US EIA's December 2016 Short-Term Energy Outlook

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook December 2016 1
December 2016
Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO)
Forecast highlights
Global liquid fuels
 U.S. crude oil production averaged 9.4 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2015, and it is
forecast to average 8.9 million b/d in 2016 and 8.8 million b/d in 2017.
 EIA forecasts Brent crude oil prices to average $43 per barrel (b) in 2016 and $52/b in
2017. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices are forecast to average about $1/b
less than Brent prices in 2017. The values of futures and options contracts indicate
significant uncertainty in the price outlook. The NYMEX contract values for March 2017
delivery traded during the five-day period ending December 1 suggest that a range from
$34/b to $71/b encompasses the market expectation of WTI prices in March 2017 at the
95% confidence level.
 Lower crude oil prices contributed to U.S. average retail regular gasoline prices in
November averaging $2.18 per gallon (gal), a decline of 7 cents/gal from the October
level. EIA expects gasoline prices to fall to an average of $2.10/gal in January. Retail
gasoline prices are forecast to average $2.14/gal in 2016 and $2.30/gal in 2017.
 Global oil inventory builds are forecast to average 0.7 million b/d in 2016 and 0.4 million
b/d in 2017.
Natural gas
 Natural gas marketed production is forecast to average 77.5 billion cubic feet per day
(Bcf/d) in 2016, a 1.3 Bcf/d decline from the 2015 level, which would be the first annual
production decline since 2005. In 2017, forecast natural gas production increases by an
average of 2.5 Bcf/d from the 2016 level.
 Growing domestic natural gas consumption, along with higher pipeline exports to
Mexico and liquefied natural gas exports, contribute to the Henry Hub natural gas spot
price rising from an average of $2.49 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) in 2016
to $3.27/MMBtu in 2017. NYMEX contract values for March 2017 delivery traded during
the five-day period ending December 1 suggest that a price range from $2.20/MMBtu to
$5.04/MMBtu encompasses the market expectation of Henry Hub natural gas prices in
March 2017 at the 95% confidence level.

Electricity, coal, renewables, and emissions
 Total U.S. electricity generation from utility-scale plants averaged 11,172 gigawatthours
per day in 2015. Forecast U.S. generation grows by 0.2% in 2016 and by 0.7% in 2017.
 EIA expects the share of U.S. total utility-scale electricity generation from natural gas
will average 34% this year, and the share from coal will average 30%. In 2015, both fuels
supplied about 33% of total U.S. electricity generation. In 2017, natural gas and coal are
forecast to generate 33% and 31% of electricity, respectively. Nonhydropower
renewables are forecast to generate 8% of electricity generation in 2016 and 9% in
2017. Generation shares of nuclear and hydropower are forecast to be relatively
unchanged from 2016 to 2017.
 Coal production in November 2016 was 70.7 million short tons (MMst), the third time
this year monthly production exceeded 70 MMst. Monthly coal production exceeded 70
MMst nine times in 2015 and in every month in 2014. Forecast annual coal production
declines by 15% to 758 MMst in 2016, which would be the lowest level of coal
production since 1978. Coal production is forecast to increase by 2% in 2017.
 Despite recent increases in global coal prices, spot U.S. coal prices have remained
unchanged for the past six weeks. The delivered coal price averaged $2.23/MMBtu in
2015. Forecast coal prices average $2.14/MMBtu in 2016 (a 4% decline) and
$2.21/MMBtu in 2017 (a 3% increase).
 Wind energy capacity at the end of 2015 was 72 gigawatts (GW). EIA expects capacity
additions of 7 GW in 2016 and 9 GW in 2017. These additions would bring total wind
capacity to 89 GW by the end of 2017.
 On November 23, 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a rule
setting Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) volumes for 2017. EIA used the final volumes to
develop the current STEO forecast. EIA expects that the largest effect of the finalized
2017 RFS targets will be on biomass-based diesel consumption, which includes both
biodiesel and renewable diesel and helps to meet the RFS targets for use of biomass-
based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel. Biodiesel production averaged
82,000 b/d in 2015, and it is forecast to average 99,000 b/d in 2016 and 104,000 b/d in
2017. Net imports of biomass-based diesel are expected to rise from 31,000 b/d in 2015
to 45,000 b/d in 2016 and to 51,000 b/d in 2017. Projected ethanol consumption
averages about 940,000 b/d in both 2016 and 2017, resulting in the ethanol share of the
total gasoline pool averaging 10% in both years.
 After declining by 2.6% in 2015, energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are
projected to decline by 1.3% in 2016 and then increase by 0.9% in 2017. Energy-related
CO2 emissions are sensitive to changes in weather, economic growth, and energy prices.

Petroleum and natural gas markets review
Crude oil
Prices: Crude oil prices traded below October levels for most of November before increasing
significantly on the last day of the month. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices
increased from $46.67 per barrel (b) on November 1 to $51.06/b on December 1, while
international benchmark Brent crude oil increased by $5.80/b over the same period to settle at
$53.94/b (Figure 1). WTI and Brent average spot prices in November were $4.07/b and $4.79/b
lower, respectively, than the October averages.
At their November 30 meeting, members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) announced a framework for supply reductions among most of its members.
Several non-OPEC producers also announced their intention to freeze or reduce production.
The extent to which the announced plans will be carried out and actually reduce supply below
levels that would have occurred in their absence remains uncertain. If the agreement
contributes to prices rising above $50/b in the coming months, it could encourage a return to
supply growth in U.S. tight oil more quickly than currently expected. Crude oil prices near $50/b
have led to increased investment by some U.S. production companies, particularly in the
Permian Basin. A price recovery above $50/b could contribute to supply growth in other U.S.
tight oil regions and in other non-OPEC producing countries that do not participate in the OPEC-
led supply reductions.
Continuing global supply growth in 2017 may postpone significant global inventory withdrawals
until 2018, with the first half of 2017 showing inventory builds averaging 0.8 million b/d in our
current forecast. Global inventory builds are forecast to average 0.4 million b/d for all of 2017.
Despite new oil production coming online when oil inventories are at high levels globally, global
economic data have been more positive than previous expectations, and increases in oil
demand growth could help to support prices in the coming quarters.
The Brent crude oil price forecast for 2017 was increased by $1/b from the November STEO,
with 2017 prices expected to average $52/b in the December STEO. Brent and WTI crude oil
prices for the first half of 2017 are projected to remain near $50/b, with prices ending the year
around $55/b. Implied volatility increased in the weeks prior to the OPEC meeting, suggesting
significant uncertainty regarding both the prospects for the recent agreement and its potential
implications for global oil balances.

Oil production, particularly in the United States, has been more resilient in the current oil price
environment than had been expected, as reflected in improving financial conditions at oil
companies. Improved profits could encourage oil producers to increase capital expenditures and
expand production in 2017 and beyond, especially if oil prices increase. In the third quarter of
2016, a group of publicly traded global oil companies reported the first quarterly profit from
upstream production business segments since the fourth quarter of 2014, according to recently
released earnings statements from 91 companies (Figure 2). Collectively, the group earned
almost $2.3 billion in the third quarter when front-month Brent crude oil prices averaged $47/b.
In the same period in 2015, when prices averaged $51/b, the group lost $54.1 billion.
Since the fourth quarter of 2014, many companies have written down the value of their assets
to reflect lower oil prices, which reduces earnings in the quarter in which a company recognizes
the write-down. The increase in earnings this year is partially attributable to a reduction in asset
write-downs, which declined 80% year-over-year. Additionally, company reductions in operating
expenses were greater than the declines in revenue, contributing to higher profitability.

Crude oil supply and price spreads: EIA revised the U.S. crude oil production forecast upward
from the November STEO, with average 2017 production expected to decline by less than 0.1
million b/d from 2016 levels. Total U.S. liquids production, which includes production of
hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) and biofuels, is expected to increase by 0.2 million b/d in 2017.
Total non-OPEC liquids production is expected to grow by almost 0.4 million b/d in 2017 from
2016 levels. Outside the United States, non-OPEC total liquid fuels production is expected to
increase by slightly more than 0.1 million b/d in 2017. Canada’s liquid fuels production is
expected to grow by about 0.3 million b/d in 2017, making up for the low production growth in
2016, when wildfires during the summer resulted in large production shut-ins. Russia,
Kazakhstan, and Brazil are also expected to see an increase in liquids output in 2017. Liquid fuels
growth in these countries in 2017 is expected to be partially offset by declining production in
the North Sea, China, and Mexico.
OPEC crude oil production is expected to average 33.2 million b/d in 2017. The Nigerian oil
sector continues to experience setbacks as militant attacks continue to target oil infrastructure,
lowering the country’s production outlook. Libya’s crude oil production was almost 0.6 million
b/d at the end of November, a slight increase compared with the previous month. Additional oil
production increases from Libya in the near term are not likely to occur without an agreement
with the Zintani militia, which controls the pipelines that transport crude oil from some of
Libya’s largest fields, including the El Sharara and El Feel fields.
A return from seasonal maintenance at North Sea offshore oil fields in the United Kingdom and
Norway increased collective production by almost 0.1 million b/d in November compared with
October. Sustained production near 0.6 million b/d in Libya and an increase in North Sea
production could be weakening near-term Brent prices compared with Middle Eastern crude oil.
Along with relatively low shipping rates, weaker Brent prices have made crude oils produced in
the Atlantic Basin market more competitive for refiners in Asia, whose traditional suppliers are
Middle Eastern crude oil producers.

The front-month Brent-Dubai Exchange of Futures for Swaps (EFS), which is an instrument that
allows trade between the Brent futures market and the Dubai swaps market and represents the
price premium of Brent over Dubai crude oil, reached its lowest point so far this year towards
the end of November, before rising in response to the OPEC supply cut agreement (Figure 3).
Last November, when the spread between Brent and Dubai was similarly low, Chinese refiners
increased purchases of West African crude oil. This year, some Asian refineries are purchasing
Atlantic-based crude oils, with the trade press reporting that refineries in countries like South
Korea and China recently purchased crude oil cargoes from the North Sea.
Liquid fuels demand and economic growth indicators: The outlook for global liquid fuels
demand in the December STEO has been revised upward from the November STEO, with global
oil demand now expected to grow by 1.4 and 1.6 million b/d in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The
projection for real oil-weighted world GDP growth increases slightly from 2.2% in 2016 to 2.7%
in 2017.
Higher expectations for demand growth are supported by relatively strong economic data
released in November. U.S. GDP growth in the third quarter of 2016 was revised upward from
initial estimates of 2.9% to 3.2%, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and
improvements in leading economic indicators across the world provide support for the
increased global demand forecast. Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Indexes (PMI) in major
developed and emerging markets indicate expansion in the manufacturing sectors in these
regions (Figure 4). A manufacturing PMI measures conditions within the manufacturing sector
and is used as an indicator of economic growth. An index level above 50 indicates the
manufacturing sector is expanding.
Four major manufacturing regions of the world are reporting continued expansion, indicating
strength in global economic growth. The U.S. manufacturing PMI has increased over the past
few months, while the latest PMI reading for the Eurozone was at its highest in nearly three
years. The manufacturing PMI for China and India were at multi-year highs in October before

declining slightly in November. An expanding manufacturing sector typically leads to increasing
consumption of fuels like distillate, but it can also indirectly indicate that domestic and
international demand for goods is increasing, which can lead to future economic growth and oil
demand.
Petroleum products
Gasoline prices: The front-month futures price of reformulated blendstock for oxygenate
blending (RBOB, the petroleum component of gasoline used in many parts of the country)
increased in November and settled at $1.55 per gallon (gal) on December 1 (Figure 5). The
RBOB-Brent crack spread (the difference between the price of RBOB and the price of Brent
crude oil) declined slightly in November.
Although gasoline crack spreads declined during November, the average crack spread was still a
record high for the month. Strong domestic and international demand for gasoline likely
supported gasoline crack spreads. Preliminary export data indicate that monthly gasoline
exports set a record high in November. EIA also estimates U.S. gasoline consumption will reach a
record high of 9.31 million b/d in 2016; the previous record was 9.29 million b/d set in 2007.

Ultra-low sulfur diesel prices: The front-month futures price for the New York Harbor Ultra-low
Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) contract increased by 13 cents/gal since November 1, settling at $1.65/gal
on December 1. The ULSD-Brent crack spread declined by 1 cent/gal over the same period
(Figure 6). Crack spreads remain below the five-year average for this time of year.
Despite a warm start to the winter, which typically reduces distillate fuel use for home heating
in the northeast United States, total U.S. distillate consumption increased by more than 0.2
million b/d in November compared with the same period in 2015, which was also unseasonably
warm. The increase in distillate consumption in the United States could be the result of
increased transportation, freight, and industrial activity related to U.S. manufacturing. Along
with the increase in the U.S. manufacturing PMI, the Texas Manufacturing Outlook Survey from
the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas showed that general business activity increased in November
for the first time in nearly two years, supporting renewed industrial activity in the region.

Asian product markets: Refinery margins in Asia, calculated using Dubai crude oil and
benchmark Singapore product prices, rose from a two-year low in August to $7.82/b in
November (Figure 7), a steeper rise than in previous years during this period. Declines in
petroleum product stocks in the region likely supported refinery margins. Stocks of light
distillates, which include gasoline, have generally declined since August and briefly declined
below last year’s levels in November. The drawdown in light distillate stocks was because of
seasonal maintenance at Asian and Middle Eastern refineries and strong gasoline demand from
some Asian countries. Residual fuel stocks in Singapore have declined since June and have been
below last year’s levels since late July. Residual fuel oil stocks declined because of the seasonal
increase in demand for power generation and reduced fuel oil exports from Russia, an important
supplier to the region. A tight petroleum product market in Asia could support higher regional
refinery margins through the end of 2016.

Natural gas
Prices and temperatures: The front-month natural gas contract for delivery at Henry Hub
increased by 60 cents per million British thermal units (MMBtu) from November 1 and settled at
$3.51/MMBtu on December 1 (Figure 8). The monthly average natural gas spot price in
November fell 43 cents/MMBtu from the October average. Both natural gas futures and spot
prices declined in the first half of November as warmer-than-normal temperatures helped to
push natural gas inventories to record levels. In November, U.S. population-weighted heating
degree days (HDD) were 21% below the previous ten-year average and U.S. natural gas
inventory levels exceeded 4 trillion cubic feet during the middle of the month. The natural gas
spot price, which represents very-near-term delivery, was more greatly affected by the record
high inventories and fell by a larger percentage than the futures price.
After falling in the first part of November, natural gas prices began increasing in the middle of
November as new weather forecasts contributed to higher demand expectations. The price
variations drove historical volatility and implied volatility on the front-month futures contract to
the highest levels since last winter. Volatility levels are similar to the start of winter in 2015,
when inventories were also high (Figure 9).
Although temperatures from December 2016 through March 2017 are projected to average 3%
warmer than normal, this forecast is 13% colder than the same period last year. The expectation
of colder temperatures than last winter contributes to EIA’s projection of a 13% year-over-year
increase in residential and commercial natural gas consumption from December 2016 through
March 2017. Total natural gas consumption for December through March is forecast to be 4%
higher than last winter. The increase in domestic consumption, combined with ongoing growth
in pipeline and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports, is projected to reduce natural gas inventories
to levels closer to historical averages at the end of the winter. The wide range of prices in

November shows how market participants are attempting to balance current high inventory
levels with expectations of narrowing supply and demand fundamentals going forward.
Notable forecast changes
 For more information, see the detailed table of forecast changes.
This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical
and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA's data, analyses, and
forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States
Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing
those of the U.S. Department of Energy or other federal agencies.

Chart Gallery for Decemer 2016
Short-Term Energy Outlook
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017
West Texas intermediate (WTI) crude oil price
dollars per barrel
Historical spot price
STEO price forecast
NYMEX futures price
95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval
95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval
Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, December 2016.
Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Dec 1,
2016. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.
Forecast
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017
U.S. gasoline and crude oil prices
dollars per gallon
Price difference
Retail regular gasoline
Crude oil
Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.

