![Land Use Planning and its variants, including
Spatial Land Use Planning
Participatory Land use planning
• Used for planning of communal or common property land, important in many communities where
communal lands are the most seriously degraded, and where conflicts over land use rights exist [12,
34]. Arrangements can be regulated through negotiation among stakeholders, and communally
binding rules for SLM, based on planning units. Social units (e.g., village) or geographical units (e.g.,
watershed) can be adopted. People-centered, bottom-up approach recognizing differences that exist
from place to place, with respect to socio-cultural, economic, technological and environmental
conditions.
Ecological land use planning
• An environmental policy instrument to regulate land use and productive activities, to protect the
environment, promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, considering land
use potential and land degradation trends. It is considered the most appropriate policy instrument
to harmonize human activities and environmental sustainability in the short, medium and long term](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/urp806week23-240909035235-27867861/85/URP-sustainable-urban-rural-Land-use-planning-35-320.jpg)
URP sustainable urban rural Land use planning
- 1. Introduction to Sustainable Urban Land use Planning MS Urban and Regional Planning Week- 2 (Dr Abdul Waheed)
- 2. Last Lectures • Why Plan? • Current planning issues • Benefit of land use planning • Understanding How Land Use Planning Contributes to Sustainable Urban Development
- 3. This week • Land use planning and sustainable urban development • Land use planning and its related concepts
- 4. Impacts of land use on environment, economy, human well being • Land conversion alters the diversity of local species, and may increase the portion of the regional forest stock within urban boundaries. • Urbanization affects flora and fauna and the ecosystems they inhabit. • Only 10-20% of the landscape in city centers is estimated to be capable of supporting plants and animals • Urbanization causes deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Approximately 5.3% of forestland is estimated to be subsumed by urban growth by 2050
- 5. Quantitative relations for urbanization • A 50% increase in per capita consumption of urban land worldwide would put 3% of species at-risk of extinction by 2030. • Another approximation is that of Thomas who estimated an 18% extinction rate estimated to be caused by global climate. • Seventy-one percent of large metropolitan regions saw an increased share of infill housing development. • A suburban growth pattern has been projected to cause three times more loss of stored carbon and agricultural production compared to a densification scenario in Britain • A dense growth pattern has been projected to cause a 10% increase in peak river flows by 2031
- 6. Extraction of building materials • Extraction of rocks and minerals for the construction industry resulting in loss of vegetated land cover. • Peri-urban areas are more vulnerable • New technologies have foster the processes
- 7. What is Sprawl? • Sprawl refers to dispersed, automobile-oriented, urban fringe development • Sprawl was recognized as an emerging landscape attribute in 1937 by Earle Draper. • He coined the term “sprawl” to describe an unintended consequence of converging economic and social drivers to have an unplanned negative impact on the environment.
- 8. Sprawl today Nearly all metropolitan regions are growing outward more than they are growing upward (multistory buildings) or inward (land reuse or urban redevelopment)
- 12. Smart growth • Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. • Mixed-used development • Compact city • Urban densification • Transit oriented development
- 14. Sprawl has two primary impacts Increases per capita land consumption and it increases the distances between activities, which increases per capita infrastructure requirements.
- 15. Sprawl Costs the Public More Than Twice as Much as Compact Development
- 16. The denser an area is, the less expensive it becomes to provide infrastructure and service
- 17. Negative aspects of sprawl • air pollution • an increase in extreme heat events • crime • decreased pedestrian safety • destruction of built environment, • destruction of communities • destruction of open space • excess energy use • high taxes • homelessness • income inequality • increased public infrastructure • increased service costs • increased traffic fatalities • inner-city abandonment • loss of biological diversity • loss of farmland • loss of social capital • overdependence on cars • overreliance on septic systems
- 18. Quantitative relations for sprawl • Doubling lot sizes increases water and sewer costs by 30% on average • In small communities in America, over 60% of households rely on septic systems for waste disposal. • Expansion of turf grass acreage in residential areas alone is associated with a reduced capacity to adapt to flooding. It will lead to between 15- 48% increase in runoff • Losses of agricultural production are over three times as high in sprawl scenarios compared to densification scenarios in growth projections • 60% of development on farmland took place on prime farmland in New Jersey.
