Urban Growth and Systems of Cities
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The document provides an extensive overview of urban settlements, including definitions, classifications, and criteria for identifying them, along with the dynamics of urbanization and its impacts. It discusses the economic role of cities as engines of growth, detailing both the positive and negative effects of urbanization. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of urban governance and infrastructure in supporting sustainable development and economic competitiveness.
Urban Growth and Systems of Cities
- 2. What is urban settlement? What is urban agglomeration?
- 3. Classification of Urban settlements As per Census of India; • Towns which satisfies the following criteria: • A minimum population of 5,000; • At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non‐ agricultural pursuits; • A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. • Statutory towns: notified government limits or under some municipality • Non-statutory towns: result of urbanisation
- 4. 1. Quantitative criteria • It refers to the concentration of the population. • If such criteria alone is used then population size is taken. This is called as “Conglomeration Approach”. 2. Qualitative criteria • It refers to the urban characteristics of the population. United Nations Report identified 5 main concepts: 1. Administrative Area 2. Population Size 3. Local Government Areas 4. Urban Characteristics 5. Predominant Economic Activity Identification of Urban settlements
- 5. Identification of urban settlements A. Based on Geographical region • Hill city • Coastal city • Arid city • Plains
- 6. Identification of urban settlements B. Based on Specialised Function According to Aurousseau's (1924) there are six urban functions; • Administrative function • Defence function • Cultural functions • Production functions • Communication functions • Recreation functions
- 7. Identification of urban settlements C. Based on Demography or Population size • Small town • Medium town • Metropolis • Megapolis
- 8. Classification based on Demo.
- 9. Hierarchy based on Demo.
- 10. Engines of city growth Urbanisation is the key to city growth
- 11. Cities as economic engines Economic growth and urbanization are often positively linked. • Cities provide economies of scale, agglomeration and localization • they provide efficient infrastructure and services through density and concentration in transportation, communications, power, human interactions, water and sanitation services. • They attract talents and skilled labor that allow specialization in knowledge, skills, and management capabilities possible.
- 12. History reveals 4 broad processes for urbanization of settlement; 1. Socio- Cultural process Emergence of new social relationships among people in cities and between people in cities and those in villages through a process of social change. 2. Political- Administrative process Rise and fall of cities with changes in the political order. 3. Economic process Growth based on new productions, which alter the economic base of the city. 4. Urbanization as Geographical process Population inflow resulting in physical spread. Engines of city growth
- 13. Engines of city growth Causes of Urbanization 1. Industrialisation 2. Commercialisation 3. Social benefits & services 4. Employment opportunities 5. Modernisation & changes in mode of living 6. Rural – urban transformation
- 14. Impacts of city growth Positives of Urbanization 1. Ample employment opportunities 2. Technology and infrastructure advancements (healthcare, education, water, electricity, communication, etc.) 3. Lesser demand & supply gap in goods & services 4. Better transportation connectivity & options 5. Improved standard of living 6. Higher GDP 7. Better infrastructure investments 8. Higher chances of global identity
- 15. Impacts of city growth Negatives of Urbanization 1. Land supply and Housing problems 2. Overcrowding and added pressure on physical infrastructure, i.e. water, power, sanitation, SWM, etc. 3. Added pressure on road & transport infrastructure 4. Added pressure on social infrastructure, i.e. education, healthcare, community grounds, etc. 5. Higher chances of disasters & resource loss 6. Urban poverty & unemployment 7. Higher crime rates and violence
- 16. City is Complex
- 17. City is Complex ENTITIES OF A CITY Natural environment Topography, Soil types (marshy, fertile, sandy, rocky, etc.) , Seismicity, Water courses (Rivers, streams, lakes, ponds), green cover, Types of vegetation, Macro & micro climate, Dominant wind directions, Landscape features, Fauna/ bio- diversity, urban heat island, eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive areas, types of pollution & their levels, International/ National/ State environment policy and other related laws Demography Population & Density distribution, gender ratio, ethnicity & religion mix, literacy rate, birth & death rates, population influx (natural & migratory), living affordability and income distribution, workforce participation ratio Landuse Percentage of land under different types of uses, percentage of BuA under different uses, landuse relation with existing & projected population, city structure, sprawl type, growth/ urbanization trend, various land players, land availability, land banking, land values, compatible & non-compatible uses, land values, State land utilization policy and other related laws Housing Various income groups, housing affordability, housing need, housing demand & supply, housing typology, various housing players, types of settlements, housing finance, State housing policy and other related laws Trade & Commerce Major economic sectors & nodes, trade centers & routes, commercial typology, occupational distribution & structure, investments types & impact on city structure, workforce demand & supply, GDP & per capita income, various resource flow (in & out), city’s economic need, State economic policy and other related laws