Forecast
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
U.S. diesel fuel and crude oil prices
dollars per gallon
Price difference
Retail diesel fuel
Crude oil
Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016 Jan 2017 Jul 2017
Henry hub natural gas price
dollars per million Btu
Historical spot price
STEO forecast price
NYMEX futures price
95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval
95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval
Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Dec 1,
2016. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.
Forecast
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
U.S. natural gas prices
dollars per thousand cubic feet
Residential price
Henry Hub spot price

Forecast
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
2011-Q1 2012-Q1 2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1 2017-Q1
World liquid fuels production and
consumption balance
million barrels per day (MMb/d)
Implied stock change and balance (right axis)
World production (left axis)
World consumption (left axis)
MMb/d
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016
Estimated historical unplanned OPEC
crude oil production outages
million barrels per day
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Iraq
Nigeria
Libya
Iran
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016
Estimated historical unplanned non-OPEC
liquid fuels production outages
million barrels per day Other
United States
Mexico
Canada
Sudan / S. Sudan
Colombia
Brazil
North Sea
Yemen
China
Syria

Forecast
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
World liquid fuels consumption
Change in U.S. consumption (right axis)
Change in China consumption (right axis)
Change in other consumption (right axis)
Total world consumption (left axis)
annual change (MMb/d)
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2015 2016 2017
World liquid fuels consumption growth
OECD* Non-OECD Asia Former Soviet Union Other
* Countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Forecast
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2015 2016 2017
OPEC countries North America Russia and Caspian Sea
Latin America North Sea Other Non-OPEC
World crude oil and liquid fuels production growth
Forecast

-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
UnitedStates
Russia
Canada
Brazil
Kazakhstan
Oman
Malaysia
Norway
UnitedKingdom
Syria
Sudan/S.Sudan
Vietnam
India
Egypt
Azerbaijan
OtherNorthSea
Australia
Colombia
China
Mexico
2017
2016
2015
Non-OPEC crude oil and liquid fuels production growth
Forecast
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1 2017-Q1
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
World oil consumption growth (left axis)
Non-OPEC production growth (left axis)
Change in WTI price (right axis)
World consumption and non-OPEC production growth
million barrels per day dollars per barrel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
OPEC surplus crude oil production capacity
Note: Shaded area represents 2005-2015 average (2.3 million barrels per day).
Forecast

Forecast
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017
OECD commercial stocks of crude oil and
other liquids
days of supply
Note: Colored band around days of supply of crude oil and other liquids stocks represents the range
between the minimum and maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.
-1.0
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.5
2014 2015 2016 2017
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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16
U.S. crude oil and liquid fuels production
Crude oil (right axis) Natural gas plant liquids (right axis)
Fuel ethanol (right axis) Biodiesel (right axis)
Total production (left axis) Production forecast (left axis)
Forecast
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
U.S. commercial crude oil stocks
million barrels
Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum and
maximum from Jan. 2011 - Dec. 2015.

-0.30
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
2014 2015 2016 2017
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
U.S. liquid fuels product supplied
Motor gasoline (right axis) Jet fuel (right axis)
Distillate fuel (right axis) Other fuels (right axis)
Total product supplied (left axis) Product supplied forecast (left axis)
Forecast
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
U.S. gasoline and distillate inventories
million barrels
Note: Colored bands around storage levels represent the range between the minimum and
Total motor gasoline inventory
Total distillate fuel inventory
-3
-2
-1
0
1
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5
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8
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
10
20
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100
110
U.S. natural gas consumption
billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)
Electric power (right axis) Residential and comm. (right axis)
Industrial (right axis) Other (right axis)
Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (Bcf/d)

-3
-2
-1
0
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9
2014 2015 2016 2017
62
64
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86
U.S. natural gas production and imports
billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)
Federal Gulf of Mexico production (right axis) U.S. non-Gulf of Mexico production (right axis)
U.S. net imports (right axis) Total marketed production (left axis)
Marketed production forecast (left axis)
annual change (Bcf/d)
Forecast
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
-4,000
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
U.S. working natural gas in storage
billion cubic feet
Deviation from average
Storage level
deviation from average
Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum and
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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100
U.S. coal consumption
million short tons (MMst)
Electric power (right axis) Retail and general industry (right axis)
Coke plants (right axis) Total consumption (left axis)
Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (MMst)

-120
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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90
100
U.S. coal production
million short tons (MMst)
Western region (right axis) Appalachian region (right axis)
Interior region (right axis) Total production (left axis)
Production forecast (left axis)
annual change (MMst)
Forecast
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Jan 2008 Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2014 Jan 2016
U.S. electric power coal stocks
million short tons
Note: Colored band around stock levels represents the range between the minimum and
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
2014 2015 2016 2017
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
U.S. electricity consumption
million kilowatthours per day (kWh/d)
Residential (right axis) Commercial and transportation (right axis)
Industrial (right axis) Direct use (right axis)
Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)
annual change (million kWh/d)

5.4%
10.3%
2.4%
5.7%
2.2%
0.2%
1.6% 1.4% 2.1%
3.2%
1.1%
-1.0%
2.7%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
21%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
U.S. residential electricity price
cents per kilowatthour
Annual growth (right axis) Residential electricity price Price forecast
21.4% 23.3% 23.9% 24.7% 30.3% 27.7% 27.5% 32.7% 34.1% 32.8%
48.2% 44.4% 44.8% 42.3% 37.4% 38.9% 38.6% 33.2% 30.4% 31.4%
Forecast
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. electricity generation by fuel, all sectors
thousand megawatthours per day
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydropower
Non-hydro
renewables
Other sources
Note: Labels show percentage share of total generation provided by coal and natural gas.
Forecast
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. renewable energy supply
quadrillion British thermal units (Btu)
Solar
Geothermal
Other biomass
Wind power
Liquid biofuels
Wood biomass
Hydropower
Note: Hydropower excludes pumped storage generation. Liquid biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel. Other
biomass includes municipal waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, and other non-wood waste.

Forecast
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
U.S. annual energy expenditures
share of gross domestic product
Forecast
-15%
-12%
-9%
-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
2014 2015 2016 2017
U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions
annual growth
All fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural gas
-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
U.S. total industrial production index
index (2007 = 100)
Change from prior year (right axis)
Industrial production index (left axis)
annual change
Forecast

-6%
-3%
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
10,400
10,800
11,200
11,600
12,000
12,400
12,800
13,200
13,600
U.S. disposable income
billion 2009 dollars, seasonally adjusted
Change from prior year (right axis)
Real disposable income (left axis)
annual change
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
April May June July August September
U.S. summer cooling degree days
population-weighted
2014
2015
2016
2017
Note: EIA calculations based on from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. Horizontal lines
indicate each month's prior 10-year average (2007-2016). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
October November December January February March
U.S. winter heating degree days
population-weighted
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
2016/17
Note: EIA calculations based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data. Horizontal lines
indicate each month's prior 10-year average (Oct 2006 - Mar 2016). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.

U.S. census regions and divisions

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - December 2016
09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 % Change
Natural Gas
Northeast
Consumption (Mcf**) 75.7 80.7 66.4 76.1 84.0 84.6 67.7 75.3 11.2
Price ($/mcf) 13.31 12.66 12.21 11.71 11.53 10.82 10.20 11.21 9.9
Expenditures ($) 1,007 1,022 812 891 969 916 691 844 22.2
Midwest
Consumption (Mcf) 78.6 80.2 65.4 77.6 88.1 83.1 67.7 73.6 8.8
Price ($/mcf) 9.44 9.23 8.99 8.36 8.69 8.56 7.58 8.90 17.5
Expenditures ($) 742 740 587 648 766 711 513 655 27.8
South
Consumption (Mcf) 53.2 49.3 40.8 46.5 52.1 50.5 40.7 43.9 7.9
Price ($/mcf) 11.52 11.02 11.45 10.71 10.77 10.82 10.85 11.73 8.1
Expenditures ($) 613 543 468 497 561 546 441 515 16.7
West
Consumption (Mcf) 49.9 49.4 49.1 48.6 46.4 41.4 45.8 44.5 -2.9
Price ($/mcf) 9.91 9.67 9.35 9.13 9.96 10.72 9.93 10.37 4.4
Expenditures ($) 494 478 459 444 462 444 455 462 1.4
U.S. Average
Consumption (Mcf) 64.4 65.0 55.7 62.5 68.0 64.8 55.7 59.4 6.5
Price ($/mcf) 10.83 10.46 10.25 9.72 9.97 9.91 9.31 10.33 10.9
Expenditures ($) 698 679 570 607 677 642 519 613 18.1
Heating Oil
U.S. Average
Consumption (gallons) 544.7 580.7 471.1 545.4 607.1 607.9 481.2 539.6 12.1
Price ($/gallon) 2.85 3.38 3.73 3.87 3.88 3.04 2.06 2.51 21.7
Expenditures ($) 1,552 1,965 1,757 2,113 2,353 1,848 992 1,353 36.4
Electricity
Northeast
Consumption (kWh***) 6,847 7,076 6,436 6,862 7,221 7,250 6,494 6,834 5.2
Price ($/kwh) 0.152 0.154 0.154 0.152 0.163 0.168 0.164 0.164 -0.2
Expenditures ($) 1,039 1,091 993 1,046 1,177 1,218 1,068 1,121 5.0
Midwest
Consumption (kWh) 8,660 8,733 7,897 8,588 9,168 8,857 8,030 8,359 4.1
Price ($/kwh) 0.099 0.105 0.111 0.112 0.112 0.118 0.121 0.122 0.6
Expenditures ($) 856 914 875 958 1,031 1,045 973 1,019 4.7
South
Consumption (kWh) 8,482 8,220 7,466 7,972 8,381 8,281 7,457 7,744 3.9
Price ($/kwh) 0.103 0.104 0.107 0.107 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.109 -1.7
Expenditures ($) 873 855 797 851 913 919 825 842 2.1
West
Consumption (kWh) 7,239 7,216 7,190 7,150 6,981 6,600 6,949 6,847 -1.5
Price ($/kwh) 0.110 0.112 0.115 0.119 0.123 0.127 0.130 0.133 2.3
Expenditures ($) 799 809 825 848 860 836 901 908 0.8
U.S. Average
Consumption (kWh) 7,935 7,842 7,251 7,670 7,980 7,801 7,238 7,460 3.1
Price ($/kwh) 0.110 0.113 0.116 0.117 0.120 0.123 0.124 0.123 -0.2
Expenditures ($) 873 884 842 895 955 960 895 920 2.8
Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter
Fuel / Region
ForecastWinter of

09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 % Change
Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter
Fuel / Region
ForecastWinter of
Propane
Northeast
Price* ($/gallon) 2.98 3.24 3.34 3.00 3.56 3.00 2.71 2.95 8.9
Expenditures ($) 2,004 2,321 1,990 2,031 2,653 2,253 1,645 1,985 20.7
Midwest
Price* ($/gallon) 1.99 2.11 2.23 1.74 2.61 1.91 1.47 1.73 17.7
Expenditures ($) 1,548 1,674 1,437 1,333 2,267 1,553 981 1,255 27.9
Number of households by primary space heating fuel (thousands)
Northeast
Natural gas 10,992 11,118 11,236 11,345 11,522 11,724 11,842 11,959 1.0
Heating oil 6,016 5,858 5,701 5,458 5,241 5,101 4,971 4,827 -2.9
Propane 733 744 761 813 845 860 873 878 0.6
Electricity 2,645 2,776 2,894 3,011 3,036 3,104 3,222 3,307 2.6
Wood 501 512 548 582 585 566 541 536 -0.9
Other/None 311 315 324 377 436 438 434 452 4.2
Midwest
Natural gas 18,050 17,977 18,019 18,054 18,072 18,167 18,092 18,046 -0.3
Heating oil 451 419 393 360 336 318 299 280 -6.5
Propane 2,098 2,073 2,037 2,063 2,088 2,079 2,076 2,061 -0.7
Electricity 4,715 4,922 5,119 5,333 5,422 5,500 5,722 5,924 3.5
Wood 616 618 631 640 632 612 602 612 1.7
Other/None 283 289 282 319 353 350 350 362 3.3
South
Natural gas 13,731 13,657 13,636 13,681 13,793 13,906 13,914 13,962 0.3
Heating oil 906 853 790 738 698 680 656 623 -5.1
Propane 2,165 2,098 2,024 1,982 1,943 1,924 1,888 1,828 -3.2
Electricity 25,791 26,555 27,283 27,857 28,230 28,802 29,483 30,158 2.3
Wood 586 599 609 612 616 587 581 601 3.4
Other/None 314 309 304 367 419 408 405 410 1.3
West
Natural gas 14,939 15,020 15,021 15,009 15,059 15,216 15,318 15,434 0.8
Heating oil 289 279 261 247 234 225 218 209 -4.0
Propane 940 914 885 909 930 917 910 899 -1.2
Electricity 7,877 8,126 8,439 8,671 8,754 8,919 9,221 9,489 2.9
Wood 721 725 736 728 744 747 724 731 1.0
Other/None 850 850 829 903 1,015 1,076 1,074 1,076 0.2
U.S. Totals
Natural gas 57,713 57,771 57,912 58,088 58,446 59,014 59,166 59,401 0.4
Heating oil 7,662 7,408 7,145 6,803 6,509 6,324 6,144 5,938 -3.3
Propane 5,936 5,829 5,707 5,766 5,806 5,780 5,746 5,667 -1.4
Electricity 41,029 42,380 43,734 44,873 45,442 46,325 47,649 48,878 2.6
Wood 2,424 2,454 2,524 2,563 2,576 2,512 2,448 2,480 1.3
Other/None 1,758 1,763 1,739 1,965 2,222 2,272 2,263 2,300 1.7
Heating degree days
Northeast 4,933 5,337 4,217 4,964 5,594 5,643 4,317 4,915 13.9
Midwest 5,639 5,773 4,484 5,544 6,451 6,002 4,686 5,199 10.9
South 2,867 2,629 2,019 2,426 2,783 2,689 2,010 2,241 11.5
West 3,285 3,258 3,229 3,181 2,989 2,565 2,949 2,837 -3.8
U.S. Average 3,936 3,938 3,223 3,720 4,108 3,879 3,198 3,466 8.4
*** kilowatthour
* Prices exclude taxes
** thousand cubic feet
Note: Winter covers the period October 1 through March 31. Fuel prices are nominal prices. Fuel consumption per household is based only
on households that use that fuel as the primary space-heating fuel. Included in fuel consumption is consumption for water heating,
appliances, and lighting (electricity). Per-household consumption based on an average of EIA 2005 and 2009 Residential Energy
Consumption Surveys corrected for actual and projected heating degree days. Number of households using heating oil includes kerosene.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2015 2016 2017
Energy Supply
Crude Oil Production (a)
(million barrels per day) ......................... 9.49 9.47 9.41 9.30 9.17 8.85 8.67 8.75 8.75 8.74 8.70 8.94 9.42 8.86 8.78
Dry Natural Gas Production
(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 73.44 74.50 74.51 74.08 73.77 72.38 71.89 71.94 73.22 74.48 75.34 76.13 74.14 72.49 74.80
Coal Production
(million short tons) ................................ 240 212 237 207 173 161 205 220 194 176 200 202 897 758 772
Energy Consumption
Liquid Fuels
(million barrels per day) ......................... 19.41 19.47 19.83 19.42 19.45 19.42 19.90 19.88 19.53 19.69 20.10 20.28 19.53 19.66 19.90
Natural Gas
(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 95.88 63.40 65.48 74.19 89.30 66.81 69.24 75.57 91.73 65.84 67.89 78.59 74.65 75.22 75.96
Coal (b)
(million short tons) ................................ 213 189 229 167 167 160 224 185 186 171 211 187 798 737 755
Electricity
(billion kilowatt hours per day) ............... 10.87 10.14 11.89 9.82 10.19 9.96 12.09 10.07 10.45 10.11 11.90 10.15 10.68 10.58 10.66
Renewables (c)
(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 2.38 2.40 2.32 2.43 2.63 2.61 2.44 2.55 2.55 2.79 2.60 2.57 9.53 10.22 10.51
Total Energy Consumption (d)
(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 26.34 23.04 24.47 23.70 25.32 23.02 24.73 24.17 25.26 22.95 24.31 24.67 97.55 97.24 97.19
Energy Prices
Crude Oil West Texas Intermediate Spot
(dollars per barrel) ................................. 48.48 57.85 46.55 41.94 33.35 45.46 44.85 48.18 49.00 49.00 51.00 53.65 48.67 43.07 50.66
Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot
(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.12 2.00 2.14 2.88 2.93 3.36 3.21 3.19 3.32 2.63 2.49 3.27
Coal
(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.15 2.13 2.14 2.12 2.19 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.21 2.23 2.14 2.21
Macroeconomic
Real Gross Domestic Product
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 16,269 16,374 16,455 16,491 16,525 16,583 16,702 16,786 16,880 16,968 17,060 17,142 16,397 16,649 17,013
Percent change from prior year .............. 3.3 3.0 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.6 1.5 2.2
GDP Implicit Price Deflator
(Index, 2009=100) ................................. 109.3 109.9 110.3 110.5 110.6 111.3 111.7 112.3 113.0 113.6 114.3 114.9 110.0 111.5 114.0
Real Disposable Personal Income
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 12,183 12,300 12,399 12,491 12,556 12,621 12,688 12,747 12,839 12,918 12,988 13,064 12,343 12,653 12,952
Manufacturing Production Index
(Index, 2012=100) ................................. 103.2 103.4 103.9 103.7 103.9 103.6 103.9 103.9 104.3 104.5 105.1 106.0 103.6 103.8 105.0
Weather
U.S. Heating Degree-Days .................... 2,340 442 49 1,252 1,946 480 51 1,379 2,087 455 68 1,495 4,084 3,856 4,106
U.S. Cooling Degree-Days .................... 46 435 875 134 54 411 966 125 45 417 871 97 1,490 1,556 1,429
EIA does not estimate or project end-use consumption of non-marketed renewable energy.
Table 1. U.S. Energy Markets Summary
2015 2016 2017 Year
- = no data available
Prices are not adjusted for inflation.
(a) Includes lease condensate.
(b) Total consumption includes Independent Power Producer (IPP) consumption.
(c) Renewable energy includes minor components of non-marketed renewable energy that is neither bought nor sold, either directly or indirectly, as inputs to marketed energy.
Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
Weather projections from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(d) The conversion from physical units to Btu is calculated using a subset of conversion factors used in the calculations of gross energy consumption in EIA’s Monthly Energy Review
Consequently, the historical data may not precisely match those published in the MER or the Annual Energy Review (AER).
Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130;
Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and International Petroleum Monthly , DOE/EIA-0520.