- 19. Introduction to Land use Planning • Competition for land is increasing as demand for multiple land uses and ecosystem services rises. • Food security issues, renewable energy and emerging carbon markets are creating price signals for the conversion of agricultural land to other uses, such as reforestation and biofuels. • This is occurring in parallel with other growing demands from land systems for urbanization and amenities, mining, food production, and biodiversity conservation.
- 20. Drivers and pressures of land use change
- 22. Drivers and pressures of land use change • Land use planning influences the state of the environment; its implementation may have positive as well as negative effects on the environment • Planning systems and the practice of zoning are both driving forces of change • Such practices can promote environmentally sound land use and management options
- 23. Land use, land governance and land tenure • Policy responses related to spatial planning, transport, integrated coastal zone management, and integrated water resource management directly affect the use of land, and land use change. • Weak governance is a major constraint with regard to planning for sustainable development; it underpins land degradation and can exacerbate conflicts over the use of land.
- 24. Almost 75% of the world’s poor are affected directly by land degradation • Land quality is closely linked to a healthy environment and sustainable access to natural resources
- 25. Land management and sustainability
- 26. Land management and sustainability
- 27. LUP happens in every society, even if the term is not used • Land use does not consider production only, but also land functions such as protected areas, land recreation, road-building, waste disposal sides • Decisions made on land use have resulted in the degradation of land resources, or an imbalance between supply and demand of those resources
- 28. Central Idea of Land Use Planning(LUP) • Land use planning is done to identify alternatives for land use and to select and adopt the best land use options. • The main objective of land use planning is to allocate land uses to meet the economic and social needs of people while safeguarding future resources.
- 29. Central Idea of Land Use Planning(LUP) • Land use planning is a public policy exercise that designates and regulates the use of land in order to improve a community’s physical, economic, and social efficiency and well-being. • Physical planning is a design exercise that uses the land use plan as a framework to propose the optimal physical infrastructure for a settlement or area, including infrastructure for public services, transport, economic activities, recreation, and environmental protection. A physical plan may be prepared for an urban area or a rural area
- 30. Central Idea of Land Use Planning(LUP) • Planning is an ecosystem based tool that can link the environment, the community and the economy in the ways that help ensure the sustainability of resources. • Land use planning: the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future.
- 31. The process of land use planning, and its implementation, hinge on three elements The stakeholders involved in, or affected by, the land units managed The qualities or limitations of each component of the land units being planned for The consideration of available, viable land use options
- 32. From a technical perspective demographic conditions, and the needs and living standards of the affected people level of technology used to exploit the land resources quality, potential productivity and suitability of land (i.e., environmentally sound land use) amount of land available, and its system of tenure
- 33. Types of land use planning • Land use planning (LUP) has evolved from a top-down, expert-driven approach, to one of land suitability, in the 1960s and 1970s. • From the 1980s onwards, this shifted towards a more integrated approach, involving planning experts, decision- makers, and ordinary citizens.
- 34. Land Use Planning and its variants, including Spatial Land Use Planning Spatial Land use planning • Regional/spatial LUP gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is, at the same time, a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards balanced regional development, and the physical organization of space, according to an overall strategy. Integrated land use planning • Assesses and assigns the use of resources, taking into account different uses, and demands from different users , including all agricultural sectors - pastoral, crop and forests - as well as industry and other interested parties.
