Understanding blockchaintechnology

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Understanding Blockchain Technology
Article · August 2018
DOI: 10.5923/j.computer.20180802.02
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Computer Science and Engineering 2018, 8(2): 23-29
DOI: 10.5923/j.computer.20180802.02
Understanding Blockchain Technology
Simanta Shekhar Sarmah
Business Intelligence Architect, Alpha Clinical Systems, USA
Abstract Blockchain is one of the most important technical invention in the recent years. Blockchain is a transparent
money exchange system that has transformed the way a business is conducted. Companies and tech giants have started
investing significantly in the blockchain market and it is expected to be net worth of more than 3 trillion dollars in next 5
years. It has become growing popular because of its irrefutable security and ability to provide complete solution to digital
identity issues. It is a digital ledger in a peer to peer network. This paper provides a background on Blockchain technology,
history, it’s architecture, how it works, advantages and disadvantages and its application in different industries.
Keywords Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Peer-to-Peer Network, Decentralized Ledger, Nodes, Token
1. What is Blockchain
Blockchain technology is normally associated with
cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It is a database of record
of transactions which is distributed, and which is validated
and maintained by a network of computers around the
world. Instead of a single central authority such as a bank,
the records are supervised by a large community and no
individual person has control over it and no one can go back
and change or erase a transaction history. As compared to a
conventional centralized database, the information cannot
be manipulated due to blockchain’s built in distributed
nature of structure and confirmed guarantees by the peers.
In another words, when a normal centralized database is
located on an individual server, blockchain is distributed
among the users of a software. Blockchain allows anyone
on the network to access everyone else's entries which
makes it impossible for one central entity to gain control of
the network. Whenever someone performs a transaction, it
goes to the network and computer algorithms determine the
authenticity of the transaction. Once the transaction is
verified, this new transaction is linked with the previous
transaction forming a chain of transactions. This chain is
called the blockchain.
Blockchain technology is based on decentralized network
meaning it operates as a peer to peer network.
* Corresponding author:
sarmah.simanta@gmail.com (Simanta Shekhar Sarmah)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/computer
Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
One of the most popular blockchain technology is Bitcoin
which hosts a digital ledger. Bitcoin provides the platform to
mine, store and trade bitcoins via a complex computer
algorithm which is tied to a distributed network. Blockchains
can be not only used for transactions but it can be considered
as registry and inventory for all assets.
2. History of Blockchain
In the year 1976, a paper was released on “New Directions
in Cryptography” discussed the concept of distributed ledger.
With the advancement in the field of Cryptography, another
paper entitled as “Hot to Time-Stamp a Digital Document”
by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta which laid out the
concept to timestamp the data instead of the medium.
Another important concept called as “Electronic cash” or
“Digital Currency” which came into existence based on a
model proposed by David Chaum also contributed towards
the development of the concept of Blockchain which was
followed by Protocols such as e-cash schemes that
introduced double spending detection.
In 1997, Adam Back introduced another concept called
“hashcash” which offered a solution to control spam emails.
This lead to the concept of creating money called as
“b-money” by Wei Dai based on peer to peer network.

24 Simanta Shekhar Sarmah: Understanding Blockchain Technology
Satoshi Nakamoto is considered as the inventor of
blockchain technology when he published a paper on bitcoin
in 2008 as “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash
System,”. The abstract of the paper was on the direct online
payment from one source to another source without relying
on a third-party source. The paper described an electronic
payment system based on the concept of cryptography.
Nakamoto’s paper provided a solution to the double
spending where a digital currency cannot be duplicated, and
no one can spend it more than once. The paper stated the
concept of public ledger where an electronic coin transaction
history can be traced and confirmed if the coin has not been
spent before and to prevent double spending issue.
An open source program to implement bitcoin system was
released just after a few months later and first bitcoin
network was begun in early 2009 when Satoshi Nakamoto
created the first bitcoins. Although the inventor of the
bitcoins remains unanimous, bitcoins continued to be created
and marketized and a large community was there to support
and address various issues with the code.
There are hundreds of different cryptocurrencies such as
Litecoin, Dogecoin etc., but bitcoins hold the lion share of
the market it has become the most popular cryptocurrency
among the others. It was able to draw the attention of the
users due to its ability to keep its users unanimous, but it
became real popular due its transparency. Bitcoin started to
flourish since then and by the year 2013, investors started to
pour funds on the start-ups related to Bitcoin. Bitcoins can be
exchanged for regular currency, for any service or products.