Crude Oil (dollars per barrel)
West Texas Intermediate Spot Average .............................. 48.48 57.85 46.55 41.94 33.35 45.46 44.85 48.18 49.00 49.00 51.00 53.65 48.67 43.07 50.66
Brent Spot Average ............................................................. 53.91 61.65 50.43 43.55 33.89 45.57 45.80 48.11 50.00 50.00 52.00 54.65 52.32 43.46 51.66
U.S. Imported Average ........................................................ 46.37 56.07 45.59 37.88 28.83 40.35 41.66 44.68 45.50 45.50 47.50 50.17 46.34 38.86 47.20
U.S. Refiner Average Acquisition Cost ................................ 47.94 57.47 47.67 40.48 30.84 42.23 43.18 47.17 48.00 48.00 49.98 52.67 48.40 40.92 49.70
U.S. Liquid Fuels (cents per gallon)
Refiner Prices for Resale
Gasoline ........................................................................... 159 201 184 145 119 158 150 151 145 165 165 151 173 145 157
Diesel Fuel ....................................................................... 176 189 161 141 109 141 145 157 161 163 170 179 167 138 168
Heating Oil ........................................................................ 178 180 151 129 99 125 132 150 159 154 161 173 157 122 162
Refiner Prices to End Users
Jet Fuel ............................................................................. 172 186 156 138 107 134 137 152 158 157 165 175 163 133 164
No. 6 Residual Fuel Oil (a) ............................................... 136 154 124 101 69 89 103 115 119 118 123 130 126 95 122
Retail Prices Including Taxes
Gasoline Regular Grade (b) ............................................. 227 266 260 216 190 225 221 221 215 238 240 226 243 214 230
Gasoline All Grades (b) .................................................... 236 275 269 226 200 235 232 232 226 249 251 237 252 225 241
On-highway Diesel Fuel ................................................... 292 285 263 243 208 230 238 248 264 265 270 281 271 231 270
Heating Oil ........................................................................ 288 276 247 224 195 205 211 239 258 253 257 271 265 212 262
Natural Gas
Henry Hub Spot (dollars per thousand cubic feet) .............. 2.99 2.84 2.85 2.19 2.06 2.21 2.97 3.02 3.47 3.31 3.29 3.42 2.72 2.57 3.37
Henry Hub Spot (dollars per million Btu) ............................ 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.12 2.00 2.14 2.88 2.93 3.36 3.21 3.19 3.32 2.63 2.49 3.27
U.S. Retail Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet)
Industrial Sector ............................................................... 4.67 3.75 3.71 3.41 3.44 2.93 3.62 4.18 4.84 4.25 4.29 4.62 3.91 3.56 4.52
Commercial Sector .......................................................... 7.94 8.17 8.45 7.40 6.84 7.25 8.21 7.75 7.83 8.37 8.80 8.17 7.90 7.34 8.12
Residential Sector ............................................................ 9.29 12.02 16.52 10.08 8.53 11.16 16.99 10.80 9.84 12.45 16.68 10.89 10.36 10.24 11.02
U.S. Electricity
Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)
Coal .................................................................................. 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.15 2.13 2.14 2.12 2.19 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.21 2.23 2.14 2.21
Natural Gas ..................................................................... 4.10 3.12 3.10 2.72 2.65 2.51 3.00 3.62 4.25 3.71 3.52 4.00 3.23 2.94 3.83
Residual Fuel Oil (c) ......................................................... 10.82 11.64 10.49 7.76 6.15 8.51 9.85 8.98 9.29 10.07 9.82 10.03 10.36 8.44 9.80
Distillate Fuel Oil .............................................................. 15.61 15.17 13.19 11.76 9.02 11.03 11.79 12.99 13.58 13.55 13.91 14.97 14.44 11.12 13.99
Retail Prices (cents per kilowatthour)
Industrial Sector ............................................................... 6.79 6.83 7.34 6.65 6.42 6.67 7.20 6.66 6.49 6.82 7.37 6.75 6.91 6.75 6.87
Commercial Sector .......................................................... 10.42 10.62 11.03 10.43 10.12 10.34 10.67 10.16 10.14 10.55 11.03 10.50 10.64 10.34 10.58
Residential Sector ............................................................ 12.23 12.83 12.96 12.57 12.20 12.66 12.81 12.36 12.33 12.93 13.32 12.84 12.65 12.53 12.87
(c) Includes fuel oils No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and topped crude.
Table 2. Energy Prices
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Average for all sulfur contents.
(b) Average self-service cash price.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.
Prices exclude taxes unless otherwise noted.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380;
Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Monthly Energy Review , DOE/EIA-0035.
WTI and Brent crude oils, and Henry Hub natural gas spot prices from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).

Supply (million barrels per day) (a)
OECD ................................................. 26.76 26.51 26.89 27.12 26.97 25.92 26.25 26.53 26.43 26.56 26.55 27.14 26.82 26.41 26.67
U.S. (50 States) ............................... 14.93 15.19 15.21 15.17 14.96 14.88 14.67 14.68 14.57 14.88 15.09 15.45 15.12 14.80 15.00
Canada ............................................ 4.69 4.16 4.56 4.62 4.73 3.98 4.63 4.72 4.79 4.76 4.78 4.84 4.51 4.52 4.79
Mexico ............................................. 2.68 2.58 2.62 2.62 2.57 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.62 2.51 2.43
North Sea (b) ................................... 3.00 3.10 2.95 3.20 3.24 3.10 2.95 3.18 3.14 3.00 2.77 2.94 3.06 3.12 2.96
Other OECD .................................... 1.46 1.49 1.55 1.52 1.47 1.45 1.50 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.50 1.47 1.48
Non-OECD ......................................... 67.96 68.95 69.55 69.37 68.56 69.58 70.06 70.68 69.98 70.90 71.19 70.92 68.96 69.72 70.75
OPEC .............................................. 37.59 38.30 38.76 38.56 38.38 39.07 39.68 40.02 39.87 40.18 40.42 40.42 38.31 39.29 40.22
Crude Oil Portion .......................... 31.06 31.74 32.19 31.99 31.77 32.41 32.83 33.09 32.84 33.13 33.34 33.29 31.75 32.53 33.15
Other Liquids (c) ........................... 6.53 6.56 6.57 6.57 6.61 6.67 6.85 6.93 7.03 7.05 7.08 7.13 6.56 6.76 7.07
Eurasia ............................................ 14.18 14.02 14.01 14.17 14.37 14.22 14.05 14.55 14.61 14.56 14.37 14.42 14.10 14.30 14.49
China ............................................... 4.68 4.76 4.73 4.72 4.59 4.47 4.36 4.42 4.30 4.33 4.32 4.36 4.72 4.46 4.33
Other Non-OECD ............................ 11.51 11.88 12.05 11.92 11.23 11.82 11.97 11.69 11.20 11.83 12.08 11.72 11.84 11.68 11.71
Total World Supply ............................. 94.72 95.46 96.44 96.49 95.52 95.50 96.31 97.21 96.41 97.47 97.75 98.05 95.78 96.14 97.42
Non-OPEC Supply .............................. 57.13 57.16 57.68 57.92 57.14 56.42 56.63 57.19 56.54 57.29 57.32 57.63 57.48 56.85 57.20
Consumption (million barrels per day) (d)
OECD ................................................. 46.63 45.64 46.92 46.46 46.72 45.97 46.64 47.13 47.02 45.95 46.90 47.58 46.41 46.62 46.87
U.S. (50 States) ............................... 19.41 19.47 19.83 19.42 19.45 19.42 19.90 19.88 19.53 19.69 20.10 20.28 19.53 19.66 19.90
U.S. Territories ................................ 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.40 0.42
Canada ............................................ 2.43 2.33 2.45 2.40 2.39 2.36 2.38 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.36 2.35 2.41 2.37 2.32
Europe ............................................. 13.43 13.54 14.13 13.68 13.60 13.82 13.94 13.87 13.83 13.59 14.05 13.97 13.70 13.81 13.86
Japan ............................................... 4.70 3.80 3.85 4.14 4.43 3.70 3.71 4.07 4.29 3.61 3.64 3.99 4.12 3.98 3.88
Other OECD .................................... 6.29 6.12 6.28 6.44 6.45 6.28 6.30 6.55 6.64 6.39 6.33 6.58 6.28 6.40 6.48
Non-OECD ......................................... 46.71 47.82 48.28 47.81 47.46 49.31 49.52 48.93 48.79 50.57 50.88 50.24 47.66 48.81 50.13
Eurasia ............................................ 4.71 4.65 4.92 4.90 4.73 4.66 4.93 4.92 4.77 4.70 4.98 4.96 4.80 4.81 4.85
Europe ............................................. 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.75 0.76
China ............................................... 11.13 11.26 11.35 11.38 11.25 11.87 11.72 11.77 11.56 12.20 12.15 12.09 11.28 11.65 12.00
Other Asia ........................................ 12.26 12.48 12.00 12.34 12.84 13.04 12.53 12.91 13.38 13.60 13.06 13.44 12.27 12.83 13.37
Other Non-OECD ............................ 17.89 18.71 19.26 18.45 17.92 19.00 19.57 18.57 18.34 19.32 19.92 18.97 18.58 18.77 19.14
Total World Consumption ................... 93.34 93.46 95.19 94.26 94.18 95.29 96.16 96.06 95.81 96.52 97.78 97.83 94.07 95.43 96.99
Total Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventory Net Withdrawals (million barrels per day)
U.S. (50 States) .................................. -0.63 -0.64 -0.33 -0.14 -0.41 -0.28 -0.01 0.45 0.32 -0.29 -0.04 0.64 -0.43 -0.06 0.16
Other OECD ....................................... -0.33 -0.36 -0.43 -0.29 0.00 -0.17 -0.05 -0.57 -0.33 -0.22 0.03 -0.31 -0.35 -0.20 -0.21
Other Stock Draws and Balance ........ -0.43 -1.01 -0.50 -1.79 -0.94 0.24 -0.09 -1.02 -0.59 -0.44 0.05 -0.56 -0.93 -0.45 -0.38
Total Stock Draw ............................. -1.38 -2.00 -1.25 -2.22 -1.34 -0.21 -0.15 -1.15 -0.60 -0.95 0.04 -0.23 -1.71 -0.71 -0.43
End-of-period Commercial Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventories
U.S. Commercial Inventory ................ 1,192 1,247 1,276 1,289 1,326 1,352 1,353 1,311 1,283 1,309 1,312 1,255 1,289 1,311 1,255
OECD Commercial Inventory ............. 2,772 2,859 2,934 2,967 2,997 3,041 3,046 3,057 3,059 3,105 3,106 3,077 2,967 3,057 3,077
(a) Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.
Table 3a. International Petroleum and Other Liquids Production, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.
(b) Includes offshore supply from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom.
(c) Includes lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, other liquids, and refinery processing gain. Includes other unaccounted-for liquids.
(d) Consumption of petroleum by the OECD countries is synonymous with "petroleum product supplied," defined in the glossary of the EIAPetroleum Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109.
Consumption of petroleum by the non-OECD countries is "apparent consumption," which includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

North America ........................................................... 22.29 21.93 22.39 22.40 22.25 21.36 21.81 21.88 21.83 22.09 22.30 22.69 22.25 21.83 22.23
Canada ........................................................................ 4.69 4.16 4.56 4.62 4.73 3.98 4.63 4.72 4.79 4.76 4.78 4.84 4.51 4.52 4.79
Mexico .......................................................................... 2.68 2.58 2.62 2.62 2.57 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.62 2.51 2.43
United States ............................................................... 14.93 15.19 15.21 15.17 14.96 14.88 14.67 14.68 14.57 14.88 15.09 15.45 15.12 14.80 15.00
Central and South America .................................... 4.94 5.41 5.64 5.41 4.74 5.39 5.62 5.25 4.78 5.40 5.63 5.26 5.35 5.25 5.27
Argentina ...................................................................... 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.71
Brazil ............................................................................ 2.75 3.23 3.50 3.24 2.65 3.36 3.63 3.19 2.73 3.38 3.66 3.21 3.18 3.21 3.25
Colombia ...................................................................... 1.05 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.93 0.87 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.91 1.03 0.92 0.91
Other Central and S. America ..................................... 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.41
Europe ........................................................................ 3.95 4.05 3.91 4.15 4.19 4.04 3.89 4.12 4.07 3.93 3.71 3.88 4.02 4.06 3.90
Norway ......................................................................... 1.94 1.94 1.92 2.03 2.04 1.95 1.91 2.11 2.06 1.96 1.91 1.95 1.96 2.00 1.97
United Kingdom (offshore) .......................................... 0.88 0.97 0.85 0.99 1.05 0.99 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.72 0.85 0.93 0.95 0.84
Other North Sea .......................................................... 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.15
Eurasia ........................................................................ 14.20 14.03 14.03 14.19 14.38 14.23 14.06 14.57 14.62 14.58 14.38 14.43 14.11 14.31 14.50
Azerbaijan .................................................................... 0.89 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.86 0.86 0.83
Kazakhstan .................................................................. 1.80 1.76 1.70 1.75 1.79 1.70 1.64 1.75 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.81
Russia .......................................................................... 11.00 10.96 11.01 11.14 11.27 11.19 11.08 11.48 11.50 11.46 11.27 11.32 11.03 11.25 11.39
Turkmenistan ............................................................... 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29
Other Eurasia ............................................................... 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20
Middle East ................................................................ 1.18 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
Oman ........................................................................... 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.03
Syria ............................................................................. 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Yemen .......................................................................... 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01
Asia and Oceania ..................................................... 8.44 8.49 8.47 8.50 8.34 8.16 8.04 8.12 8.00 8.02 8.01 8.07 8.48 8.16 8.03
Australia ....................................................................... 0.39 0.39 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.38
China ............................................................................ 4.68 4.76 4.73 4.72 4.59 4.47 4.36 4.42 4.30 4.33 4.32 4.36 4.72 4.46 4.33
India ............................................................................. 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00
Malaysia ....................................................................... 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.75
Vietnam ........................................................................ 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.35 0.32 0.31
Africa .......................................................................... 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.14 2.09 2.10 2.08 2.11 2.09 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.13
Egypt ............................................................................ 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.71 0.69 0.68
Equatorial Guinea ........................................................ 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.27 0.25 0.22
Sudan and South Sudan ............................................. 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25
Total non-OPEC liquids ............................................ 57.13 57.16 57.68 57.92 57.14 56.42 56.63 57.19 56.54 57.29 57.32 57.63 57.48 56.85 57.20
OPEC non-crude liquids ......................................... 6.53 6.56 6.57 6.57 6.61 6.67 6.85 6.93 7.03 7.05 7.08 7.13 6.56 6.76 7.07
Non-OPEC + OPEC non-crude ............................... 63.66 63.72 64.25 64.50 63.75 63.09 63.48 64.12 63.57 64.34 64.40 64.77 64.04 63.61 64.27
Unplanned non-OPEC Production Outages ........... 0.27 0.46 0.40 0.34 0.38 0.76 0.42 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.37 n/a n/a
Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply (million barrels per day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.
Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.
Not all countries are shown in each region and sum of reported country volumes may not equal regional volumes.

