Delegates to the native filter method, if it exists.
var evens = _.select([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [2, 4, 6]

reject _.reject(list, iterator, [context])

Returns the values in list without the elements that the truth test (iterator)
passes. The opposite of select.
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [1, 3, 5]

all _.all(list, [iterator], [context]) Alias: every
Returns true if all of the values in the list pass the iterator truth test. If an
iterator is not provided, the truthy value of the element will be used instead.
Delegates to the native method every, if present.
_.all([true, 1, null, 'yes']);
=> false

any _.any(list, [iterator], [context]) Alias: some
Returns true if any of the values in the list pass the iterator truth test. Short-
circuits and stops traversing the list if a true element is found. Delegates to
the native method some, if present.
_.any([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=> true

include _.include(list, value) Alias: contains
Returns true if the value is present in the list, using === to test equality.
Uses indexOf internally, if list is an Array.
_.include([1, 2, 3], 3);
=> true

invoke _.invoke(list, methodName, [*arguments])

Calls the method named by methodName on each value in the list. Any
extra arguments passed to invoke will be forwarded on to the method
invocation.
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=> [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]

pluck _.pluck(list, propertyName)
An convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
map: extracting a list of property values.
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=> ["moe", "larry", "curly"]

max _.max(list, [iterator], [context])
Returns the maximum value in list. If iterator is passed, it will be used on
each value to generate the criterion by which the value is ranked.
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=> {name : 'curly', age : 60};

min _.min(list, [iterator], [context])

Returns the minimum value in list. If iterator is passed, it will be used on
each value to generate the criterion by which the value is ranked.
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=> 2

sortBy _.sortBy(list, iterator, [context])
Returns a sorted list, ranked by the results of running each value through
iterator.
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=> [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]

sortedIndex _.sortedIndex(list, value, [iterator])
Uses a binary search to determine the index at which the value should be
inserted into the list in order to maintain the list's sorted order. If an iterator
is passed, it will be used to compute the sort ranking of each value.
_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
=> 3

toArray _.toArray(list)

Converts the list (anything that can be iterated over), into a real Array.
Useful for transmuting the arguments object.
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(0); })(1, 2, 3);
=> [1, 2, 3]

size _.size(list)
Return the number of values in the list.
_.size({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> 3

Array Functions
Note: All array functions will also work on the arguments object.

first _.first(array, [n]) Alias: head
Returns the first element of an array. Passing n will return the first n

elements of the array.
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 5

rest _.rest(array, [index]) Alias: tail
Returns the rest of the elements in an array. Pass an index to return the
values of the array from that index onward.
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> [4, 3, 2, 1]

last _.last(array)

Returns the last element of an array.
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 1

compact _.compact(array)
Returns a copy of the array with all falsy values removed. In JavaScript, false,
null, 0, "", undefined and NaN are all falsy.
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=> [1, 2, 3]

flatten _.flatten(array)
Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth).
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[[4]]]]]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4];

without _.without(array, [*values])
Returns a copy of the array with all instances of the values removed. === is
used for the equality test.
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=> [2, 3, 4]

uniq _.uniq(array, [isSorted]) Alias: unique
Produces a duplicate-free version of the array, using === to test object
equality. If you know in advance that the array is sorted, passing true for
isSorted will run a much faster algorithm.
_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4]

intersect _.intersect(*arrays)

Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the arrays. Each
value in the result is present in each of the arrays.
_.intersect([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=> [1, 2]

zip _.zip(*arrays)

Merges together the values of each of the arrays with the values at the
corresponding position. Useful when you have separate data sources that
are coordinated through matching array indexes.
_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
=> [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]

indexOf _.indexOf(array, value)
Returns the index at which value can be found in the array, or -1 if value is
not present in the array. Uses the native indexOf function unless it's
missing.
_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
=> 1

lastIndexOf _.lastIndexOf(array, value)
Returns the index of the last occurrence of value in the array, or -1 if value is
not present. Uses the native lastIndexOf function if possible.
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
=> 4

range _.range([start], stop, [step])
A function to create flexibly-numbered lists of integers, handy for each and
map loops. start, if omitted, defaults to 0; step defaults to 1. Returns a list of
integers from start to stop, incremented (or decremented) by step, exclusive.
_.range(10);
=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
_.range(1, 11);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
_.range(0, 30, 5);
=> [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
_.range(0, -10, -1);
=> [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
_.range(0);
=> []

