Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration

URBAN-RURAL RATIO,
URBAN CONCENTRATION,
METROPOLITAN CONCENTRATION
JACKY BAJAJ
PRASADTHANTHRATEY
CA3- PLANNINGTECHNIQUES
FIRST SEMESTER INTEGRATED PROGRAMMEOF MASTEROF PLANNING
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Urban Areas
Concept
Behavioural
Structural
Demographic
Spatial
All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment
board or notified town area committee, etc (Known as
Statutory Town)
All other places which satisfied the following criteria(known
as Census Town):
 A minimum population of 5,000;
 At least 75% of the male main workers engaged in non-
agricultural pursuits; and,
 A density of population of at least 400 per sq. Km
Concept of Urbanization
Urbanisation is a process in the evolution of human
society from rural culture or as a demographic
phenomenon of movement of population consequent to
shift in occupation from primary to secondary & tertiary
activities or as a change from conventional society to
individualistic society leading to specialisation & complex
form.
A new concept that had been developed for the 1971 Census
for the tabulation of certain urban data was the Standard
Urban Area. The essential of a Standard Urban Area are:
(i) it should have a core town of a minimum population size
of 50,000;
(ii) the contiguous areas made up of other urban as well
as rural administrative units should have close mutual socio-
economic links with the core town; and
(iii) the probabilities are that this entire area will get
fully urbanised in a period of two to three decades
Standard Urban Areas
SOURCE: http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Newsletters/Newsletter_Links/eci_3.htm/

Year Urban
(in
Million
s)
Rural
(in
Million
s)
Total
(In
Million
s)
Percent
Urban
Percent
Rural
1971 108.9 438.1 547.0 19.9 80.1
1981 150.1 518.1 668.2 22.5 77.5
1991 250.1 596.2 801.2 25.6 74.4
2001 278.3 667.1 945.4 29.4 70.6
2011 377 833 1210 31.57 68.84
Growth Rate of Population (in %)
1991 - 2001 2001 - 2011 Difference
India 21.5 17.6 -3.9
Rural 18.1 12.2 -5.9
Urban 31.5 31.8 0.3
INFERENCES:
 For the first time since Independence, the
absolute increase in Population is more in urban
areas than that in rural areas.
 Level of urbanization increased from 29.4% in
2001 Census to 31.57% in 2011 Census.
 The proportion of rural population declined
from 70.6% to 68.84%.
SOURCE:
http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Newsletters/New
sletter_Links/eci_3.htm/
Urban, Rural, Total Population (1971) & As Projected for 1981-2011

Sex Ratio for Adults
Sex Ratio
Overall 2001 2011 Difference
India 933 940 7
Rural 946 947 1
Urban 900 926 26
Sex Ratio
0 - 6 years 2001 2011 Difference
India 927 914 -13
Rural 934 919 -15
Urban 906 902 -4
Sex Ratio for Children
Inferences:
 The improvement in overall sex ratio is largely in urban areas
 Urban child sex ratio is far worse than in rural areas, the fall in Child sex ratio in rural areas is around
4 times than in urban areas
 The Child Sex Ratio (0 – 6 ) in the country in Census 2011 has recorded as the lowest since 1961 Census
at 914.
 It has declined by 13 points from 927 in 2001.
 In Rural areas the fall is significant (-15 points) from 934 in 2001 to 919 in 2011.
 In Urban areas the decline is limited to 4 points from 906 in 2001 to 902 in 2011.
Indicator
Rural Urban
Males
(million)
Females
(million)
Sex Ratio
Males
(million)
Females
(million)
Sex Ratio
2001
65.42
(51.7%)
61.07
(48.3%)
934
19.59
(52.5%)
17.78
(47.5%)
900
2011
61.29
(52.1%)
56.3
(47.9%)
919
21.67
(52.6%)
19.54
(48.3%)
926
SOURCE: C. Chandramouli, 2011, Rural Urban Distribution of Population, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi

Literacy Rate (in %)
Overall 2001 2011 Difference
India 64.8 74 9.2
Rural 58.7 68.9 10.2
Urban 79.9 85 5.1
Males 2001 2011 Difference
India 75.3 82.1 6.8
Rural 70.7 78.6 7.9
Urban 86.3 89.7 3.4
Females 2001 2011 Difference
India 53.7 65.5 11.8
Rural 46.1 58.8 12.7
Urban 72.9 79.9 7
Literacy Ratio for Adults
 Overall literacy rate has increased in both
rural & urban areas but the rate growth is
more in rural areas
 Improvement in female literacy is more
than males in both rural and urban areas

The Spatial
Pattern
of
Urbanization
• The lower costs in the small urban places and on
the outskirts of large cities would provide greater
scope for simple technology and cheap local
materials.
• In the eagerness to promote development of
industry, the State government provided facilities
wherever the prospective industrialists wanted
them resulting in dispersed industrial
development.
• There has been little action to check rapid growth
of the large cities despite evidence of increasing
deterioration in urban conditions.
• The growth rather being discouraged is further
encouraged by further concentration of
population & economic activities in the central
area of the city by permitting high rise residential
and commercial buildings.
• Some of the tasks that will need special attention
in these cities include housing, food supply, water
and electricity, transport, maintenance of peace
and security, and restriction of in-migration.

The Problem of the Four Metro-political Cities
SOURCE: Census of India, 2011
City
Population (Million) Annual Growth Rate (%)
Actual Projected Actual Projected
1980 2000 1961 - 1981 1981 - 2000
Mumbai 8.2 17.1 3.5 3.7
Kolkata 9.2 16.7 2.3 3.3
Chennai 4.3 12.9 4 5.7
Delhi 5.7 11.7 4.5 3.7
The World Bank Report 1984 projected the population growth of the four cities – Mumbai,
Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi. If one assumes that the natural increase of the population already
resident would not be significantly different from the national average of 1.9% projected in the
World Bank Report for 1980-2000, less than half of population except in case of Chennai was due
to in-migration.
The rate projected for Kolkata is significantly lower than the rates projected for the other three
cities, but is still considerably higher than the actual rate for 1961-1981. The details of the rapid
growth of their population is related whether it can sustain two or three times their present sizes in
next twenty years in the face of existing pressures on housing and essential services.
Could such increase will lead to the virtual collapse of the urban administration in one or
more of these cities?

Housing
The most serious problem is related to the extreme
shortage of housing, and inadequacy of physical and
social infrastructure to meet the demands
• Expansion and improvement of housing during
the past 35 years has been far less than the
needs arising from:
• Pre-existing shortages which were acute in the
large cities like Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi
• Increase in demand created by rapid growth of
the urban population, rise in per capita income
and changes in lifestyle of urban poor.
For instance, as per Census 2001, Delhi has 24.5 lakh
Census houses under the category of residence in
which 25.5 lakh households are residing.
This reflects a net housing shortage of about 1 lakh
houses/dwelling units. Proliferation of slums is the
most visible symptom of the environmental
deterioration.
The shortage of housing and the pressures on the
infrastructures and services facilities, which are
incapable of coping with the rapidly increasing
demands on them pose a serious concern.
The increase in levels of water and air pollution is
due to a complex of reason, of which the most
important are related to the failure of the
municipal bodies or other concerned authorities to:
• Expand systems of disposal of solid and liquid
waste, put in place adequate systems of
sewage treatment.
• Enforce pollution control regulations to
reduce or eliminate discharge of polluting
effluents into the rivers and other water bodies
by industrial units, power stations, etc. and of
particulate matter in the atmosphere, and
• Take measures, such as requiring proper
maintenance of motor vehicles to reduce
pollution from their exhausts.
The rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles
is a principal cause of air pollution over or near
large cities.
Air & Water Pollution