Crude Oil
Algeria .............................................................. 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.05 - - - - - 1.10 - -
Angola .............................................................. 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.78 1.78 1.79 1.79 - - - - - 1.78 - -
Ecudaor ........................................................... 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.56 - - - - - 0.54 - -
Gabon .............................................................. 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 - - - - - 0.21 - -
Indonesia ......................................................... 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 - - - - - 0.68 - -
Iran ................................................................... 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 3.03 3.57 3.65 - - - - - 2.80 - -
Iraq ................................................................... 3.49 3.97 4.30 4.35 4.29 4.38 4.42 - - - - - 4.03 - -
Kuwait .............................................................. 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.45 2.48 2.43 2.52 - - - - - 2.51 - -
Libya ................................................................ 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.39 0.35 0.31 0.29 - - - - - 0.40 - -
Nigeria .............................................................. 2.00 1.83 1.86 1.90 1.77 1.56 1.50 - - - - - 1.90 - -
Qatar ................................................................ 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.68 0.67 - - - - - 0.68 - -
Saudi Arabia .................................................... 9.73 10.07 10.22 10.00 9.98 10.33 10.59 - - - - - 10.01 - -
United Arab Emirates ....................................... 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.57 2.72 - - - - - 2.70 - -
Venezuela ........................................................ 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.23 2.11 - - - - - 2.40 - -
OPEC Total ................................................... 31.06 31.74 32.19 31.99 31.77 32.41 32.83 33.09 32.84 33.13 33.34 33.29 31.75 32.53 33.15
Other Liquids (a) ............................................... 6.53 6.56 6.57 6.57 6.61 6.67 6.85 6.93 7.03 7.05 7.08 7.13 6.56 6.76 7.07
Total OPEC Supply ........................................... 37.59 38.30 38.76 38.56 38.38 39.07 39.68 40.02 39.87 40.18 40.42 40.42 38.31 39.29 40.22
Crude Oil Production Capacity
Africa ................................................................ 5.47 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.16 4.92 4.84 5.14 5.28 5.32 5.33 5.40 5.40 5.01 5.33
Middle East ...................................................... 23.89 24.28 24.53 24.53 24.88 25.23 25.54 25.73 25.69 25.73 25.79 25.84 24.31 25.35 25.76
South America and Asia .................................. 3.65 3.66 3.63 3.63 3.58 3.52 3.41 3.36 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.22 3.64 3.47 3.25
OPEC Total ................................................... 33.00 33.30 33.53 33.54 33.61 33.67 33.79 34.23 34.26 34.31 34.34 34.45 33.35 33.83 34.34
Surplus Crude Oil Production Capacity
Africa ................................................................ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Middle East ...................................................... 1.92 1.53 1.33 1.55 1.84 1.26 0.96 1.14 1.42 1.18 1.00 1.17 1.58 1.30 1.19
South America and Asia .................................. 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
OPEC Total ................................................... 1.94 1.56 1.34 1.56 1.85 1.26 0.96 1.14 1.42 1.18 1.00 1.17 1.60 1.30 1.19
Unplanned OPEC Production Outages ........... 2.56 2.62 2.74 2.78 2.09 2.44 2.34 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2.68 n/a n/a
2015 2016 2017 Year
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Gabon, Libya, and Nigeria (Africa); Ecuador and Venezuela (South America); Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United
(a) Includes lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, other liquids, and refinery processing gain. Includes other unaccounted-for liquids.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2015 2016 2017
North America ............................................................. 23.79 23.78 24.36 23.88 23.82 23.73 24.24 24.21 23.81 23.93 24.41 24.58 23.95 24.00 24.19
Canada .......................................................................... 2.43 2.33 2.45 2.40 2.39 2.36 2.38 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.36 2.35 2.41 2.37 2.32
Mexico ........................................................................... 1.94 1.97 2.07 2.05 1.98 1.94 1.94 1.95 1.95 1.97 1.94 1.95 2.01 1.95 1.95
United States ................................................................. 19.41 19.47 19.83 19.42 19.45 19.42 19.90 19.88 19.53 19.69 20.10 20.28 19.53 19.66 19.90
Central and South America ..................................... 7.09 7.34 7.36 7.36 7.06 7.34 7.40 7.38 7.10 7.37 7.40 7.38 7.29 7.30 7.31
Brazil .............................................................................. 3.00 3.11 3.18 3.17 2.93 3.04 3.11 3.10 2.88 2.99 3.06 3.04 3.12 3.04 3.00
Europe ......................................................................... 14.15 14.27 14.88 14.43 14.33 14.56 14.70 14.63 14.57 14.34 14.82 14.74 14.44 14.56 14.62
Eurasia ......................................................................... 4.74 4.67 4.95 4.93 4.76 4.69 4.97 4.95 4.81 4.73 5.01 5.00 4.82 4.84 4.89
Russia ........................................................................... 3.39 3.34 3.54 3.53 3.35 3.30 3.50 3.48 3.34 3.29 3.48 3.47 3.45 3.41 3.40
Middle East ................................................................. 7.83 8.42 8.97 8.14 7.74 8.59 9.21 8.18 8.05 8.78 9.41 8.42 8.34 8.43 8.67
Asia and Oceania ...................................................... 31.85 31.10 30.83 31.67 32.40 32.32 31.62 32.67 33.23 33.13 32.52 33.47 31.36 32.26 33.09
China ............................................................................. 11.13 11.26 11.35 11.38 11.25 11.87 11.72 11.77 11.56 12.20 12.15 12.09 11.28 11.65 12.00
Japan ............................................................................. 4.70 3.80 3.85 4.14 4.43 3.70 3.71 4.07 4.29 3.61 3.64 3.99 4.12 3.98 3.88
India ............................................................................... 4.19 4.17 3.82 4.13 4.54 4.50 4.13 4.48 4.87 4.85 4.44 4.80 4.08 4.41 4.74
Africa ........................................................................... 3.89 3.88 3.84 3.86 4.07 4.06 4.02 4.04 4.26 4.25 4.20 4.23 3.86 4.05 4.23
Total OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 46.63 45.64 46.92 46.46 46.72 45.97 46.64 47.13 47.02 45.95 46.90 47.58 46.41 46.62 46.87
Total non-OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .......... 46.71 47.82 48.28 47.81 47.46 49.31 49.52 48.93 48.79 50.57 50.88 50.24 47.66 48.81 50.13
Total World Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 93.34 93.46 95.19 94.26 94.18 95.29 96.16 96.06 95.81 96.52 97.78 97.83 94.07 95.43 96.99
World Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ........................................ 116.6 117.2 117.8 118.4 119.0 119.7 120.4 121.3 122.0 122.8 123.8 124.6 117.5 120.1 123.3
Percent change from prior year ................................. 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.7
OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ....................................... 109.6 110.1 110.6 111.0 111.4 111.8 112.3 112.9 113.4 113.9 114.4 115.0 110.3 112.1 114.2
Non-OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ............................... 125.3 126.1 126.9 127.9 128.6 129.8 130.8 132.0 133.1 134.3 135.7 137.0 126.6 130.3 135.1
Real U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate (a)
Index, January 2010 = 100 ........................................... 119.22 119.51 122.84 124.74 128.56 127.49 127.89 128.83 130.17 131.01 131.67 131.77 121.58 128.19 131.16
Percent change from prior year .................................... 10.2 10.7 12.7 9.8 7.8 6.7 4.1 3.3 1.3 2.8 3.0 2.3 10.8 5.4 2.3
Table 3d. World Petrioleum and Other Liquids Consumption (million barrels per day)
2015 2016 2017
Oil-weighted Real Gross Domestic Product (a)
OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
(a) Weighted geometric mean of real indices for various countries with weights equal to each country's share of world oil consumption in the base period. Exchange rate is measured in foreign currency per U.S.
dollar.

Supply (million barrels per day)
Crude Oil Supply
Domestic Production (a) ......................................... 9.49 9.47 9.41 9.30 9.17 8.85 8.67 8.75 8.75 8.74 8.70 8.94 9.42 8.86 8.78
Alaska .................................................................. 0.50 0.48 0.44 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46
Federal Gulf of Mexico (b) ................................... 1.43 1.44 1.62 1.57 1.61 1.58 1.57 1.72 1.81 1.84 1.76 1.90 1.51 1.62 1.83
Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ................................ 7.56 7.56 7.35 7.21 7.05 6.78 6.65 6.54 6.46 6.44 6.51 6.55 7.42 6.76 6.49
Crude Oil Net Imports (c) ........................................ 6.84 6.73 6.96 7.05 7.46 7.19 7.45 7.32 7.04 7.33 7.64 7.33 6.90 7.36 7.34
SPR Net Withdrawals ............................................. 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
Commercial Inventory Net Withdrawals ................. -0.91 0.05 0.11 -0.22 -0.57 0.04 0.31 -0.06 -0.19 0.18 0.24 0.14 -0.24 -0.07 0.10
Crude Oil Adjustment (d) ........................................ 0.08 0.24 0.12 0.08 -0.06 0.14 0.09 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.08 0.19
Total Crude Oil Input to Refineries ............................. 15.48 16.46 16.59 16.21 16.00 16.22 16.53 16.17 15.79 16.44 16.79 16.58 16.19 16.23 16.40
Other Supply
Refinery Processing Gain ....................................... 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.10 1.15 1.08 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.07
Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production .................... 3.15 3.34 3.40 3.47 3.38 3.57 3.46 3.49 3.46 3.71 3.91 4.03 3.34 3.48 3.78
Renewables and Oxygenate Production (e) ........... 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.17 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.09 1.14 1.13
Fuel Ethanol Production ...................................... 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.97 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.99 1.00
Petroleum Products Adjustment (f) ........................ 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.23
Product Net Imports (c) ........................................... -1.81 -2.06 -2.14 -2.74 -2.48 -2.51 -2.31 -2.73 -2.59 -2.43 -2.80 -3.29 -2.19 -2.51 -2.78
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... -0.67 -0.79 -0.91 -0.86 -1.00 -1.10 -0.93 -1.18 -1.18 -1.25 -1.36 -1.43 -0.81 -1.05 -1.31
Unfinished Oils .................................................... 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.18 0.30 0.41 0.37 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.28 0.29 0.35 0.31
Other HC/Oxygenates .......................................... -0.07 -0.09 -0.06 -0.07 -0.10 -0.08 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08 -0.06
Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 0.41 0.53 0.60 0.29 0.34 0.65 0.59 0.51 0.42 0.66 0.52 0.42 0.46 0.52 0.51
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... -0.44 -0.31 -0.40 -0.47 -0.56 -0.47 -0.49 -0.79 -0.53 -0.43 -0.44 -0.63 -0.40 -0.58 -0.51
Jet Fuel ................................................................ -0.06 0.01 -0.05 -0.06 -0.03 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 0.01
Distillate Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.68 -1.05 -1.09 -1.07 -0.85 -1.21 -1.13 -0.92 -0.96 -1.07 -1.19 -1.16 -0.98 -1.03 -1.09
Residual Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.12 -0.20 -0.12 -0.10 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.05 -0.09 -0.14 -0.14 -0.12 -0.13 -0.06 -0.12
Other Oils (g) ....................................................... -0.49 -0.46 -0.50 -0.58 -0.52 -0.62 -0.58 -0.52 -0.50 -0.45 -0.50 -0.60 -0.51 -0.56 -0.51
Product Inventory Net Withdrawals ........................ 0.29 -0.65 -0.42 0.08 0.17 -0.32 -0.32 0.51 0.51 -0.47 -0.28 0.48 -0.18 0.01 0.06
Total Supply ............................................................... 19.41 19.47 19.83 19.42 19.47 19.42 19.90 19.88 19.53 19.69 20.10 20.28 19.53 19.67 19.90
Consumption (million barrels per day)
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 2.78 2.37 2.39 2.66 2.73 2.25 2.40 2.68 2.73 2.35 2.54 2.93 2.55 2.51 2.64
Unfinished Oils ....................................................... -0.03 0.07 -0.02 -0.05 0.01 -0.06 -0.05 0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 -0.01 -0.02 0.00
Motor Gasoline ....................................................... 8.84 9.29 9.41 9.17 9.09 9.44 9.56 9.16 9.07 9.52 9.54 9.37 9.18 9.31 9.37
Fuel Ethanol blended into Motor Gasoline .......... 0.87 0.92 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.94
Jet Fuel ................................................................... 1.46 1.57 1.60 1.57 1.50 1.61 1.68 1.65 1.52 1.58 1.64 1.64 1.55 1.61 1.60
Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 4.26 3.90 3.96 3.86 3.90 3.80 3.79 4.02 4.01 3.88 3.85 4.02 4.00 3.88 3.94
Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.40 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.36 0.30
Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 1.85 2.07 2.19 1.92 1.89 1.98 2.16 1.97 1.89 2.08 2.24 1.99 2.01 2.00 2.05
Total Consumption .................................................... 19.41 19.47 19.83 19.42 19.45 19.42 19.90 19.88 19.53 19.69 20.10 20.28 19.53 19.66 19.90
Total Petroleum and Other Liquids Net Imports .... 5.03 4.68 4.83 4.32 4.97 4.68 5.15 4.59 4.45 4.91 4.83 4.04 4.71 4.85 4.56
End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)
Commercial Inventory
Crude Oil (excluding SPR) ...................................... 443.2 438.8 429.1 449.2 501.5 498.0 469.1 474.5 491.4 474.8 452.7 439.8 449.2 474.5 439.8
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 140.5 196.0 229.2 197.0 154.4 211.8 251.6 199.5 156.7 203.7 232.9 183.9 197.0 199.5 183.9
Unfinished Oils ....................................................... 85.0 86.3 89.0 82.9 91.4 86.7 83.3 78.8 89.2 88.1 85.6 79.2 82.9 78.8 79.2
Other HC/Oxygenates ............................................. 27.0 25.2 23.9 27.1 28.2 27.7 27.1 25.6 27.7 26.6 25.8 26.1 27.1 25.6 26.1
Total Motor Gasoline .............................................. 232.9 221.1 225.2 235.5 243.3 242.1 227.0 237.7 233.7 229.5 228.8 240.5 235.5 237.7 240.5
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 26.7 25.2 29.0 28.6 26.5 24.9 25.1 27.9 27.1 25.6 26.7 28.2 28.6 27.9 28.2
Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 206.2 195.9 196.2 206.9 216.9 217.2 201.9 209.9 206.6 203.8 202.1 212.3 206.9 209.9 212.3
Jet Fuel ................................................................... 38.3 43.8 40.5 40.4 43.8 40.4 44.7 42.1 41.5 42.6 44.6 40.8 40.4 42.1 40.8
Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 128.7 139.6 149.4 161.3 160.6 149.2 160.4 160.1 141.9 144.7 151.6 151.5 161.3 160.1 151.5
Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 38.4 42.0 41.6 42.1 44.5 40.3 38.8 39.2 41.6 42.0 39.5 39.8 42.1 39.2 39.8
Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 58.3 54.6 48.4 53.9 58.4 55.6 50.5 53.6 58.9 56.8 50.7 53.1 53.9 53.6 53.1
Total Commercial Inventory ....................................... 1,192 1,247 1,276 1,289 1,326 1,352 1,353 1,311 1,283 1,309 1,312 1,255 1,289 1,311 1,255
Crude Oil in SPR ....................................................... 691 694 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 695 694 695 695 694
(e) Renewables and oxygenate production includes pentanes plus, oxygenates (excluding fuel ethanol), and renewable fuels.
Table 4a. U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Includes lease condensate.
(b) Crude oil production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM).
(c) Net imports equals gross imports minus gross exports.
(d) Crude oil adjustment balances supply and consumption and was previously referred to as "Unaccounted for Crude Oil."
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.
(f) Petroleum products adjustment includes hydrogen/oxygenates/renewables/other hydrocarbons, motor gasoline blend components, and finished motor gasoline.
(g) "Other Oils" inludes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still
gas, and miscellaneous products.
SPR: Strategic Petroleum Reserve
HC: Hydrocarbons
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;