With the use of wallet software, users can electronically
transfer bitcoins using a computer, mobile or a web
application. In 2015, Ethereum platform was launched which
enabled blockchain to work with loans and contacts. It was
based on an algorithm called smart contract ensuring the
implementation of an action between the two parties. Due to
Ethereum’s ability to offer a faster, safer and efficient
environment, the technology became widely popular.
3. Blockchain Architecture
Blockchain technology works on the concept of
decentralized database where these databases exist in
multiple computers and every copy of these database are
identical.
Organizations maintain their data in centralized database
which makes them an easy target for the hackers whereas due
to decentralized structure of blockchain, it has made the
blockchain as a temper proof technology. Blockchain can be
considered as a peer to peer network that run on the top of the
internet.
Blockchain architecture can be mainly divided in three
layers which are Applications, Decentralized Ledger and
Peer-to-Peer Network. Applications is the top layer pf the
network which is followed by the Decentralized Ledger and
the bottom layer is the Peer-to-Peer Network.
Application layer contains the application software of the
Blockchain. For example, Bitcoin wallet software creates
and stores private and public keys enabling users to keep
control over the unspent bitcoins. Application layer provides
a human readable interface where users can keep track of
their transactions.
Decentralized Ledger is the middle layer in a blockchain
architecture that confirms a consistent and temper-proof
global ledger. In this layer, transactions can be grouped into
blocks which are cryptographically linked to one another.
Transactions can be defined as the exchange of tokens
between two participants and every transaction goes through
validation process before it is considered as a legitimate
transaction. Mining is the process of grouping transactions
into a block that is added to the end of the current blockchain.
Blockchain uses a proof-of-work algorithm to decide the

Computer Science and Engineering 2018, 8(2): 23-29 25
chain that has required the most cumulative effort to build
and to assure consensus among all the nodes to determine the
blockchain’s legit. The bottom layer in the blockchain
architecture is the Peer-to-Peer Network where Node types
play different roles and various messages are exchanged to
main the Decentralized Ledger.
3.1. Applications
It provides application interfaces on top of the blockchain
and used for keeping the cryptocurrencies secure. This
software can be installed on your computer or mobile
devices or also can be hosted on a third-party platform.
3.2. Decentralized Ledger
A decentralized ledger is a shared and replicated database
which is synchronized among the members of the network. It
maintains the records of transactions among the participants
in the network. The ledger is responsible for keeping records
of transactions among the participants. Blockchain has a
property of a database except the fact that it stores the
information in the header and data is stored in the form of a
token or a cryptocurrency.
It is required to group the newly validated transactions
into block as the first step of recording transactions in the
ledger. Any participant in the blockchain can gather new
transactions create blocks that can be appended to the
blockchain. A block mainly consists of transactions and the
has pointer, timestamps and the nonce.
Nodes perform various functions depending on its role in
the blockchain network. A node can be called a miner when
it proposes and validates transactions and perform mining to
provide consensus to secure the blockchain. It can perform
functions such as simple payment verification etc., and
functions depending on the blockchain used.
Proof of work is defined as a consensus algorithm that
verifies the accuracy of data. For example, Bitcoin uses
hashcash as a proof of work for bitcoin transactions. Miners
are required to complete a proof of work to verify the
transactions in the block so that it can be accepted by the
network.
Proof of work ensures security and consensus in the
blockchain network. During the verification, a block receives
a hash (id). To verify the next block, this hash is added to the
current block of transactions. In the next step, add a
nonce-which is defined as a random number that can be used
only once, to the end of next block. Hash function is used to
change this random number to generate a string that contains
number of zeros in front of it.
Proof of work is costly to maintain, and it can have future
scalability and security issues as it always relies on the
miners’ incentives. There is an advanced solution called as
“proof-of-stake,” which is lucrative to enforce, and it
identifies who gets to update the consensus and defers
unwanted forking of the underlying blockchain.
No confidential information is transferred in a blockchain
network and all the transactions are visible to every node in
the network. This peer to peer network does not require any
additional protection and can be built on any physical
infrastructure.
4. How Blockchain Works
Following picture depicts how Blockchain works
5. Tiers of Blockchain
Following three tiers of blockchain technology were
originally described in the book ‘Blockchain, Blueprint for a
new Economy’ by Melaine Swan based on the applications
in each category.
5.1. Blockchain 1.0
This Blockchain is basically used for cryptocurrencies and
it was introduced with the invention of bitcoin. All the

alternative coins as well as bitcoin fall into this tier of
blockchain. It also includes core applications as well.