Proliferation of Slums
• Unavoidable in the present and foreseeable
future, this is the situation of extreme shortage
of housing for the urban poor.
• Delays in providing the sites or the financial
providing security of tenure were recognized
only in the Seventh plan.Often, the colonies are
virtually forgotten after the evicted slum
dwellers are moved to them.
• These deficiencies reflect an ambivalence
among the planners and other policy-makers
towards the slum dwellers.The services of the
slum dwellers who constitute the great majority
of workers in almost all sectors of the urban
economy, are needed and wanted.
• This ambivalence must end and give place to
clear policies, backed by appropriate
programmes which are comprehensive and
adequate in coverage.
• Ensuring both adequate supplies of cereals to
the cities and their availability at fixed rate by
the government should not be unmanageable
since the spread of wheat revolution and rice
output give hopes of this prospect.
• Increasing or even maintaining the food supply
to meet the demands will be very difficult
unless there are major improvements in the
technologies of producing, processing and
transporting these staples and their prices get
in line with income of the great majority of
urban residents.
Food Supply
• The customary difficulty and high cost of
providing adequate & safe water to cities are
multiplied in the four largest cities.
• The acute shortage of water experienced in
Chennai in 1984 and in 2017 is an indication
of these difficulties.
• In Kolkata and Delhi, the urgent need for
reducing dangerously high pollution levels
is expected to be met.
Water

Restricting In-Migration
to the Cities
• From time to time there is demand for curbing in-
migration to these four cities.The demand may be
political or they may be techno-administrative.
• The only solution to the problem of in-migration to
the giant cities is to increase the attraction of
alternatives, including satellite towns.
• India’s cities and urban regions face a difficult time.
Urban infrastructure and housing are inadequate
and cannot absorb the massive numbers of
newcomers.
• Urban economics and social conditions are
deteriorating, which results in higher levels of
unemployment and social unrest.
• Migration from the countryside is accelerating and
in these circumstances India’s urban areas must
become the focus for new policy initiatives
emphasizing population control, rural development
and urban growth containment.
• This task will require political and
administrative management of very high
order.
• The tensions ever present below the surface in
the Indian cities, tensions which find their
outlet in periodic outbreaks of violence, can be
kept within manageable limits, and the growth
of underworld activities curtailed, only when
the fundamental conditions are met.
Maintaining Peace &
Security
• Expansion of the transport system to cope
with need of the growth will present special
problems in all the cities.
• The worst case in Kolkata, where the transport
system is a nightmare. Even the inefficient
transport system of Delhi is approaching
chaos.
• In Mumbai too, the transport system is greatly
over loaded and the cost of expansion will be
immense.
Transport

Shyama
Prasad
Mukherji
Rurban
Mission
(SPMRM)

Background
• Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) was announced
in the Union Budget 2014-15.
• Government approved the SPMRM with an outlay of Rs. 5142.08 crores
on 16 September 2015, and it was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister
on 21 February, 2016.
• This was following the Rurban development model of urbanization of the
rural areas, adopted in the state of Gujarat through which people living in
the rural areas are given efficient civic infrastructure and associate services.
• Ensuring availability of amenities to rural populace is on the top priority of
the central government as 69% of India’s population resides in villages.
SOURCE: http://www.pradhanmantrijankalyankariyojana.in/shyama-prasad-mukherji-rurban-mission/

Features
• The Mission aims at development of rural growth clusters which have latent
potential for growth, which would trigger overall development in the region.
• These clusters would be developed by provisioning of economic activities,
developing skills & local entrepreneurship and providing infrastructure
amenities. The Rurban Mission will thus develop a cluster of Smart
Villages.
• For the purposes of SPMRM, Rurban areas refer to a cluster of 15-
20 villages having about 30 to 40 lakh populations.
• The clusters will be geographically contiguous Gram Panchayats with a
population of about 25000 to 50000 in plain and coastal areas and a
population of 5000 to 15000 in desert, hilly or tribal areas.