HGL Production
Natural Gas Processing Plants
Ethane ............................................................. 1.07 1.12 1.12 1.21 1.20 1.34 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.43 1.54 1.65 1.13 1.24 1.48
Propane ........................................................... 1.09 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.14 1.16 1.19
Butanes ........................................................... 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.63 0.64 0.65
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... 0.39 0.44 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.47 0.43 0.44 0.46
Refinery and Blender Net Production
Ethane/Ethylene .............................................. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Propane/Propylene ......................................... 0.54 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.59
Butanes/Butylenes .......................................... -0.08 0.27 0.19 -0.19 -0.11 0.26 0.20 -0.17 -0.06 0.25 0.19 -0.17 0.05 0.04 0.05
Renewable Fuels and Oxygenate Plant Net Production
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
HGL Net Imports
Ethane ................................................................ -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 -0.09 -0.10 -0.13 -0.20 -0.24 -0.26 -0.28 -0.06 -0.10 -0.24
Propane/Propylene ............................................ -0.39 -0.48 -0.54 -0.55 -0.65 -0.68 -0.56 -0.71 -0.66 -0.67 -0.67 -0.75 -0.49 -0.65 -0.69
Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. -0.05 -0.09 -0.11 -0.08 -0.07 -0.12 -0.08 -0.14 -0.10 -0.15 -0.18 -0.16 -0.08 -0.10 -0.15
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... -0.17 -0.15 -0.21 -0.16 -0.20 -0.21 -0.19 -0.21 -0.21 -0.20 -0.25 -0.24 -0.17 -0.20 -0.23
HGL Refinery and Blender Net Inputs
Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. 0.40 0.27 0.32 0.50 0.43 0.28 0.32 0.44 0.37 0.27 0.31 0.45 0.37 0.37 0.35
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16
HGL Consumption
Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.15 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.32 1.41 1.07 1.12 1.27
Propane/Propylene ............................................ 1.46 0.97 1.01 1.21 1.41 0.88 0.98 1.22 1.36 0.90 0.96 1.25 1.16 1.12 1.11
HGL Inventories (million barrels)
Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 31.81 31.91 32.55 34.37 33.76 45.19 50.71 47.78 40.59 41.08 41.27 37.83 32.67 44.39 40.19
Propane/Propylene ............................................ 59.23 84.75 100.19 96.25 66.38 85.18 103.83 86.44 58.34 78.01 94.37 78.48 96.25 86.44 78.48
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs
Crude OIl .............................................................. 15.48 16.46 16.59 16.21 16.00 16.22 16.53 16.17 15.79 16.44 16.79 16.58 16.19 16.23 16.40
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.54 0.41 0.47 0.64 0.57 0.43 0.46 0.60 0.52 0.43 0.47 0.61 0.52 0.52 0.51
Other Hydrocarbons/Oxygenates ........................ 1.12 1.18 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.22 1.23 1.21 1.16 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.17 1.20 1.23
Unfinished Oils ..................................................... 0.26 0.22 0.39 0.30 0.19 0.53 0.46 0.32 0.19 0.34 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.37 0.31
Motor Gasoline Blend Components ..................... 0.66 0.85 0.73 0.41 0.31 0.82 0.91 0.60 0.67 0.91 0.74 0.51 0.66 0.66 0.71
Aviation Gasoline Blend Components ................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Refinery and Blender Net Inputs .................... 18.06 19.11 19.38 18.73 18.22 19.22 19.60 18.90 18.33 19.36 19.63 19.27 18.82 18.99 19.15
Refinery Processing Gain .................................. 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.10 1.15 1.08 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.06 1.10 1.07
Refinery and Blender Net Production
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.47 0.86 0.76 0.37 0.47 0.86 0.78 0.41 0.52 0.86 0.79 0.42 0.61 0.63 0.65
Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 9.43 9.78 9.96 9.85 9.68 10.06 10.19 10.11 9.80 10.14 10.18 10.19 9.75 10.01 10.08
Jet Fuel ................................................................. 1.51 1.61 1.61 1.63 1.57 1.61 1.75 1.63 1.49 1.60 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.64 1.59
Distillate Fuel ........................................................ 4.83 5.00 5.09 5.01 4.70 4.80 4.93 4.86 4.69 4.89 5.03 5.10 4.98 4.82 4.93
Residual Fuel ....................................................... 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42
Other Oils (a) ........................................................ 2.44 2.48 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.57 2.68 2.53 2.44 2.51 2.67 2.62 2.53 2.56 2.56
Total Refinery and Blender Net Production ............ 19.10 20.17 20.46 19.80 19.29 20.32 20.75 19.97 19.37 20.43 20.73 20.36 19.89 20.08 20.23
Refinery Distillation Inputs ................................ 15.76 16.68 16.86 16.40 16.27 16.50 16.89 16.43 16.07 16.66 17.04 16.80 16.43 16.52 16.65
Refinery Operable Distillation Capacity ........... 17.96 17.99 18.11 18.17 18.31 18.36 18.44 18.45 18.49 18.49 18.49 18.49 18.06 18.39 18.49
Refinery Distillation Utilization Factor .............. 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.90 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90
Table 4b. U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) and Petroleum Refinery Balances (million barrels per day, except inventories and utilization factor)
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) "Other Oils" includes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still
gas, and miscellaneous products.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;
Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.

Prices (cents per gallon)
Refiner Wholesale Price ...................... 159 201 184 145 119 158 150 151 145 165 165 151 173 145 157
Gasoline Regular Grade Retail Prices Including Taxes
PADD 1 .............................................. 228 259 247 211 187 220 215 221 219 236 237 230 236 211 231
PADD 2 .............................................. 216 256 253 209 176 221 215 209 205 233 235 219 234 206 223
PADD 3 .............................................. 204 240 228 190 167 201 199 199 195 214 214 201 216 191 206
PADD 4 .............................................. 207 261 276 218 184 221 226 219 202 228 241 225 241 213 224
PADD 5 .............................................. 271 328 327 264 241 265 264 263 248 277 279 256 298 259 265
U.S. Average ................................... 227 266 260 216 190 225 221 221 215 238 240 226 243 214 230
Gasoline All Grades Including Taxes 236 275 269 226 200 235 232 232 226 249 251 237 252 225 241
End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)
Total Gasoline Inventories
PADD 1 .............................................. 64.5 61.4 62.6 60.7 65.9 73.0 58.6 62.7 62.8 63.9 62.5 64.3 60.7 62.7 64.3
PADD 2 .............................................. 52.9 50.4 47.0 53.7 56.7 53.3 50.6 51.7 52.3 49.7 49.9 52.2 53.7 51.7 52.2
PADD 3 .............................................. 79.8 74.6 78.1 84.6 83.0 80.4 83.3 84.6 81.0 80.4 80.9 84.7 84.6 84.6 84.7
PADD 4 .............................................. 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.7 8.4 7.5 6.9 7.9 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.9 7.7 7.9 7.9
PADD 5 .............................................. 29.2 28.0 30.3 28.7 29.4 27.9 27.6 30.9 30.3 28.2 28.2 31.5 28.7 30.9 31.5
U.S. Total ........................................ 232.9 221.1 225.2 235.5 243.3 242.1 227.0 237.7 233.7 229.5 228.8 240.5 235.5 237.7 240.5
Finished Gasoline Inventories
U.S. Total ........................................ 26.7 25.2 29.0 28.6 26.5 24.9 25.1 27.9 27.1 25.6 26.7 28.2 28.6 27.9 28.2
Gasoline Blending Components Inventories
U.S. Total ........................................ 206.2 195.9 196.2 206.9 216.9 217.2 201.9 209.9 206.6 203.8 202.1 212.3 206.9 209.9 212.3
Table 4c. U.S. Regional Motor Gasoline Prices and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109; Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.
Regions refer to Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD).
See “Petroleum for Administration Defense District” in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380;

Supply (billion cubic feet per day)
Total Marketed Production ............ 78.03 79.17 79.17 78.72 78.66 77.52 76.88 76.89 78.25 79.60 80.52 81.36 78.78 77.48 79.94
Alaska ...................................... 0.99 0.93 0.86 0.98 0.98 0.86 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.82 0.76 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.87
Federal GOM (a) ....................... 3.27 3.54 3.81 3.49 3.48 3.34 3.23 3.31 3.35 3.33 3.21 3.22 3.53 3.34 3.28
Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ..... 73.77 74.70 74.49 74.25 74.20 73.32 72.77 72.63 73.93 75.44 76.54 77.22 74.30 73.23 75.79
Total Dry Gas Production ............. 73.44 74.50 74.51 74.08 73.77 72.38 71.89 71.94 73.22 74.48 75.34 76.13 74.14 72.49 74.80
LNG Gross Imports ..................... 0.43 0.08 0.26 0.24 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.27 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.23 0.21
LNG Gross Exports ..................... 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.64 0.85 1.10 1.33 1.65 1.68 0.08 0.51 1.44
Pipeline Gross Imports ................ 8.36 6.69 6.69 7.06 8.08 7.84 8.11 7.58 8.50 7.17 7.27 7.47 7.20 7.91 7.60
Pipeline Gross Exports ................ 4.98 4.36 4.81 5.08 5.63 5.56 5.88 5.89 6.37 6.00 5.80 6.09 4.81 5.74 6.06
Supplemental Gaseous Fuels ...... 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Net Inventory Withdrawals ........... 18.50 -12.99 -10.48 -0.55 13.08 -7.79 -5.66 2.61 17.01 -9.42 -8.55 2.38 -1.46 0.55 0.29
Total Supply ................................... 95.85 64.02 66.24 75.81 89.66 66.80 68.18 75.74 91.69 65.22 66.94 78.59 75.40 75.08 75.55
Balancing Item (b) .......................... 0.03 -0.62 -0.75 -1.62 -0.35 0.01 1.06 -0.17 0.04 0.62 0.95 0.01 -0.75 0.14 0.41
Total Primary Supply ....................... 95.88 63.40 65.48 74.19 89.30 66.81 69.24 75.57 91.73 65.84 67.89 78.59 74.65 75.22 75.96
Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)
Residential ................................... 27.46 6.82 3.47 13.02 22.46 7.13 3.48 14.41 24.34 7.07 3.55 15.28 12.63 11.86 12.51
Commercial ................................. 15.93 5.80 4.42 9.02 13.43 5.99 4.59 9.96 14.60 6.10 4.56 10.48 8.76 8.48 8.91
Industrial ..................................... 22.71 19.66 19.27 20.97 22.59 20.18 20.21 21.18 23.04 20.54 20.00 21.69 20.64 21.04 21.31
Electric Power (c) ......................... 22.98 25.11 32.25 24.92 24.19 27.50 34.91 23.78 22.99 25.95 33.46 24.50 26.34 27.60 26.75
Lease and Plant Fuel ................... 4.31 4.37 4.37 4.34 4.34 4.28 4.24 4.24 4.32 4.39 4.44 4.49 4.35 4.28 4.41
Pipeline and Distribution Use ....... 2.37 1.53 1.59 1.81 2.18 1.63 1.69 1.88 2.31 1.68 1.76 2.03 1.83 1.84 1.94
Vehicle Use ................................. 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.12
Total Consumption ......................... 95.88 63.40 65.48 74.19 89.30 66.81 69.24 75.57 91.73 65.84 67.89 78.59 74.65 75.22 75.96
End-of-period Inventories (billion cubic feet)
Working Gas Inventory ................ 1,480 2,656 3,622 3,675 2,496 3,197 3,717 3,477 1,946 2,804 3,590 3,372 3,675 3,477 3,372
East Region (d) ........................ 239 573 856 853 436 655 899 758 304 597 828 732 853 758 732
Midwest Region (d) ................... 253 566 973 989 543 763 1,042 931 398 631 974 863 989 931 863
South Central Region (d) .......... 575 1,002 1,206 1,304 1,080 1,236 1,185 1,245 832 1,029 1,159 1,186 1,304 1,245 1,186
Mountain Region (d) ................. 113 155 203 186 145 197 234 233 169 196 243 223 186 233 223
Pacific Region (d) ..................... 276 336 359 320 266 316 321 274 207 315 350 331 320 274 331
Alaska ...................................... 24 24 25 24 25 30 36 35 35 35 35 35 24 35 35
Table 5a. U.S. Natural Gas Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
LNG: liquefied natural gas.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; and Electric Power
Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226.
(a) Marketed production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico.
(b) The balancing item represents the difference between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of components of natural gas demand.
(c) Natural gas used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(d) For a list of States in each inventory region refer toWeekly Natural Gas Storage Report, Notes and Definitions (http://ir.eia.gov/ngs/notes.html) .

Wholesale/Spot
Henry Hub Spot Price ......... 2.99 2.84 2.85 2.19 2.06 2.21 2.97 3.02 3.47 3.31 3.29 3.42 2.72 2.57 3.37
Residential Retail
New England ....................... 13.14 13.34 16.17 12.58 11.79 13.13 17.81 13.65 13.13 14.23 17.02 13.59 13.23 12.92 13.71
Middle Atlantic ..................... 9.44 11.17 16.22 10.98 8.84 10.70 16.17 11.16 10.37 12.58 16.76 11.33 10.45 10.31 11.40
E. N. Central ........................ 7.80 10.62 16.84 7.98 6.78 9.31 17.80 9.36 8.31 11.15 16.69 9.28 8.70 8.57 9.48
W. N. Central ...................... 8.63 11.77 17.63 9.02 7.38 10.77 17.94 9.85 8.78 11.36 17.41 9.83 9.64 9.23 9.97
S. Atlantic ............................ 10.64 16.49 22.22 13.88 10.22 15.30 23.46 13.52 11.74 16.71 22.26 13.07 12.80 12.76 13.43
E. S. Central ........................ 9.33 14.40 19.22 11.82 8.52 13.12 19.54 12.19 10.15 14.79 20.26 12.72 10.93 10.71 11.95
W. S. Central ...................... 8.51 14.01 19.98 12.09 8.27 14.10 20.94 12.27 9.67 14.69 20.04 12.21 10.81 11.32 11.97
Mountain .............................. 9.66 10.95 14.64 8.60 8.21 9.65 13.73 8.99 8.97 10.67 14.22 9.75 9.84 9.11 9.91
Pacific ................................. 11.55 11.68 12.39 10.95 10.97 11.26 13.02 11.50 11.26 11.95 12.68 11.59 11.47 11.45 11.67
U.S. Average .................... 9.29 12.02 16.52 10.08 8.53 11.16 16.99 10.80 9.84 12.45 16.68 10.89 10.36 10.24 11.02
Commercial Retail
New England ....................... 10.80 10.14 9.72 9.15 8.76 9.58 10.50 10.47 10.67 10.54 10.33 10.56 10.24 9.58 10.59
Middle Atlantic ..................... 7.87 7.41 6.57 6.97 6.84 6.41 6.02 7.15 7.91 7.88 7.41 8.16 7.44 6.74 7.91
E. N. Central ........................ 6.90 7.46 8.78 6.26 5.86 6.58 8.77 6.62 6.67 7.93 9.32 7.30 6.96 6.43 7.23
W. N. Central ...................... 7.63 7.94 9.04 6.69 6.27 6.98 8.69 7.35 7.54 8.06 9.14 7.57 7.53 6.92 7.75
S. Atlantic ............................ 8.52 9.25 9.58 8.93 7.54 8.32 9.27 8.88 8.83 9.68 10.05 9.17 8.86 8.27 9.21
E. S. Central ........................ 8.56 9.64 9.99 8.90 7.49 8.57 9.73 8.94 8.52 9.57 9.99 9.11 8.94 8.32 9.00
W. S. Central ...................... 7.23 7.25 8.07 7.31 6.29 6.89 8.27 7.63 7.26 7.67 8.23 7.72 7.37 7.07 7.60
Mountain .............................. 8.31 8.56 9.06 7.23 6.94 7.10 7.99 7.33 7.54 7.80 8.62 7.60 8.07 7.20 7.72
Pacific ................................. 9.42 8.75 9.00 8.29 8.38 8.13 9.14 9.01 8.64 8.49 8.76 8.85 8.85 8.65 8.70
U.S. Average .................... 7.94 8.17 8.45 7.40 6.84 7.25 8.21 7.75 7.83 8.37 8.80 8.17 7.90 7.34 8.12
Industrial Retail
New England ....................... 9.09 7.59 6.10 6.77 7.07 6.88 6.27 7.88 8.59 8.03 7.92 8.72 7.76 7.10 8.39
Middle Atlantic ..................... 7.96 7.47 6.85 6.83 6.73 6.18 5.83 7.03 7.77 7.31 7.69 8.21 7.54 6.58 7.78
E. N. Central ........................ 6.35 5.61 5.48 5.12 5.05 4.73 5.32 5.84 6.60 6.41 6.46 6.47 5.84 5.28 6.51
W. N. Central ...................... 5.76 4.48 4.34 4.34 4.28 3.56 3.99 5.03 5.61 4.97 4.93 5.41 4.82 4.28 5.27
S. Atlantic ............................ 5.68 4.58 4.64 4.38 4.40 3.84 4.44 5.17 5.58 5.27 5.31 5.52 4.86 4.47 5.43
E. S. Central ........................ 5.32 4.40 4.27 3.95 3.96 3.38 4.09 4.81 5.28 4.89 4.91 5.17 4.53 4.08 5.08
W. S. Central ...................... 3.22 2.94 3.07 2.51 2.28 2.15 3.07 3.29 3.69 3.47 3.60 3.64 2.93 2.71 3.60
Mountain .............................. 6.65 6.22 6.17 5.51 5.26 4.96 5.38 5.58 5.92 5.69 6.03 6.03 6.14 5.31 5.93
Pacific ................................. 7.33 6.58 6.64 6.50 6.65 6.04 6.68 6.73 6.91 6.43 6.76 6.85 6.78 6.54 6.76
U.S. Average .................... 4.67 3.75 3.71 3.41 3.44 2.93 3.62 4.18 4.84 4.25 4.29 4.62 3.91 3.56 4.52
Table 5b. U.S. Regional Natural Gas Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Natural gas Henry Hub spot price from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).
Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions.
See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130.