5.2. Blockchain 2.0
Blockchain 2.0 is used in financial services and industries
which includes financial assets, options, swamps and bonds
etc. Smart Contracts was first introduced in Blockchain 2.0
that can be defined as the way to verify if the products and
services are sent by the supplier during a transaction process
between two parties.
5.3. Blockchain 3.0
Blockchain 3.0 offers more security as compared to
Blockchain 1.0 and 2.0 and it is highly scalable and
adaptable and provides sustainability. It is used in various
industries such as arts, health, justice, media and in many
government institutions.
5.4. Generation X
This vision the concept of singularity where this
blockchain service will be available for anyone. This
blockchain will be open to all and would be operated by
autonomous agents.
6. Types of Blockchain
Blockchain has evolved greatly in the last few years and
based on its different attributes, they can be divided in
multiple types.
6.1. Public Blockchains
Public blockchains are open to the public and any
individual can involve in the decision-making process by
becoming a node, but users may or may not be benefited for
their involvement in the decision-making process. No one in
the network has ownership of the ledgers and are publicly
open to anyone participated in the network. The users in the
blockchain use a distributed consensus mechanism to reach
on a decision and maintain a copy of the ledger on their local
nodes.
6.2. Private Blockchains
These types of blockchains are not open to the public and
are open to only a group of people or organizations and the
ledger is shared to its participated members only.
6.3. Semi-private Blockchains
In a semi-private blockchain, some part of the blockchain
is private and controlled by a group or organizations and the
rest is open to the public for anyone to participate.
6.4. Sidechains
These blockchains are also known as pegged sidechains
where coins can be moved from blockchain to another
blockchain. There are two types of sidechains naming
one-way pegged sidechain and two-way pegged sidechain.
One-way pegged sidechain allows movement from one
sidechain to another whereas two-way pegged sidechain
allows movement on both sides of two sidechain.
6.5. Permissioned Ledger
In this type of blockchain, the participants are known and
already trusted. In permissioned ledger, an agreement
protocol is used to maintain a shared version of the truth
rather than a consensus mechanism.
6.6. Distributed Ledger
In a distributed ledger blockchain, the ledger is distributed
among all the participants in the blockchain and it can spread
across multiple organizations. In distributed ledger, records
are stored contiguously instead sorted block and they can be
both private or public.
6.7. Shared Ledger
Shared ledger can be an application or a database that is
shared by public or an organization.
6.8. Fully Private of Proprietary Blockchains
These types of Blockchains are not a part of any
mainstream applications and differ the idea of
decentralization. These type of blockchains come in handy
when it is required to shared data within an organization and
provide authenticity of the data. Government organizations
use private of proprietary Blockchains to share data between
various departments.
6.9. Tokenized Blockchains
These are standard blockchains which generate
cryptocurrencies through consensus process using mining or
initial distribution.
6.10. Tokenless Blockchains
These blockchains are not real blockchains as they do not
have the ability to transfer values, but they can be useful
when it is not required to transfer value between nodes and
there is only the need to transfer data among already trusted
parties.
7. Advantages of Blockchain
a. One of the biggest advantages of Blockchain is
Dissemination which allows a database to be shared
without a central body or entity. Because of the
decentralized nature of the blockchain, it is almost
impossible to temper the data as compared to
conventional database.
b. Users are empowered to control their information and
transaction.
c. Blockchains provide complete, consistent and up to
date data without accuracy.

d. Since blockchain does not have any central point of
failure due to its decentralized network, it can
withstand any security attack.
e. As no central authority is required, users can be
assured that a transaction will be executed as protocol
commands.
f. Blockchains provide transparency and immutability to
the transactions as all the transactions cannot be
altered or deleted.
g. Blockchain’s peer-to-peer connections help to identify
fraud activities in the network and distributed
consensus. It is almost impossible to invade a network
as attacker can impact the network only when they get
control of 51% of the nodes.
h. By using blockchain, sensitive business data can be
protected using end to end encryption.
i. Users in a blockchain can easily trace the history of
any transaction as all the transactions a blockchain are
digitally stamped.
j. Blockchain are resilient to cyber-attacks due to
peer-to-peer nature and network would operate even
when some of the nodes are offline or under security
attack.
k. Multiple copies of the data can be stored in the
blockchain and hence users can avoid storing sensitive
data in one place.
l. Customers tend to trust more in the blockchain system
due to its enhanced security.