• These clusters are intended to be well delineated areas with planned layouts
prepared following the planning norms, which would be duly notified by the
State/UTs. These plans would be finally integrated with the District Plans/Master
Plans- as the case may be.
• In the first year of SPMRM, 100 Rurban growth clusters will be developed. The
mission aims to create 300 such clusters over the next 3 years, across the
country.
• The funding for Rurban Clusters will be through various schemes of the
Government converged into the cluster. To ensure an optimum level of
development, fourteen components have been suggested as desirable for the
cluster, which would include skill development training linked to economic
activities.
• The State Governments identify the clusters in accordance with the Framework
for Implementation prepared by the Ministry of Rural Development. While the
Ministry, following this analysis, would provide a suggestive list of sub districts
to the State, the State Governments would then select the clusters following a
set of indicated principles included in the Framework for Implementation.

Advantages of Rurban Corridors
• Dispersal of industries from the large metropolitan
cities thus reducing pressures on electricity and water
supply and facilities for disposal of solid and liquid
waste in them. Dispersal of the hazardous and highly
polluting industries now located in the large cities to
their environs will reduce pollution of air and water in
them.
• Spread of industrial skills and the discipline required
for industrial work among the rural and small-town
population will increase employment and earnings in
them.
• Lower cost of land that could also be a significant
advantage if the state governments create facilities for
training of rural youth in industrial skills within and
around the cities and towns in the corridors.

Conditions for Development of Rurban Corridors
• Existence of two or more large cities within a short distance from one
another.
• Adequate supplies of electricity and water
• Good road and rail connectivity.
• A state government determined to pursue policies for industrial dispersal
and expansion of the infrastructure needed for it.
• The government must also ensure provision of security of life and property
for the entrepreneurs and workers in the industrial units.
This is a sine que non of industrial dispersal because ensuring security of life
and property for their residents is becoming a serious problem in some large
cities notably, Mumbai and Delhi.

Conclusion
• Establishment of Rurban Corridors would
bridge the rural-urban divide- viz: economic,
technological and those related to facilities and
services. This would stimulate the local
economic development with emphasis on
reduction of poverty and unemployment in
rural areas.
• This would also help in overall development in
the region as this facilities and services would
attract investments in the rural areas.
• This development of a village or a cluster of
villages would preserve and nurture the
essence of rural community life with focus on
equity and inclusiveness without
compromising with the facilities perceived to
be essentially urban in nature.

Metropolitan
Cities: Vehicles
of
Modernization
& Shelter for
the Rural Poor
The metropolitan cities lead and reflect economic and social changes in national
and regional economies. Improvement of living conditions in them through
adequate investment in housing and expansion of basic infrastructure will
promote the national economic growth and national integration.
SOURCE: V. Nath, 2007, Urbanization: Urban Development & Metropolitan Cities in India, Concept Publishing
Company, New Delhi.

Introduction
• Although more than 70 percent of India's population is still rural, there has
been a steady increase in the proportion of the urban population.
• Secondly an increasing proportion of the urban population is resident in
cities (towns with population of 100,000 and above) and within them in
metropolitan cities i.e. cities with a population of 1 million or more.
• The number of such cities has increased progressively from 5 in 1951 to 23 in
1991, and is projected to increase to between 36 and 40 by 2001.
Cities as Political & Commercial Centres
• The metropolitan cities are the political, commercial, industrial and cultural
capitals (centres) of the states and regions in which they are located.
Company, New Delhi.

• The capitals are the seats of political decision making as also
decisions relating to policies for rural and urban development and
improvement of facilities for education, health care and welfare of the
people.
• The universities and training centres for professionals are all located
in metropolitan cities. The largest university, the principal medical
college & teaching hospital, as well as the high court (if the state has
one) are located in its capital.
• The economic decisions made by the government of the states relate
to expansion of industries, location of new industrial units, revival or
closure of sick units, revival of traditional handicrafts as also
development of agriculture in the state.
Commercial Centres:
• Most of the capital cities are also large commercial and financial
centres. Located in them are the principal markets of the state for a
variety of goods.
• Located in them are also the banks and finance companies that
provide loans or seed capital for starting new industrial units or
expansion/ improvement of existing units.
Political Centres:
Company, New Delhi.