- 35. Land Use Planning and its variants, including Spatial Land Use Planning Participatory Land use planning • Used for planning of communal or common property land, important in many communities where communal lands are the most seriously degraded, and where conflicts over land use rights exist [12, 34]. Arrangements can be regulated through negotiation among stakeholders, and communally binding rules for SLM, based on planning units. Social units (e.g., village) or geographical units (e.g., watershed) can be adopted. People-centered, bottom-up approach recognizing differences that exist from place to place, with respect to socio-cultural, economic, technological and environmental conditions. Ecological land use planning • An environmental policy instrument to regulate land use and productive activities, to protect the environment, promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, considering land use potential and land degradation trends. It is considered the most appropriate policy instrument to harmonize human activities and environmental sustainability in the short, medium and long term
- 36. Land use planning approaches basic requirements • Land use planning approaches need to be flexible and adaptive so as to be able suit varying circumstances. • In other words, “blueprint approaches” that define the steps, procedures and tools do not function, rather, LUP must be structured as a process designed according to the needs, demands, capacities, rules and institutional structures of the place in question
- 37. Two main phases to LUP Formulation and Implementation • The formulation of a land use plan requires a broad assessment of current land uses, as well as main limitations, and opportunities for development.
- 38. Steps of the Land Use Planning Process
- 39. Principles of Land Use Planning • Land use planning considers cultural viewpoints and builds up on local environmental knowledge.
- 40. Principles of leading LUP practices • Have purpose: a clear formulation of the objective and problem to be solved • Recognize stakeholders and their differing objectives • integrate bottom-up aspects with top-down aspects • Are integrated and participatory, promoting multisectoral coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement. • Consider the socio-political and legal contexts, including land tenure systems • Develop consistent plans and policies at all levels of decision-making, and link effective institutions at local, sub-national, and national levels
- 41. Principles of leading LUP practices • Develop sets of planning procedures that are applicable at different scales • Promote vertical integration: provide outputs (e.g., land use and management options) that are legitimate at national and local scales • Have an accessible and efficient knowledge base • Consider multi-functionality of the land • consider and value local knowledge, and traditional strategies for solving problems and conflicts
- 42. Principles of leading LUP practices • be integrated into state institutions, with an official mandate for intersectoral planning; be inclusive, based on stakeholder differentiation and gender sensitivity • be linked to financial planning • follow the idea of subsidiarity • be implementation-oriented, realistic and adapted to local conditions; and, lead to an improvement in the capacity of stakeholders
- 43. Landuse planning and Scale of Development Spatial / land use zoning - Rural, regional Land use planning / land use zoning - Rural, local Land use planning - Transboundary; ecosystem based; urban; Comprehensive, provincial level Ecological land use planning - Rural, subnational level Participatory rural land use planning - Village / subregional (district level) Participatory land use planning - Rural, local Spatial land use planning - Comprehensive, sub-national
- 44. Integrating Land Use Planning into Planning Systems • Plans for using land resources are made everywhere • Planning systems are an expression of social and political conditions in respect of space and time. • They are expressed by means of legal regulations(planning laws), social conventions and rules. In addition to codified agreements (laws, administrative regulations), there are others which have been agreed verbally in form of traditional rules of conduct. Those are significant at local level.
- 45. Vertical and Horizontal Links in Land Use Planning
- 46. Land Use Planning, Flow of Information and Relation to Other Planning at Various Levels
- 47. Planning Systems in the Social and Political Context Centralised Systems Heterogeneous Systems Policies in Various Planning Systems influencing LUP Heterogeneous systems are characterised by modern planning mechanisms Various components influence and control land use includes policies on infrastructure, taxes, credit and import/export as well as environmental and development policies. Countries with a strongly centralised administration tend to regulate land use objectives even at local levels in a "top- down" manner. Land use decisions at local levels are made exclusively among the stakeholders Certain powers and at least partial budget autonomy are transferred to lower administrative levels, with the aim of creating participatory decision- making structures.
- 48. International Frameworks • Land use, land ownership, and land rights issues are addressed in a number of framework documents and instruments issued by international agencies