Supply (million short tons)
Production ........................................... 240.3 212.5 237.0 207.2 173.0 160.5 204.6 220.2 194.4 175.9 200.4 201.5 897.0 758.4 772.1
Appalachia ....................................... 62.4 54.7 56.7 48.2 44.3 43.2 47.5 52.9 45.9 43.8 46.4 46.1 222.0 187.9 182.1
Interior .............................................. 45.2 39.8 45.1 37.5 36.9 34.4 38.7 44.1 38.0 35.6 41.0 42.9 167.6 154.2 157.4
Western ........................................... 132.7 118.0 135.3 121.5 91.8 82.8 118.4 123.3 110.6 96.5 113.0 112.6 507.4 416.3 432.6
Primary Inventory Withdrawals ............. -0.7 0.2 3.2 0.3 -1.4 0.2 3.6 -0.1 -1.0 0.5 2.9 -0.8 3.0 2.2 1.6
Imports ................................................ 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.4 3.3 2.9 11.3 10.2 10.6
Exports ................................................ 22.0 19.8 16.9 15.3 14.2 14.2 12.6 15.8 13.6 15.0 14.6 15.2 74.0 56.8 58.5
Metallurgical Coal ............................. 13.5 12.7 10.3 9.4 10.2 10.1 9.1 10.3 9.5 10.1 8.6 9.6 46.0 39.5 37.8
Steam Coal ...................................... 8.5 7.0 6.6 5.9 4.0 4.2 3.5 5.6 4.2 4.9 6.0 5.7 28.0 17.2 20.7
Total Primary Supply .............................. 220.6 195.5 226.2 195.0 160.1 148.8 198.3 206.8 181.9 163.7 191.9 188.4 837.4 714.0 725.9
Secondary Inventory Withdrawals ........ -1.8 -12.8 3.5 -33.0 3.8 8.5 24.4 -15.4 1.4 4.6 16.9 -4.1 -44.1 21.3 18.8
Waste Coal (a) .................................... 2.7 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 9.9 9.8 10.2
Total Supply ........................................... 221.6 184.8 232.7 164.1 166.4 159.7 225.2 193.9 185.8 170.8 211.4 186.9 803.2 745.1 754.9
Consumption (million short tons)
Coke Plants ......................................... 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.2 4.0 5.1 5.0 4.3 4.1 5.2 4.9 19.7 18.3 18.5
Electric Power Sector (b) ..................... 196.7 174.4 214.8 152.6 152.2 147.1 210.3 171.2 172.3 158.2 197.5 172.9 738.4 680.9 700.9
Retail and Other Industry ..................... 11.0 9.6 9.6 9.8 11.0 9.3 8.7 8.6 9.2 8.6 8.7 9.1 40.0 37.7 35.5
Residential and Commercial ............. 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.6 1.1
Other Industrial ................................. 10.4 9.3 9.3 9.5 10.2 8.9 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.4 8.5 8.8 38.5 36.0 34.4
Total Consumption ................................ 212.8 189.0 229.4 167.0 167.4 160.5 224.1 184.9 185.8 170.8 211.4 186.9 798.1 736.8 754.9
Discrepancy (c) 8.8 -4.2 3.3 -2.8 -1.0 -0.8 1.1 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.1 8.3 0.0
End-of-period Inventories (million short tons)
Primary Inventories (d) ......................... 39.6 39.4 36.2 35.9 37.3 37.1 33.6 33.7 34.7 34.2 31.3 32.1 35.9 33.7 32.1
Secondary Inventories ......................... 160.6 173.4 169.9 202.9 199.1 190.7 166.2 181.6 180.2 175.7 158.8 162.8 202.9 181.6 162.8
Electric Power Sector ........................ 154.4 166.6 162.2 195.9 192.3 183.2 158.2 173.3 172.9 167.7 150.3 154.1 195.9 173.3 154.1
Retail and General Industry .............. 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.5 6.1 6.4 4.4 6.0 6.4
Coke Plants ...................................... 2.1 2.6 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.8
Coal Market Indicators
Coal Miner Productivity
(Tons per hour) ................................. 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.11 6.11 6.11 6.11 5.96 5.96 5.96 5.96 6.28 6.11 5.96
Total Raw Steel Production
(Million short tons per day) ................ 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.226 0.238 0.247 0.238 0.226 0.224 0.232 0.208 0.176 0.241 0.237 0.210
Cost of Coal to Electric Utilities
(Dollars per million Btu) .................... 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.15 2.13 2.14 2.12 2.19 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.21 2.23 2.14 2.21
Table 6. U.S. Coal Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports:Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and Electric Power Monthly ,
DOE/EIA-0226.
(a) Waste coal includes waste coal and cloal slurry reprocessed into briquettes.
(b) Coal used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(c) The discrepancy reflects an unaccounted-for shipper and receiver reporting difference, assumed to be zero in the forecast period.
(d) Primary stocks are held at the mines and distribution points.

Electricity Generation ......................... 11.32 10.75 12.42 10.19 10.66 10.75 12.76 10.57 10.90 10.88 12.51 10.74 11.17 11.19 11.26
Electric Power Sector (a) ................ 10.90 10.34 11.96 9.75 10.23 10.32 12.31 10.13 10.46 10.45 12.05 10.30 10.74 10.75 10.82
Comm. and Indus. Sectors (b) ....... 0.42 0.42 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.44
Net Imports ....................................... 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.16
Total Supply ....................................... 11.49 10.95 12.62 10.35 10.85 10.93 12.98 10.72 11.06 11.04 12.70 10.88 11.35 11.37 11.42
Losses and Unaccounted for (c) ...... 0.62 0.82 0.73 0.53 0.66 0.97 0.89 0.65 0.60 0.93 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.79 0.76
Retail Sales ........................................ 10.50 9.77 11.49 9.44 9.81 9.58 11.69 9.68 10.06 9.73 11.49 9.76 10.30 10.19 10.26
Residential Sector ........................... 4.21 3.36 4.52 3.30 3.81 3.37 4.77 3.43 3.97 3.42 4.56 3.46 3.85 3.85 3.85
Commercial Sector ......................... 3.64 3.65 4.11 3.51 3.49 3.62 4.20 3.59 3.54 3.64 4.13 3.59 3.73 3.73 3.73
Industrial Sector .............................. 2.62 2.74 2.84 2.61 2.48 2.57 2.70 2.64 2.53 2.65 2.78 2.68 2.70 2.60 2.66
Transportation Sector ..................... 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Direct Use (d) ..................................... 0.38 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39
Total Consumption ............................ 10.87 10.14 11.89 9.82 10.19 9.96 12.09 10.07 10.45 10.11 11.90 10.15 10.68 10.58 10.66
Average residential electricity
usage per customer (kWh) ................ 2,918 2,355 3,204 2,340 2,645 2,342 3,349 2,403 2,699 2,350 3,169 2,407 10,816 10,738 10,626
Prices
Coal ................................................. 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.15 2.13 2.14 2.12 2.19 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.21 2.23 2.14 2.21
Natural Gas ..................................... 4.10 3.12 3.10 2.72 2.65 2.51 3.00 3.62 4.25 3.71 3.52 4.00 3.23 2.94 3.83
Residual Fuel Oil ............................. 10.82 11.64 10.49 7.76 6.15 8.51 9.85 8.98 9.29 10.07 9.82 10.03 10.36 8.44 9.80
Distillate Fuel Oil .............................. 15.61 15.17 13.19 11.76 9.02 11.03 11.79 12.99 13.58 13.55 13.91 14.97 14.44 11.12 13.99
Residential Sector ........................... 12.23 12.83 12.96 12.57 12.20 12.66 12.81 12.36 12.33 12.93 13.32 12.84 12.65 12.53 12.87
Commercial Sector ......................... 10.42 10.62 11.03 10.43 10.12 10.34 10.67 10.16 10.14 10.55 11.03 10.50 10.64 10.34 10.58
Industrial Sector .............................. 6.79 6.83 7.34 6.65 6.42 6.67 7.20 6.66 6.49 6.82 7.37 6.75 6.91 6.75 6.87
Table 7a. U.S. Electricity Industry Overview
2015 2016 2017 Year
Electricity Supply (billion kilowatthours per day)
Electricity Consumption (billion kilowatthours per day unless noted)
Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)
Retail Prices (cents per kilowatthour)
- = no data available. kWh = kilowatthours. Btu = British thermal units.
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric Power Annual ,
DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities and independent power producers.
(b) Generation supplied by CHP and electricity-only plants operated by businesses in the commercial and industrial sectors, primarily for onsite use.
(c) Includes transmission and distribution losses, data collection time-frame differences, and estimation error.
(d) Direct Use represents commercial and industrial facility use of onsite net electricity generation; and electrical sales or transfers to adjacent or colocated facilities
for which revenue information is not available. See Table 7.6 of the EIA Monthly Energy Review .

Residential Sector
New England ............... 153 112 144 112 133 109 152 114 143 111 143 116 130 127 128
Middle Atlantic ............. 423 322 424 307 367 309 461 317 386 311 421 318 369 364 359
E. N. Central ................ 588 429 557 435 522 447 619 455 546 445 574 463 502 511 507
W. N. Central ............... 327 233 310 245 298 243 322 264 321 245 329 277 278 282 293
S. Atlantic .................... 1,084 894 1,145 815 969 874 1,223 865 1,008 883 1,124 870 984 983 971
E. S. Central ................ 388 275 382 253 337 274 412 280 356 279 381 280 324 326 324
W. S. Central ............... 607 508 790 485 526 518 810 513 543 540 799 506 597 592 597
Mountain ...................... 234 240 332 237 240 251 337 233 244 253 356 238 261 265 273
Pacific contiguous ....... 393 336 424 400 406 336 422 377 409 339 420 382 388 386 388
AK and HI ..................... 13 12 13 14 13 12 12 14 13 12 12 14 13 13 13
Total .......................... 4,209 3,359 4,521 3,301 3,810 3,373 4,771 3,433 3,970 3,418 4,560 3,463 3,847 3,848 3,853
Commercial Sector
New England ............... 148 140 160 137 141 137 160 136 145 136 151 132 146 143 141
Middle Atlantic ............. 445 418 479 406 422 408 488 402 423 410 472 403 437 430 427
E. N. Central ................ 508 490 542 470 488 493 567 476 495 493 552 478 503 506 505
W. N. Central ............... 280 268 303 263 271 271 308 273 277 272 311 276 279 281 284
S. Atlantic .................... 809 863 943 801 792 843 977 817 793 843 944 817 854 858 849
E. S. Central ................ 244 249 289 231 231 242 295 245 239 247 289 246 253 254 255
W. S. Central ............... 493 522 616 496 473 519 625 519 480 531 623 517 532 534 538
Mountain ...................... 242 258 292 248 240 258 290 249 242 260 299 250 260 259 263
AK and HI ..................... 16 16 17 16 16 16 16 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Total .......................... 3,644 3,647 4,111 3,508 3,494 3,616 4,201 3,589 3,535 3,639 4,133 3,592 3,728 3,726 3,726
Industrial Sector
New England ............... 49 52 54 50 45 47 49 49 45 46 50 49 51 48 48
Middle Atlantic ............. 201 199 207 191 192 191 202 193 199 198 210 197 199 195 201
E. N. Central ................ 542 547 550 513 502 504 528 517 517 524 539 519 538 513 525
W. N. Central ............... 247 251 263 241 223 228 246 247 225 231 248 249 250 236 239
S. Atlantic .................... 375 406 407 382 362 384 391 380 361 386 394 384 392 379 381
E. S. Central ................ 281 288 290 264 258 269 274 272 259 266 271 269 281 268 266
W. S. Central ............... 462 492 524 488 456 471 485 491 465 494 525 519 491 476 501
Mountain ...................... 217 236 252 224 214 232 247 225 221 240 256 231 232 229 237
AK and HI ..................... 13 13 15 14 13 14 15 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 14
Total .......................... 2,623 2,743 2,835 2,608 2,480 2,574 2,699 2,638 2,530 2,647 2,779 2,685 2,703 2,598 2,661
Total All Sectors (a)
New England ............... 352 305 360 300 320 294 362 301 335 295 346 299 329 319 319
Middle Atlantic ............. 1,081 948 1,120 914 993 918 1,162 923 1,020 930 1,115 929 1,016 999 999
E. N. Central ................ 1,640 1,467 1,651 1,419 1,514 1,446 1,716 1,450 1,560 1,465 1,667 1,461 1,544 1,532 1,538
W. N. Central ............... 854 752 876 749 792 742 877 784 824 748 889 802 808 799 816
S. Atlantic .................... 2,272 2,166 2,499 2,001 2,126 2,106 2,595 2,067 2,165 2,115 2,466 2,074 2,234 2,224 2,205
E. S. Central ................ 913 813 961 747 827 785 981 797 854 791 940 795 858 848 845
W. S. Central ............... 1,563 1,522 1,930 1,469 1,455 1,509 1,920 1,523 1,489 1,566 1,947 1,541 1,621 1,602 1,637
Mountain ...................... 693 734 876 709 694 741 875 708 708 754 911 720 753 755 774
Pacific contiguous ....... 1,088 1,023 1,172 1,084 1,042 1,002 1,162 1,085 1,062 1,020 1,170 1,096 1,092 1,073 1,087
AK and HI ..................... 43 41 44 44 42 41 43 44 42 41 43 44 43 43 43
Total .......................... 10,498 9,769 11,488 9,438 9,805 9,583 11,692 9,681 10,058 9,726 11,494 9,761 10,299 10,193 10,262
Table 7b. U.S. Regional Electricity Retail Sales (Million Kilowatthours per Day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric
Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Total retail sales to all sectors includes residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector sales.
Retail Sales represents total retail electricity sales by electric utilities and power marketers.