• The capitals of most of the large states are also large industrial centres.
• The proportion of the labour force engaged in industries (including both
modern manufacturing industries and traditional handicrafts) ranges
typically between 15-20%, although it is much higher in many cities.
• It is nearly 30% in Delhi Mumbai, Kolkata and Ahmadabad. Chennai,
Bangalore, Hyderabad,, Pune and Surat
Nurseries of Small Industries:
• The metropolitan cities are nurseries of small enterprises because in
them are located the entrepreneurs and the skilled workers.
• An entrepreneur starting a new industry would move to an industrial to
avail of lower costs of land, assured supplies of electricity and water
and opportunities for expansion of output.
• The large market of the metropolitan city itself attracts location of
typically urban industries such as food processing - from flour milling to
manufacture of pickles and jams – manufacture of furniture, furnishing
for homes and offices, clothing and simple consumer durables and
electrically operated kitchen gadgets.
Cities as Industrial Growth Poles:
Company, New Delhi.

• In every large city, there are a large number of poor people who live in slums.The slum clusters may be
located in well-designated slum clusters or in unsuitable locations such as along roads.
• Dharavi, located near the Mumbai airport, has long been reputed to be the largest slum inAsia.
• In Kolkata, most of the slums, called bustees, are located just behind the principal markets of the city.
• In Delhi, the largest slum clusters are located to the east of the city, just above or on the flood plain of the
Yamuna.
• In addition, in all these cities there are slum clusters in unsuitable locations such as along several roads.
• Attempts to relocate the slums to secure more efficient circulation of traffic are generally met with stiff
resistance by the slum dwellers and by local activists who claim to be interested in their welfare.
Cities as Shelters for the Rural Poor- Economics Linkages of
Migration:
Company, New Delhi.

Social Spectrum of Metropolitan Population:
The population of a typical metropolitan city has four classes of residents:
• The affluent: their number is small.They include owners or executives of large industrial units, rich merchants,
executives of banks or multinational companies and the traditionally rich such as old property owners;
• The upper middle-income group: Much larger in number than the affluent, they include professionals -
physicians, lawyers, chartered accountants, journalists, high officials of the government, managers or
professionals employed by large industrial or commercial businesses and finally, owners and financiers of shops
in high-value goods such as silk textiles and jewellery.
The rich and the upper middle-income people live in the best residential neighbourhoods in the cities.
• The lower middle-income group: Most of them are white collar workers, shopkeepers and artisans.They live in
well-built houses in the old parts of the city where infrastructure facilities are partly available, as well as
satisfactory facilities for education of children and medical care in newly developed neighbourhoods.
Insanitary conditions are a major problem in them. In most of the cities, the majority of the workers in
traditional industries live in small congested houses; the chawls of Mumbai are a good example.
• The poor:They include petty traders, hawkers, domestic servants, watchmen, gardeners, etc. besides beggars
and those engaged in a variety of illegal or extra-legal activities.
In Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi, large proportions of the slum dwellers come from poor underdeveloped areas of
eastern UP and Bihar.The economies of some districts in these states have been called remittance economies,
because remittances from men working in large cities are the principal source of income for the families of the
migrants.
Company, New Delhi.

Backward Linkages of Urban Poverty
• The stereotype of return-migration, may not be true. After several
interviews with watchmen and gardeners in an upper middle income
colony, it has been seen that most of them remit their savings so that
their younger brothers and sons can become white collar workers.
• In other words, they would have used their savings from work in the
city to improve the economic status of their families.
Conclusion:
• Improvement of living conditions in metropolitan cities through
adequate investment in housing and expansion of basic infrastructure
will help to promote the national economic growth and national
integration.
• Conditions in the slum can improve through welfare work by public-
spirited individuals or non-government organisations and by municipal
corporations. A much more effective way to improve conditions of the
slum dwellers is to improve economic conditions and employment
opportunities in their home regions and to educate their children.
• The population of a typical metropolitan city has four classes of
residents- the affluent, the upper-middle class, the lower middle class
and the poor.
Company, New Delhi.

JACKY BAJAJ
PRASAD DIPAKTHANTHRATEY For any Query, follow us at:

Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration

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