Function (uh, ahem) Functions
bind _.bind(function, object, [*arguments])
Bind a function to an object, meaning that whenever the function is called,
the value of this will be the object. Optionally, bind arguments to the
function to pre-fill them, also known as currying.
var func = function(greeting){ return greeting + ': ' + this.name };
func = _.bind(func, {name : 'moe'}, 'hi');
func();
=> 'hi: moe'

bindAll _.bindAll(object, [*methodNames])
Binds a number of methods on the object, specified by methodNames, to be
run in the context of that object whenever they are invoked. Very handy for
binding functions that are going to be used as event handlers, which would
otherwise be invoked with a fairly useless this. If no methodNames are
provided, all of the object's function properties will be bound to it.
var buttonView = {
label : 'underscore',
onClick : function(){ alert('clicked: ' + this.label); },
onHover : function(){ console.log('hovering: ' + this.label); }
};
_.bindAll(buttonView);
jQuery('#underscore_button').bind('click', buttonView.onClick);
=> When the button is clicked, this.label will have the correct value...

memoize _.memoize(function, [hashFunction])

Memoizes a given function by caching the computed result. Useful for
speeding up slow-running computations. If passed an optional
hashFunction, it will be used to compute the hash key for storing the result,
based on the arguments to the original function.
var fibonacci = function(n) {
return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
};
var fastFibonacci = _.memoize(fibonacci);

delay _.delay(function, wait, [*arguments])

Much like setTimeout, invokes function after wait milliseconds. If you pass
the optional arguments, they will be forwarded on to the function when it is
invoked.
var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
_.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
=> 'logged later' // Appears after one second.

defer _.defer(function)
Defers invoking the function until the current call stack has cleared, similar
to using setTimeout with a delay of 0. Useful for performing expensive
computations or HTML rendering in chunks without blocking the UI thread
from updating.
_.defer(function(){ alert('deferred'); });
// Returns from the function before the alert runs.

throttle _.throttle(function, wait)
Returns a throttled version of the function, that, when invoked repeatedly,
will only actually call the wrapped function at most once per every wait
milliseconds. Useful for rate-limiting events that occur faster than you can
keep up with.
var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);

$(window).scroll(throttled);

debounce _.debounce(function, wait)

Repeated calls to a debounced function will postpone it's execution until
after wait milliseconds have elapsed. Useful for implementing behavior that
should only happen after the input has stopped arriving. For example:
rendering a preview of a Markdown comment, recalculating a layout after
the window has stopped being resized...
var lazyLayout _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
$(window).resize(lazyLayout);

wrap _.wrap(function, wrapper)
Wraps the first function inside of the wrapper function, passing it as the
first argument. This allows the wrapper to execute code before and after the
function runs, adjust the arguments, and execute it conditionally.
var hello = function(name) { return "hello: " + name; };
hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
return "before, " + func("moe") + ", after";
});
hello();
=> 'before, hello: moe, after'

compose _.compose(*functions)

Returns the composition of a list of functions, where each function
consumes the return value of the function that follows. In math terms,
composing the functions f(), g(), and h() produces f(g(h())).
var greet = function(name){ return "hi: " + name; };
var exclaim = function(statement){ return statement + "!"; };
var welcome = _.compose(greet, exclaim);
welcome('moe');
=> 'hi: moe!'

Object Functions
keys _.keys(object)

Retrieve all the names of the object's properties.
_.keys({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> ["one", "two", "three"]

values _.values(object)
Return all of the values of the object's properties.
_.values({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> [1, 2, 3]

functions _.functions(object) Alias: methods
Returns a sorted list of the names of every method in an object — that is to

say, the name of every function property of the object.
_.functions(_);
=> ["all", "any", "bind", "bindAll", "clone", "compact", "compose" ...

extend _.extend(destination, *sources)
Copy all of the properties in the source objects over to the destination
object. It's in-order, to the last source will override properties of the same
name in previous arguments.
_.extend({name : 'moe'}, {age : 50});
=> {name : 'moe', age : 50}

clone _.clone(object)