- 18. City is Complex ENTITIES OF A CITY Heritage & Tourism Natural heritage, man-made heritage, tourism infrastructure, tourism facilities, legal framework Social infrastructure Healthcare facilities, education facilities, recreational facilities(parks & playgrounds, celebration spaces, sports grounds/ stadiums, gymnasiums, etc.), religious facilities, government facilities, prisons, courthouses, art & culture facilities Physical infrastructure Electricity supply & management, water demand & supply, city drains, water outflow management, city sanitation, SWM, tele-communication infrastructure, safety & security (police protection and fire protection), disaster management cell, cremation ground & graveyards Transport Network connectivity (air, water, land), modes of public & private transport, traffic volume, transport corridors & terminals, modal split, road space usage, air strips, parking demand & supply, travel pattern of city, road signages and light, junctions & crossings Organisational structure & Governance Institutional framework (types & hierarchy), role of governing bodies, interdependency/links between bodies, organization set-up within bodies, power set-up, city-level reforms
- 19. City as Ecosystem Like living organisms, cities require considerable flows and stocks of resources such as; • working population, • energy, • fuel, • metal, • wood, • water, • food, • materials for buildings and infrastructure • land
- 20. City as Ecosystem Cities function largely in itself, yet, dependent on external resources • Largely independent: Cities generates largely its own share of demand • Resources are shared: land, social infra, physical infra • High concentration of people in cities generates more opportunities for interaction and communication, promotes creative thinking • Cities are the agents of social, cultural, economic, technologic and political changes and advancement • Complementary shopping behaviors: businesses grow in proximity to each other and in reach of consumers giving more choices of good and services • Cities provide more opportunities for learning and sharing
- 21. Role in National development Cities are centres of knowledge, innovation and specialization of production & services. City role in a country; • GDP! • Population concentration ~ resource sharing • Higher infrastructure investments • Upgraded living standard ~ higher human index • Cities as Poverty Reduction Mechanisms
- 22. Role in National development Economies of Agglomeration • Agglomeration economies are the positive benefits of economic activities that firms obtain from being located in close proximity with those engaged in similar businesses or interests (i.e. agglomerating). Economies of Urbanisation • It refers to the reduction of business cost as more efficiency and productivity occur because of positive technological and pecuniary externalities arising from the interaction of economic agents located in close spatial proximity due to economies of scale and knowledge spillovers.
- 23. Role in national development Urban Agglomeration
- 24. Role in national development
- 25. Role in national development Share of national population and GDP in developed countries in 2008
- 26. Role in national development Share of national population and GDP in developing countries in 2008
- 27. Role in national development Competitiveness of cities
- 28. Role in national development Urban areas usually generate 55 percent of GNP in low-income countries, 73 % in middle-income countries and 85 % in high – income countries. Year 1950-51 1980-81 2007-08 2021 (Estimated) Contribution of Urban Sector in GDP 29% 47% 62-63% 75% Economic Growth Expansion in size and volume of cities and towns Increase in contribution of urban sector in National Economy
- 29. Role in national development Higher national income with higher rate of urbanization
- 30. Role in national development Higher per capita income with higher rate of urbanization
- 31. Role in national development
- 32. Role in national development
- 33. Role in national development
- 34. Role in national development In order to maintain and promote the vital economic growth power and competitiveness of cities, it is essential that: 1. cities should have the power to generate revenues and make development decisions; 2. cities should have sufficient investment to provide adequate infrastructure and services, such as transport, communications, power supply, water and sanitation, housing, and financial and business services; 3. develop and attract high quality human resources for technological innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge development; 4. an enabling national environment for market development