8. Disadvantages of Blockchain
a. Blockchains are expensive and resource intensive as
every node in the blockchain repeats a task to reach
consensus.
b. In blockchain, users verify a transaction based on
certificate authentication, land titles, cryptocurrencies,
etc. But there is no way to reverse a transaction even if
both the parties involved in the transaction are ready to
do so or if the transaction go sour due to some reason.
c. A transaction in the blockchain is settled only when all
the nodes in the blockchain successfully verifies the
transaction. This could be a very slow process as the
block inserted needs to be verified to mark the
transaction as authentic by all the nodes. A new
concept called as lightening network where
transaction can be verified immediately could be good
solution to this issue.
d. The size of blockchain grows with an addition of a
block. A node needs to store the entire history of the
blockchain to be a participant in validating
transactions, causing the blockchain to grow
continuously. Blockchain will grow faster if it has
large blocks and thereby would separate the miners
and this would impact the health of the blockchain as
the health is dependent on the number of nodes in the
network.
e. One of the disadvantage of blockchain is its
complexity and complicacy to understand for a
general human being. Blockchain is full of complex
concepts and processes which is not yet refined so that
common man can easily digest and consume the
information on how to use it and hence it’s not yet
ready for mainstream use.
f. In blockchain, all the transaction related information is
available publicly which can become a great liability
when distributed ledgers are used in sensitive
environments such as dealing with government data or
patients medical data. The ledgers need to be altered
and access should be limited with proper clearance
only.
9. Blockchain’s Industrial Use
Blockchain’s transparent and decentralized platform has
attracted various industries and organizations are inclining
more and more towards using blockchain for various
business purpose.
Bank and Payment systems have started using blockchain
to make their operations smoother, efficient and secure.
Funds can be efficiently and safely transferred with the
decentralization technology.
Blockchain has become increasingly popular in healthcare
industries as it is able to restore the lost trust between the
customers and healthcare provides. With the help of
blockchain, authorization and identification of people have
become easier and frauds and records loss can be avoided.
Due it blockchain’s ability to store and verify documents
efficiently, the legal industries have started using blockchain
to verify records and documents securely. Blockchain can
significantly reduce the court cases and battles by providing
an authentic medium to verify and confirm truthfulness of
legal documents.
Rigging of election results can be avoided with an
effective use of blockchain. Voter registration and validation
can be done using blockchain and ensure the legitimacy of
votes by creating a publicly available ledger of recorded
votes.
Industries such as Insurance, Education, Private transport
and Ride sharing, government and public benefits, retail, real
estate etc. have started implementing blockchain to reduce
costs, to increase transparency and to build trust.
Top market analysts predicts that industries such as
Banking and Capital Markets, Government, Insurance,
Consumers would grow rapidly by 2020 and various other
industries such as retail, health, pharmaceutical, travel and
transport would also start to use blockchains heavily in their
respective domains.

10. Practical Implementation of
Blockchain in Organizations
For an organization, the best area to start implementing
Blockchain is a single use independent application where no
coordination is required among different applications and
third parties.
An easy approach to implement blockchain would be to
introduce bitcoin as a payment system since bitcon has
already has solid and proven architecture and also it has a
growing market.
Another safe and effective approach would be introducing
blockchain as a database technology for managing and
maintaining digital transaction records. Testing out these
single use independent applications would give an
organization the idea to implement blockchain as scaled
projects.
As the next step, organizations can focus on the localized
applications such as Financial Service companies where
setting up private networks for transactions among the
counterparts would help the organizations to save huge
transaction costs. It is always a challenge to change the
existing solutions and implement a new and better solution
which requires thorough planning and execution. A good
approach would be without effecting the end users but by
providing cost effective and efficient solutions which should
be easily adaptive.
Though Transformative applications are still futuristic, it’s
important to evaluate their possibilities and start developing
them which can unlock new future for companies. Public
identity systems or algorithm driven decision making
systems can be benefitted by the transformative applications
and new ecosystems will be governed efficiently with the
support of these applications.
11. Conclusions
Blockchain is a revolutionary concept as it has been
successfully able to bring the transparency among the users
and has become a game changer for many industries.
Blockchain encourages entrepreneurship by destroying
corruption and breaking down the walls of bureaucracy and
establish the ownership of common mass. This peer-to-peer
technology has opened the door to new possibilities and has
provided a personal ground for economic empowerment. It is
too early to say what lies ahead, but the future of blockchain
looks promising and it can be concluded that blockchain
technology is here to stay.
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