Create a shallow-copied clone of the object. Any nested objects or arrays
will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
_.clone({name : 'moe'});
=> {name : 'moe'};

tap _.tap(object, interceptor)

Invokes interceptor with the object, and then returns object. The primary
purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform
operations on intermediate results within the chain.
_([1,2,3,200]).chain().
select(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; }).
tap(console.log).
map(function(num) { return num * num }).
value();
=> [2, 200]
=> [4, 40000]

isEqual _.isEqual(object, other)
Performs an optimized deep comparison between the two objects, to
determine if they should be considered equal.
var moe = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
var clone = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
moe == clone;
=> false
_.isEqual(moe, clone);
=> true

isEmpty _.isEmpty(object)
Returns true if object contains no values.
_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
=> false
_.isEmpty({});
=> true

isElement _.isElement(object)

Returns true if object is a DOM element.
_.isElement(jQuery('body')[0]);
=> true

isArray _.isArray(object)
Returns true if object is an Array.
(function(){ return _.isArray(arguments); })();
=> false
_.isArray([1,2,3]);
=> true

isArguments _.isArguments(object)

Returns true if object is an Arguments object.
(function(){ return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
=> true
_.isArguments([1,2,3]);
=> false

isFunction _.isFunction(object)

Returns true if object is a Function.
_.isFunction(alert);
=> true

isString _.isString(object)

Returns true if object is a String.
_.isString("moe");
=> true

isNumber _.isNumber(object)
Returns true if object is a Number.
_.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
=> true

isBoolean _.isBoolean(object)
Returns true if object is either true or false.
_.isBoolean(null);
=> false

isDate _.isDate(object)
Returns true if object is a Date.
_.isDate(new Date());
=> true

isRegExp _.isRegExp(object)
Returns true if object is a RegExp.

_.isRegExp(/moe/);
=> true

isNaN _.isNaN(object)
Returns true if object is NaN.
Note: this is not the same as the native isNaN function, which will also
return true if the variable is undefined.
_.isNaN(NaN);
=> true
isNaN(undefined);
=> true
_.isNaN(undefined);
=> false

isNull _.isNull(object)

Returns true if the value of object is null.
_.isNull(null);
=> true
_.isNull(undefined);
=> false

isUndefined _.isUndefined(variable)
Returns true if variable is undefined.
_.isUndefined(window.missingVariable);
=> true

Utility Functions
noConflict _.noConflict()
Give control of the "_" variable back to its previous owner. Returns a
reference to the Underscore object.
var underscore = _.noConflict();

identity _.identity(value)
Returns the same value that is used as the argument. In math: f(x) = x
This function looks useless, but is used throughout Underscore as a default
iterator.
var moe = {name : 'moe'};
moe === _.identity(moe);
=> true

times _.times(n, iterator)
Invokes the given iterator function n times.
_(3).times(function(){ genie.grantWish(); });

mixin _.mixin(object)

Allows you to extend Underscore with your own utility functions. Pass a
hash of {name: function} definitions to have your functions added to the
Underscore object, as well as the OOP wrapper.
_.mixin({
capitalize : function(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.substring(1).toLowerCase();
}
});
_("fabio").capitalize();
=> "Fabio"

uniqueId _.uniqueId([prefix])

Generate a globally-unique id for client-side models or DOM elements that
need one. If prefix is passed, the id will be appended to it.
_.uniqueId('contact_');
=> 'contact_104'

template _.template(templateString, [context])
Compiles JavaScript templates into functions that can be evaluated for
rendering. Useful for rendering complicated bits of HTML from JSON data
sources. Template functions can both interpolate variables, using
<%= … %> , as well as execute arbitrary JavaScript code, with <% … %> . When

you evaluate a template function, pass in a context object that has properties
corresponding to the template's free variables. If you're writing a one-off,
you can pass the context object as the second parameter to template in order
to render immediately instead of returning a template function.
var compiled = _.template("hello: <%= name %>");
compiled({name : 'moe'});
=> "hello: moe"

var list = "<% _.each(people, function(name) { %> <li><%= name %></li> <% }); %>";
_.template(list, {people : ['moe', 'curly', 'larry']});
=> "<li>moe</li><li>curly</li><li>larry</li>"

If ERB-style delimiters aren't your cup of tea, you can change Underscore's
template settings to use different symbols to set off interpolated code. Define
an interpolate regex, and an (optional) evaluate regex to match expressions
that should be inserted and evaluated, respectively. For example, to perform
Mustache.js style templating:
_.templateSettings = {
interpolate : /{{(.+?)}}/g
};

var template = _.template("Hello {{ name }}!");
template({name : "Mustache"});
=> "Hello Mustache!"