Residential Sector
New England .............. 20.43 20.28 18.35 18.65 19.08 19.30 18.47 18.59 18.98 19.51 19.23 19.30 19.43 18.83 19.24
Middle Atlantic ............ 15.67 15.98 16.30 15.90 15.28 15.88 16.08 15.61 15.48 16.37 16.90 16.31 15.97 15.73 16.28
E. N. Central ............... 12.29 13.25 13.25 13.18 12.51 13.25 12.90 12.98 12.86 13.85 13.64 13.65 12.96 12.90 13.48
W. N. Central .............. 10.23 12.14 12.45 11.20 10.61 12.31 12.67 11.21 10.75 12.62 12.97 11.46 11.47 11.71 11.94
S. Atlantic ................... 11.33 11.87 12.08 11.65 11.41 11.75 11.88 11.35 11.50 11.92 12.35 11.78 11.74 11.62 11.91
E. S. Central ............... 10.38 11.14 10.91 10.98 10.35 10.94 10.89 10.35 9.95 11.02 11.35 10.65 10.82 10.65 10.75
W. S. Central .............. 10.66 11.34 11.01 10.77 10.34 10.69 10.64 10.40 10.37 11.00 11.29 11.04 10.95 10.53 10.97
Mountain ..................... 11.30 12.19 12.30 11.33 11.04 11.91 12.12 11.33 11.19 12.17 12.44 11.63 11.83 11.65 11.92
Pacific ......................... 13.77 13.46 15.74 13.88 14.13 13.95 16.09 14.46 14.49 13.94 16.14 14.77 14.28 14.71 14.89
U.S. Average ........... 12.23 12.83 12.96 12.57 12.20 12.66 12.81 12.36 12.33 12.93 13.32 12.84 12.65 12.53 12.87
Commercial Sector
New England .............. 16.82 15.27 14.92 14.87 15.33 15.01 15.19 14.73 15.14 15.20 15.91 15.34 15.46 15.07 15.41
Middle Atlantic ............ 13.15 13.14 13.64 12.51 12.01 12.48 13.29 11.96 11.94 12.71 13.67 12.34 13.13 12.48 12.70
E. N. Central ............... 9.82 10.00 10.11 9.85 9.65 9.87 9.91 9.63 9.68 10.08 10.18 9.87 9.95 9.77 9.96
W. N. Central .............. 8.58 9.55 9.98 8.90 8.86 9.70 10.15 8.70 8.96 9.97 10.47 8.96 9.27 9.38 9.62
S. Atlantic ................... 9.63 9.42 9.57 9.32 9.37 9.27 9.26 9.45 9.53 9.50 9.64 9.90 9.49 9.33 9.64
E. S. Central ............... 10.18 10.30 10.32 10.12 9.93 9.99 10.12 9.58 9.58 10.19 10.57 9.92 10.24 9.92 10.09
W. S. Central .............. 8.35 8.17 8.22 7.97 7.80 7.79 7.85 7.86 7.80 7.97 8.23 8.23 8.18 7.83 8.07
Mountain ..................... 9.34 9.91 10.15 9.34 9.02 9.75 10.02 9.35 9.05 9.88 10.18 9.54 9.71 9.56 9.70
Pacific ......................... 11.36 13.63 15.96 13.78 12.20 13.08 14.69 12.70 12.15 13.23 15.03 13.04 13.71 13.21 13.41
U.S. Average ........... 10.42 10.62 11.03 10.43 10.12 10.34 10.67 10.16 10.14 10.55 11.03 10.50 10.64 10.34 10.58
Industrial Sector
New England .............. 13.34 12.01 12.11 11.98 12.23 11.86 12.25 11.75 12.24 11.85 12.21 11.74 12.34 12.02 12.01
Middle Atlantic ............ 7.73 7.20 7.35 7.01 7.05 7.01 7.17 6.71 7.08 7.19 7.29 6.79 7.32 6.99 7.09
E. N. Central ............... 6.98 6.85 7.19 6.85 6.73 6.87 7.03 6.84 6.74 6.98 7.19 6.91 6.97 6.87 6.96
W. N. Central .............. 6.52 6.90 7.53 6.51 6.65 7.08 7.75 6.60 6.70 7.19 7.91 6.69 6.88 7.03 7.13
S. Atlantic ................... 6.58 6.43 6.95 6.32 6.14 6.34 6.80 6.49 6.31 6.59 7.06 6.58 6.58 6.45 6.65
E. S. Central ............... 5.74 5.92 6.53 5.71 5.45 5.72 6.14 5.62 5.53 5.96 6.46 5.76 5.98 5.74 5.93
W. S. Central .............. 5.71 5.58 5.77 5.30 5.06 5.03 5.45 5.36 5.19 5.31 5.76 5.52 5.59 5.23 5.46
Mountain ..................... 6.24 6.71 7.24 6.07 5.83 6.28 7.01 6.20 5.99 6.47 7.22 6.38 6.59 6.35 6.54
Pacific ......................... 7.85 8.77 10.25 9.03 7.99 9.08 10.54 8.92 7.83 8.85 10.33 8.90 9.03 9.20 9.04
U.S. Average ........... 6.79 6.83 7.34 6.65 6.42 6.67 7.20 6.66 6.49 6.82 7.37 6.75 6.91 6.75 6.87
All Sectors (a)
New England .............. 17.88 16.52 15.85 15.76 16.41 16.07 16.13 15.67 16.35 16.26 16.72 16.25 16.52 16.08 16.41
Middle Atlantic ............ 13.11 12.84 13.47 12.48 12.25 12.47 13.31 12.11 12.31 12.75 13.66 12.50 13.00 12.58 12.84
E. N. Central ............... 9.76 9.77 10.19 9.78 9.67 9.87 10.11 9.68 9.81 10.12 10.40 10.01 9.89 9.84 10.09
W. N. Central .............. 8.62 9.47 10.12 8.88 8.90 9.75 10.40 8.88 9.04 9.98 10.68 9.12 9.29 9.51 9.72
S. Atlantic ................... 9.94 9.87 10.29 9.70 9.75 9.76 10.12 9.69 9.91 9.98 10.46 10.07 9.97 9.85 10.12
E. S. Central ............... 8.90 9.03 9.41 8.85 8.70 8.86 9.34 8.52 8.51 9.06 9.70 8.77 9.06 8.88 9.04
W. S. Central .............. 8.47 8.39 8.70 8.01 7.86 7.92 8.42 7.92 7.92 8.18 8.82 8.24 8.41 8.06 8.33
Mountain ..................... 9.03 9.62 10.13 8.97 8.73 9.40 9.98 9.02 8.84 9.56 10.24 9.21 9.48 9.33 9.52
Pacific ......................... 11.47 12.33 14.53 12.75 12.08 12.42 14.25 12.45 12.13 12.39 14.32 12.68 12.82 12.84 12.92
U.S. Average ........... 10.24 10.32 10.88 10.13 9.99 10.17 10.74 10.00 10.08 10.37 11.05 10.30 10.41 10.25 10.48
Table 7c. U.S. Regional Retail Electricity Prices (Cents per Kilowatthour
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric
Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348.
(a) Volume-weighted average of retail prices to residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors.

United States
Coal ............................................... 4,088 3,508 4,258 2,973 3,058 2,965 4,203 3,384 3,554 3,216 3,940 3,413 3,705 3,405 3,532
Natural Gas ................................... 3,249 3,470 4,383 3,500 3,429 3,767 4,700 3,360 3,245 3,556 4,515 3,438 3,653 3,815 3,691
Petroleum (a) ................................ 123 61 70 56 68 63 72 63 75 68 76 67 77 66 72
Other Gases .................................. 37 35 40 32 40 35 35 33 42 36 35 34 36 36 37
Nuclear .......................................... 2,248 2,133 2,286 2,070 2,245 2,155 2,253 2,065 2,232 2,053 2,272 2,129 2,184 2,180 2,172
Renewable Energy Sources: 1,559 1,519 1,360 1,527 1,799 1,743 1,484 1,644 1,733 1,926 1,653 1,633 1,491 1,667 1,736
Conventional Hydropower .......... 786 692 611 643 841 810 618 698 732 818 723 614 682 742 722
Wind ........................................... 504 532 443 610 665 612 517 627 669 713 523 684 523 605 647
Wood Biomass ........................... 117 111 120 111 114 104 116 115 119 112 124 119 115 112 118
Waste Biomass .......................... 55 58 62 62 60 61 61 60 58 58 58 59 59 60 58
Geothermal ................................ 45 44 42 44 47 46 47 48 48 47 47 47 44 47 47
Solar ........................................... 52 82 82 57 72 110 125 84 92 165 159 98 68 98 129
Pumped Storage Hydropower ....... -16 -11 -18 -11 -12 -14 -26 -17 -13 -12 -17 -15 -14 -17 -14
Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 35 38 41 39 36 39 39 38 36 38 40 39 38 38 38
Total Generation ........................... 11,324 10,754 12,420 10,187 10,663 10,753 12,760 10,570 10,904 10,882 12,515 10,739 11,172 11,189 11,263
Northeast Census Region
Coal ............................................... 290 172 199 137 161 141 203 169 217 134 161 155 199 169 167
Natural Gas ................................... 480 534 718 538 512 599 795 534 523 579 727 536 568 610 592
Petroleum (a) ................................ 47 2 4 2 7 3 6 5 9 5 6 5 14 5 6
Other Gases .................................. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Nuclear .......................................... 545 499 542 499 543 461 516 501 527 486 542 508 521 505 515
Hydropower (c) .............................. 87 100 92 93 111 94 78 96 100 98 84 96 93 95 94
Other Renewables (d) ................... 73 62 56 71 76 62 60 76 82 72 69 82 66 68 76
South Census Region
Coal ............................................... 1,716 1,542 1,902 1,163 1,270 1,345 1,950 1,340 1,457 1,481 1,803 1,332 1,580 1,477 1,519
Natural Gas ................................... 1,966 2,078 2,464 1,976 2,013 2,235 2,642 1,913 1,843 2,130 2,540 1,918 2,122 2,201 2,109
Petroleum (a) ................................ 42 24 28 21 29 30 35 24 30 29 31 24 29 30 28
Other Gases .................................. 15 13 15 14 15 13 14 15 15 13 14 15 15 14 14
Nuclear .......................................... 974 956 1,001 872 951 998 994 909 996 920 1,025 961 951 963 976
Hydropower (c) .............................. 124 104 89 149 190 84 71 133 162 86 79 135 116 119 116
Midwest Census Region
Coal ............................................... 1,577 1,298 1,572 1,161 1,201 1,109 1,498 1,286 1,338 1,186 1,499 1,311 1,402 1,274 1,334
Natural Gas ................................... 298 252 330 281 357 368 454 298 328 334 427 309 291 369 350
Petroleum (a) ................................ 12 11 13 9 10 9 8 10 12 11 13 10 11 9 11
Other Gases .................................. 14 14 15 9 16 13 14 10 17 14 14 11 13 13 14
Nuclear .......................................... 553 528 570 547 573 543 572 501 545 495 536 502 550 547 520
Hydropower (c) .............................. 38 52 48 45 48 43 39 35 39 41 39 35 46 41 38
West Census Region
Coal ............................................... 505 495 586 511 426 370 552 589 542 414 476 615 524 485 512
Natural Gas ................................... 505 606 871 705 546 566 809 615 551 512 821 675 673 634 641
Petroleum (a) ................................ 22 23 25 23 21 20 23 25 25 24 26 28 23 22 25
Other Gases .................................. 7 6 7 6 7 6 5 6 7 7 5 6 7 6 6
Nuclear .......................................... 176 149 172 152 178 152 172 154 164 152 169 158 162 164 161
Hydropower (c) .............................. 521 426 364 344 480 575 404 418 418 581 504 333 413 469 459
Table 7d. U.S. Regional Electricity Generation, All Sectors (Thousand megawatthours per day)
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.
(a) Residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke, and other petroleum liquids.
(b) Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, nonrenewable waste, and miscellaneous technologies.
(c) Conventional hydroelectric and pumped storage generation.
(d) Wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar generation.
Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and
the commercial and industrial sectors. The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors
United States
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 2,188 1,920 2,339 1,661 1,675 1,619 2,289 1,862 1,914 1,739 2,148 1,878 2,026 1,862 1,920
Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 23,976 26,158 33,466 26,081 25,244 28,614 36,109 24,890 24,068 27,038 34,597 25,569 27,443 28,724 27,841
Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 212 106 123 98 121 112 130 112 133 120 133 118 135 119 126
Residual Fuel Oil ..................... 74 25 31 25 29 22 35 26 31 28 31 27 39 28 30
Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 65 25 23 24 29 23 24 26 33 27 29 27 34 26 29
Petroleum Coke (a) ................. 61 52 64 45 57 63 66 55 62 61 68 58 55 60 62
Other Petroleum Liquids (b) .... 13 4 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 4 5 5 6 5 5
Northeast Census Region
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 133 82 96 68 80 66 94 81 102 64 79 75 95 80 80
South Census Region
Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 888 817 1,020 636 671 717 1,035 717 758 777 956 716 840 786 802
Midwest Census Region
West Census Region
End-of-period U.S. Fuel Inventories Held by Electric Power Sector
Coal (million short tons) ................ 154.4 166.6 162.2 195.9 192.3 183.2 158.2 173.3 172.9 167.7 150.3 154.1 195.9 173.3 154.1
Residual Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 10.3 10.6 10.8 12.6 11.9 12.2 11.7 13.1 13.6 13.2 12.7 13.2 12.6 13.1 13.2
Distillate Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 17.0 17.5 18.3 18.0 17.2 17.3 20.9 21.0 20.7 20.3 20.0 20.2 18.0 21.0 20.2
Petroleum Coke (mmb) ................. 4.1 5.2 5.5 6.7 6.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 6.7 3.8 3.8
Table 7e. U.S. Regional Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.
(a) Petroleum coke consumption converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by five.
(b) Other petroleum liquids include jet fuel, kerosene, and waste oil.
Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and
the commercial and industrial sectors. Data include fuel consumed only for generation of electricity. Values do not include consumption by CHP plants for useful thermal output.
The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Physical Units: st/d = short tons per day; b/d = barrels per day; cf/d = cubic feet per day; mmb = million barrels.

Electric Power Sector
Hydroelectric Power (a) ........................ 0.684 0.594 0.538 0.560 0.728 0.701 0.540 0.607 0.623 0.704 0.630 0.534 2.376 2.577 2.491
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.064 0.057 0.065 0.058 0.061 0.049 0.060 0.062 0.066 0.060 0.074 0.068 0.244 0.232 0.267
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.066 0.068 0.074 0.074 0.070 0.072 0.072 0.069 0.066 0.067 0.070 0.067 0.281 0.284 0.271
Wind ...................................................... 0.431 0.460 0.387 0.534 0.575 0.529 0.452 0.548 0.572 0.616 0.457 0.598 1.812 2.103 2.244
Geothermal .......................................... 0.037 0.037 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.039 0.040 0.041 0.040 0.040 0.041 0.040 0.148 0.161 0.161
Solar ...................................................... 0.044 0.069 0.070 0.049 0.061 0.093 0.108 0.072 0.077 0.140 0.137 0.084 0.233 0.334 0.439
Subtotal .............................................. 1.326 1.286 1.170 1.312 1.535 1.484 1.272 1.399 1.445 1.628 1.409 1.391 5.094 5.690 5.873
Industrial Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.324 0.320 0.324 0.321 0.316 0.310 0.317 0.315 0.305 0.301 0.312 0.314 1.290 1.258 1.232
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.046 0.049 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.047 0.048 0.051 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.052 0.195 0.193 0.198
Geothermal .......................................... 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004
Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.199 0.196 0.193 0.202 0.203 0.197 0.199 0.202 0.203 0.776 0.794 0.800
Subtotal .............................................. 0.568 0.570 0.576 0.578 0.567 0.559 0.574 0.577 0.561 0.557 0.568 0.577 2.292 2.277 2.263
Commercial Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.019 0.073 0.074 0.078
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.045 0.048 0.047
Geothermal .......................................... 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.020
Subtotal .............................................. 0.049 0.051 0.052 0.049 0.052 0.057 0.059 0.053 0.055 0.061 0.061 0.054 0.200 0.220 0.231
Residential Sector
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.106 0.108 0.109 0.109 0.096 0.096 0.100 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.432 0.397 0.426
Geothermal .......................................... 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.041 0.044 0.045
Solar (d) ................................................. 0.024 0.037 0.040 0.029 0.031 0.047 0.050 0.036 0.038 0.058 0.061 0.045 0.130 0.165 0.203
Subtotal .............................................. 0.140 0.155 0.159 0.148 0.138 0.154 0.161 0.153 0.155 0.176 0.179 0.163 0.602 0.606 0.674
Transportation Sector
Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.267 0.284 0.293 0.284 0.283 0.290 0.300 0.291 0.277 0.295 0.299 0.294 1.129 1.163 1.165
Biomass-based Diesel (e) ..................... 0.034 0.059 0.065 0.057 0.051 0.066 0.088 0.076 0.059 0.071 0.086 0.087 0.215 0.281 0.303
Subtotal .............................................. 0.301 0.343 0.359 0.341 0.334 0.356 0.385 0.367 0.336 0.366 0.385 0.381 1.344 1.442 1.468
All Sectors Total
Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.512 0.503 0.518 0.508 0.492 0.473 0.497 0.502 0.497 0.487 0.512 0.507 2.040 1.963 2.004
Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.126 0.125 0.130 0.132 0.128 0.129 0.131 0.133 0.128 0.127 0.128 0.132 0.514 0.521 0.516
Wind ...................................................... 0.431 0.460 0.387 0.534 0.575 0.529 0.452 0.548 0.572 0.616 0.457 0.598 1.812 2.103 2.244
Geothermal .......................................... 0.057 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.057 0.056 0.057 0.058 0.058 0.057 0.058 0.058 0.224 0.229 0.230
Solar ...................................................... 0.086 0.132 0.136 0.096 0.112 0.169 0.185 0.127 0.136 0.229 0.229 0.150 0.450 0.594 0.744
Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.272 0.289 0.298 0.289 0.287 0.295 0.305 0.301 0.282 0.300 0.304 0.299 1.148 1.188 1.184
Biomass-based Diesel (e) ..................... 0.034 0.059 0.065 0.057 0.051 0.066 0.088 0.076 0.059 0.071 0.086 0.087 0.215 0.281 0.303
Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.199 0.196 0.193 0.202 0.203 0.197 0.199 0.202 0.203 0.776 0.794 0.800
Total Consumption ................................. 2.384 2.405 2.316 2.428 2.626 2.610 2.435 2.549 2.552 2.788 2.602 2.566 9.533 10.220 10.508
(e) Fuel ethanol and biomass-based diesel consumption in the transportation sector includes production, stock change, and imports less exports. Some biomass-based diesel may be consumed
in the residential sector in heating oil.
Table 8. U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)
2015 2016 2017 Year
(a) Conventional hydroelectric power only. Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy.
(b) Wood and wood-derived fuels.
(c) Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass.
(d) Includes small-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic energy used in the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.
(f) Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biomass-based diesel
Historical data: Latest data available from EIA databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226 and Renewable Energy Annual, DOE/EIA-0603; Petroleum
Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109.