Chaining
chain _(obj).chain()
Returns a wrapped object. Calling methods on this object will continue to
return wrapped objects until value is used. ( A more realistic example. )
var stooges = [{name : 'curly', age : 25}, {name : 'moe', age : 21}, {name : 'larry', age : 23}];
var youngest = _(stooges).chain()
.sortBy(function(stooge){ return stooge.age; })
.map(function(stooge){ return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
.first()
.value();
=> "moe is 21"

value _(obj).value()

Extracts the value of a wrapped object.
_([1, 2, 3]).value();
=> [1, 2, 3]

Duck Typing
The isType ( isArray , isFunction , isString ...) family of type-checking
functions use property detection to do their work, which, although orders of
magnitude faster than the alternative, isn't entirely safe when dealing with
objects that are used as hashes, where arbitrary strings are being set for the
keys. It's entirely possible for an object to masquerade as another type, if
you're setting properties with names like "concat" and "charCodeAt". So be
aware.

Links & Suggested Reading
Underscore.lua , a Lua port of the functions that are applicable in both
languages. Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining. The source is available
on GitHub.

Underscore.strings , an Underscore extension that adds functions for string-
manipulation: trim , startsWith , contains , capitalize , reverse , sprintf , and
more.

Ruby's Enumerable module.

Prototype.js , which provides JavaScript with collection functions in the
manner closest to Ruby's Enumerable.

Oliver Steele's Functional JavaScript , which includes comprehensive higher-
order function support as well as string lambdas.

Python's itertools .

Change Log
1.1.3 — Dec 1, 2010
In CommonJS, Underscore may now be required with just:
var _ = require("underscore") . Added _.throttle and _.debounce
functions. Removed _.breakLoop , in favor of an ECMA5-style un-break-able
each implementation — this removes the try/catch, and you'll now have
better stack traces for exceptions that are thrown within an Underscore
iterator. Improved the isType family of functions for better interoperability
with Internet Explorer host objects. _.template now correctly escapes
backslashes in templates. Improved _.reduce compatibility with the ECMA5
version: if you don't pass an initial value, the first item in the collection is
used. _.each no longer returns the iterated collection, for improved
consistency with ECMA5's forEach .

1.1.2
Fixed _.contains , which was mistakenly pointing at _.intersect instead of
_.include , like it should have been. Added _.unique as an alias for _.uniq .

1.1.1
Improved the speed of _.template , and its handling of multiline
interpolations. Ryan Tenney contributed optimizations to many Underscore
functions. An annotated version of the source code is now available.

1.1.0
The method signature of _.reduce has been changed to match the
ECMAScript 5 signature, instead of the Ruby/Prototype.js version. This is a
backwards-incompatible change. _.template may now be called with no
arguments, and preserves whitespace. _.contains is a new alias for
_.include .

1.0.4
Andri Möll contributed the _.memoize function, which can be used to speed
up expensive repeated computations by caching the results.

1.0.3
Patch that makes _.isEqual return false if any property of the compared
object has a NaN value. Technically the correct thing to do, but of
questionable semantics. Watch out for NaN comparisons.

1.0.2
Fixes _.isArguments in recent versions of Opera, which have arguments
objects as real Arrays.

1.0.1
Bugfix for _.isEqual , when comparing two objects with the same number of

undefined keys, but with different names.

1.0.0
Things have been stable for many months now, so Underscore is now
considered to be out of beta, at 1.0. Improvements since 0.6 include
_.isBoolean , and the ability to have _.extend take multiple source objects.

0.6.0
Major release. Incorporates a number of Mile Frawley's refactors for safer
duck-typing on collection functions, and cleaner internals. A new _.mixin
method that allows you to extend Underscore with utility functions of your
own. Added _.times , which works the same as in Ruby or Prototype.js.
Native support for ECMAScript 5's Array.isArray , and Object.keys .

0.5.8
Fixed Underscore's collection functions to work on NodeLists and
HTMLCollections once more, thanks to Justin Tulloss .

0.5.7
A safer implementation of _.isArguments , and a faster _.isNumber ,
thanks to Jed Schmidt .

0.5.6
Customizable delimiters for _.template , contributed by Noah Sloan .

0.5.5
Fix for a bug in MobileSafari's OOP-wrapper, with the arguments object.

0.5.4
Fix for multiple single quotes within a template string for _.template . See:
Rick Strahl's blog post .

0.5.2
New implementations of isArray , isDate , isFunction , isNumber , isRegExp ,
and isString , thanks to a suggestion from Robert Kieffer . Instead of doing
Object#toString comparisons, they now check for expected properties,
which is less safe, but more than an order of magnitude faster. Most other
Underscore functions saw minor speed improvements as a result. Evgeniy
Dolzhenko contributed _.tap , similar to Ruby 1.9's , which is handy for
injecting side effects (like logging) into chained calls.

0.5.1
Added an _.isArguments function. Lots of little safety checks and
optimizations contributed by Noah Sloan and Andri Möll .

0.5.0
[API Changes] _.bindAll now takes the context object as its first parameter.
If no method names are passed, all of the context object's methods are bound

to it, enabling chaining and easier binding. _.functions now takes a single
argument and returns the names of its Function properties. Calling
_.functions(_) will get you the previous behavior. Added _.isRegExp so

that isEqual can now test for RegExp equality. All of the "is" functions have
been shrunk down into a single definition. Karl Guertin contributed
patches.

0.4.7
Added isDate , isNaN , and isNull , for completeness. Optimizations for
isEqual when checking equality between Arrays or Dates. _.keys is now
25%–2X faster (depending on your browser) which speeds up the functions
that rely on it, such as _.each .

0.4.6
Added the range function, a port of the Python function of the same name ,
for generating flexibly-numbered lists of integers. Original patch contributed
by Kirill Ishanov .

0.4.5
Added rest for Arrays and arguments objects, and aliased first as head ,
and rest as tail , thanks to Luke Sutton 's patches. Added tests ensuring that
all Underscore Array functions also work on arguments objects.

0.4.4
Added isString , and isNumber , for consistency. Fixed _.isEqual(NaN, NaN)

to return true (which is debatable).

0.4.3
Started using the native StopIteration object in browsers that support it.
Fixed Underscore setup for CommonJS environments.

0.4.2
Renamed the unwrapping function to value , for clarity.

0.4.1
Chained Underscore objects now support the Array prototype methods, so
that you can perform the full range of operations on a wrapped array
without having to break your chain. Added a breakLoop method to break in
the middle of any Underscore iteration. Added an isEmpty function that
works on arrays and objects.

0.4.0
All Underscore functions can now be called in an object-oriented style, like
so: _([1, 2, 3]).map(...); . Original patch provided by Marc-André
Cournoyer . Wrapped objects can be chained through multiple method
invocations. A functions method was added, providing a sorted list of all
the functions in Underscore.

0.3.3
Added the JavaScript 1.8 function reduceRight . Aliased it as foldr , and
aliased reduce as foldl .

0.3.2
Now runs on stock Rhino interpreters with: load("underscore.js") . Added
identity as a utility function.

0.3.1
All iterators are now passed in the original collection as their third
argument, the same as JavaScript 1.6's forEach. Iterating over objects is now
called with (value, key, collection) , for details see _.each .

0.3.0
Added Dmitry Baranovskiy 's comprehensive optimizations, merged in Kris
Kowal 's patches to make Underscore CommonJS and Narwhal compliant.

0.2.0
Added compose and lastIndexOf , renamed inject to reduce , added aliases
for inject , filter , every , some , and forEach .

0.1.1
Added noConflict , so that the "Underscore" object can be assigned to other
variables.

0.1.0
Initial release of Underscore.js.

Underscore.js

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