Macroeconomic
Real Gross Domestic Product
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 16,269 16,374 16,455 16,491 16,525 16,583 16,702 16,786 16,880 16,968 17,060 17,142 16,397 16,649 17,013
Real Personal Consumption Expend.
Real Fixed Investment
Business Inventory Change
(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 129 105 77 63 42 -15 10 -2 -12 -4 1 12 93 9 -1
Real Government Expenditures
Real Exports of Goods & Services
Real Imports of Goods & Services
Real Disposable Personal Income
Non-Farm Employment
(millions) .......................................................... 140.8 141.5 142.2 142.9 143.5 144.0 144.6 145.1 145.6 145.9 146.2 146.5 141.8 144.3 146.1
Civilian Unemployment Rate
(percent) ........................................................... 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.3 4.9 4.7
Housing Starts
(millions - SAAR) .............................................. 0.99 1.16 1.16 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.11 1.15 1.23
Industrial Production Indices (Index, 2012=100)
Total Industrial Production .................................. 105.8 105.1 105.5 104.6 104.1 103.9 104.4 104.0 104.0 104.5 105.5 106.3 105.2 104.1 105.1
Manufacturing .................................................. 103.2 103.4 103.9 103.7 103.9 103.6 103.9 103.9 104.3 104.5 105.1 106.0 103.6 103.8 105.0
Food ............................................................. 103.1 102.6 103.4 103.2 104.4 104.8 105.4 105.8 106.3 106.8 107.3 107.9 103.1 105.1 107.1
Paper ............................................................ 98.9 98.5 97.0 96.6 96.4 95.6 95.1 94.5 94.4 94.3 94.4 94.4 97.7 95.4 94.4
Petroleum and Coal Products ....................... 102.4 104.7 105.7 106.9 106.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 106.3 106.7 107.2 107.8 104.9 105.7 107.0
Chemicals ..................................................... 97.9 97.9 97.7 98.5 99.1 98.3 98.2 98.6 99.3 100.0 100.8 101.7 98.0 98.6 100.4
Nonmetallic Mineral Products ...................... 111.3 111.7 113.0 116.1 117.1 115.6 113.9 114.6 115.3 116.0 117.0 117.9 113.0 115.3 116.6
Primary Metals .............................................. 98.2 97.1 96.6 95.0 94.8 95.6 93.2 92.7 92.8 92.5 92.5 92.7 96.7 94.1 92.6
Coal-weighted Manufacturing (a) .................... 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.5 102.8 102.2 101.4 101.3 101.8 102.1 102.5 103.2 102.2 101.9 102.4
Distillate-weighted Manufacturing (a) .............. 104.4 104.5 105.3 106.0 106.2 105.7 105.3 105.4 105.9 106.4 107.1 107.8 105.0 105.7 106.8
Electricity-weighted Manufacturing (a) ............ 102.9 103.1 103.3 103.3 103.5 102.9 102.8 102.8 103.2 103.5 104.0 104.9 103.1 103.0 103.9
Natural Gas-weighted Manufacturing (a) ........ 102.3 103.4 103.5 104.1 104.4 103.5 103.8 104.0 104.6 105.2 106.0 107.1 103.3 103.9 105.7
Price Indexes
Consumer Price Index (all urban consumers)
(index, 1982-1984=1.00) ................................... 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.42 2.43 2.45 2.47 2.48 2.37 2.40 2.46
Producer Price Index: All Commodities
(index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 1.92 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.93 1.90 1.85 1.91
Producer Price Index: Petroleum
(index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 1.71 1.96 1.85 1.52 1.21 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.60 1.69 1.73 1.71 1.76 1.45 1.68
GDP Implicit Price Deflator
(index, 2009=100) ............................................. 109.3 109.9 110.3 110.5 110.6 111.3 111.7 112.3 113.0 113.6 114.3 114.9 110.0 111.5 114.0
Miscellaneous
Vehicle Miles Traveled (b)
(million miles/day) ............................................. 7,957 8,940 8,863 8,538 8,195 9,169 9,061 8,679 8,311 9,274 9,134 8,800 8,577 8,777 8,882
Air Travel Capacity
(Available ton-miles/day, thousands) ............... 517 574 584 562 548 602 606 590 544 579 603 593 560 587 580
Aircraft Utilization
(Revenue ton-miles/day, thousands) ................ 322 356 365 344 326 365 376 364 325 358 379 366 347 358 357
Airline Ticket Price Index
(index, 1982-1984=100) .................................... 286.4 313.0 283.3 286.2 281.8 305.0 273.0 283.2 284.9 312.8 293.4 302.7 292.2 285.8 298.5
Raw Steel Production
(million short tons per day) ............................... 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.226 0.238 0.247 0.238 0.226 0.224 0.232 0.208 0.176 0.241 0.237 0.210
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions (million metric tons)
Petroleum ............................................................ 564 573 586 571 571 571 586 586 566 578 588 592 2,295 2,315 2,324
Natural Gas ......................................................... 468 312 326 369 440 328 344 376 447 324 338 391 1,476 1,489 1,501
Coal ..................................................................... 394 351 426 311 312 299 422 350 344 316 392 353 1,483 1,382 1,406
Total Energy (c) .................................................. 1,429 1,238 1,342 1,255 1,326 1,201 1,355 1,315 1,361 1,221 1,322 1,339 5,264 5,197 5,242
SAAR = Seasonally-adjusted annual rate
Table 9a. U.S. Macroeconomic Indicators and CO2 Emissions
2015 2016 2017 Year
and Federal Aviation Administration. Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding.
Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
(a) Fuel share weights of individual sector indices based on EIAManufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.
(b) Total highway travel includes gasoline and diesel fuel vehicles.
(c) Includes electric power sector use of geothermal energy and non-biomass waste.
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17; Federal Highway Administration;

Real Gross State Product (Billion $2009)
New England ................ 863 871 866 868 871 874 879 882 884 888 892 895 867 876 890
Middle Atlantic .............. 2,412 2,441 2,456 2,458 2,460 2,470 2,489 2,499 2,508 2,520 2,531 2,540 2,442 2,480 2,525
E. N. Central ................. 2,248 2,255 2,275 2,279 2,281 2,288 2,303 2,310 2,321 2,329 2,338 2,346 2,264 2,296 2,333
W. N. Central ................ 1,054 1,057 1,059 1,059 1,056 1,059 1,066 1,071 1,076 1,081 1,086 1,090 1,057 1,063 1,083
S. Atlantic ...................... 2,865 2,884 2,909 2,920 2,931 2,943 2,964 2,982 3,000 3,017 3,034 3,049 2,895 2,955 3,025
E. S. Central ................. 737 743 748 751 753 754 759 762 766 770 773 776 745 757 771
W. S. Central ................ 2,014 1,997 2,005 2,005 2,005 2,008 2,020 2,032 2,048 2,063 2,079 2,095 2,005 2,016 2,071
Mountain ....................... 1,039 1,045 1,048 1,050 1,053 1,057 1,066 1,072 1,080 1,087 1,095 1,102 1,046 1,062 1,091
Pacific ........................... 2,935 2,979 2,986 2,996 3,011 3,026 3,051 3,070 3,091 3,108 3,126 3,141 2,974 3,040 3,117
Industrial Output, Manufacturing (Index, Year 2012=100)
New England ................ 99.4 99.6 99.9 99.5 99.7 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.7 100.8 101.2 102.0 99.6 100.1 101.1
Middle Atlantic .............. 99.8 99.9 100.2 99.8 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.4 100.6 101.2 102.0 99.9 100.0 101.1
E. N. Central ................. 105.2 105.4 106.0 106.2 106.3 106.1 105.9 105.6 105.9 106.2 106.8 107.6 105.7 106.0 106.6
W. N. Central ................ 103.3 103.2 103.4 103.1 102.9 102.4 102.9 102.9 103.2 103.4 104.0 104.9 103.2 102.8 103.9
S. Atlantic ...................... 104.3 104.9 105.8 106.2 106.5 106.4 107.3 107.6 107.9 108.0 108.4 109.2 105.3 106.9 108.4
E. S. Central ................. 105.5 106.0 107.2 107.6 108.3 108.6 109.1 109.1 109.5 109.7 110.2 111.1 106.6 108.8 110.1
W. S. Central ................ 102.9 101.6 100.9 99.7 98.9 97.6 97.5 97.2 97.6 97.8 98.5 99.6 101.3 97.8 98.4
Mountain ....................... 104.7 105.2 106.1 106.7 107.4 107.3 107.6 107.9 108.6 109.1 109.9 111.0 105.7 107.6 109.7
Pacific ........................... 103.6 104.1 104.7 104.2 104.1 103.7 103.8 103.8 104.0 104.4 105.0 106.1 104.1 103.8 104.9
Real Personal Income (Billion $2009)
New England ................ 752 762 768 775 775 779 783 787 791 797 802 806 764 781 799
Middle Atlantic .............. 1,910 1,935 1,950 1,956 1,957 1,965 1,975 1,983 1,993 2,004 2,015 2,023 1,937 1,970 2,009
E. N. Central ................. 2,028 2,045 2,060 2,084 2,082 2,093 2,103 2,111 2,123 2,137 2,147 2,157 2,054 2,097 2,141
W. N. Central ................ 977 983 989 994 989 994 997 1,000 1,006 1,013 1,018 1,024 985 995 1,015
S. Atlantic ...................... 2,614 2,638 2,659 2,686 2,705 2,720 2,739 2,756 2,777 2,799 2,817 2,835 2,649 2,730 2,807
E. S. Central ................. 750 757 762 770 771 774 778 781 786 791 796 800 760 776 793
W. S. Central ................ 1,713 1,714 1,723 1,725 1,730 1,735 1,744 1,752 1,767 1,783 1,797 1,811 1,719 1,740 1,789
Mountain ....................... 925 936 942 948 951 957 963 969 978 987 994 1,002 938 960 990
Pacific ........................... 2,251 2,285 2,302 2,324 2,338 2,348 2,369 2,379 2,397 2,416 2,431 2,447 2,290 2,358 2,423
Households (Thousands)
New England ................ 5,808 5,808 5,815 5,821 5,828 5,834 5,837 5,841 5,848 5,856 5,864 5,874 5,821 5,841 5,874
Middle Atlantic .............. 15,931 15,928 15,943 15,958 15,972 15,986 15,996 16,004 16,019 16,034 16,052 16,070 15,958 16,004 16,070
E. N. Central ................. 18,661 18,693 18,709 18,729 18,744 18,760 18,770 18,779 18,801 18,819 18,840 18,864 18,729 18,779 18,864
W. N. Central ................ 8,455 8,475 8,492 8,509 8,525 8,543 8,558 8,572 8,594 8,613 8,633 8,655 8,509 8,572 8,655
S. Atlantic ...................... 24,630 24,728 24,824 24,920 25,016 25,111 25,196 25,279 25,374 25,469 25,563 25,662 24,920 25,279 25,662
E. S. Central ................. 7,532 7,546 7,557 7,570 7,581 7,595 7,607 7,618 7,633 7,649 7,664 7,681 7,570 7,618 7,681
W. S. Central ................ 14,310 14,365 14,418 14,470 14,523 14,577 14,628 14,676 14,731 14,786 14,840 14,897 14,470 14,676 14,897
Mountain ....................... 8,779 8,812 8,848 8,884 8,922 8,957 8,992 9,026 9,064 9,103 9,143 9,184 8,884 9,026 9,184
Pacific ........................... 18,398 18,459 18,514 18,568 18,624 18,679 18,726 18,776 18,834 18,893 18,950 19,009 18,568 18,776 19,009
Total Non-farm Employment (Millions)
New England ................ 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.4
Middle Atlantic .............. 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.0 19.3 19.4
E. N. Central ................. 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.5 21.8 21.9
W. N. Central ................ 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.6
S. Atlantic ...................... 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.7 27.9 28.0 28.1 28.1 28.2 27.0 27.6 28.1
E. S. Central ................. 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.8 8.0 8.0
W. S. Central ................ 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.2 16.6 16.8 17.1
Mountain ....................... 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.3 10.4
Pacific ........................... 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.9 21.9 22.4 22.8
Table 9b. U.S. Regional Macroeconomic Data
2015 2016 2017 Year
Projections: Macroeconomic projections are based on the Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17.

Heating Degree Days
New England ................. 3,847 817 58 1,790 2,837 900 75 2,090 3,168 836 127 2,160 6,512 5,902 6,291
Middle Atlantic ............... 3,578 610 40 1,544 2,663 749 39 1,880 2,913 652 81 1,959 5,771 5,330 5,604
E. N. Central .................. 3,690 658 76 1,742 2,865 754 48 1,985 3,147 706 116 2,207 6,166 5,653 6,177
W. N. Central ................. 3,375 654 95 1,966 2,895 659 103 2,114 3,230 663 142 2,381 6,090 5,771 6,415
South Atlantic ................ 1,667 154 8 659 1,380 210 2 906 1,416 190 14 967 2,488 2,498 2,586
E. S. Central .................. 2,142 184 14 876 1,751 231 5 1,143 1,816 239 19 1,297 3,216 3,130 3,372
W. S. Central ................. 1,401 70 2 616 1,049 78 1 664 1,105 73 4 793 2,089 1,792 1,975
Mountain ........................ 1,903 705 123 1,870 2,077 676 160 1,629 2,144 621 129 1,809 4,601 4,542 4,702
Pacific ............................ 1,087 527 78 1,199 1,302 465 95 1,043 1,373 503 75 1,075 2,891 2,905 3,025
U.S. Average ............. 2,340 442 49 1,252 1,946 480 51 1,379 2,087 455 68 1,495 4,084 3,856 4,106
Heating Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average
New England ................. 3,166 838 134 2,147 3,212 824 133 2,104 3,200 830 122 2,122 6,285 6,272 6,274
Middle Atlantic ............... 2,935 666 90 1,976 2,982 651 90 1,926 2,982 660 81 1,938 5,667 5,649 5,661
E. N. Central .................. 3,192 694 123 2,262 3,246 689 125 2,205 3,254 701 114 2,192 6,272 6,266 6,261
W. N. Central ................. 3,273 691 150 2,433 3,298 693 150 2,393 3,302 707 142 2,378 6,546 6,534 6,529
South Atlantic ................ 1,478 195 14 1,010 1,498 184 14 972 1,502 188 12 970 2,696 2,668 2,671
E. S. Central .................. 1,853 236 19 1,358 1,898 225 19 1,307 1,905 231 16 1,291 3,466 3,450 3,442
W. S. Central ................. 1,188 86 5 834 1,221 83 5 814 1,227 88 4 803 2,113 2,123 2,122
Mountain ........................ 2,258 730 150 1,873 2,231 725 147 1,880 2,215 733 142 1,854 5,012 4,982 4,945
Pacific ............................ 1,534 621 92 1,205 1,495 610 88 1,212 1,461 597 88 1,193 3,453 3,405 3,339
U.S. Average ............. 2,182 493 77 1,567 2,198 483 76 1,534 2,192 487 71 1,524 4,318 4,292 4,273
Cooling Degree Days
New England ................. 0 72 488 0 0 80 543 0 0 94 430 1 560 624 524
Middle Atlantic ............... 0 187 616 3 0 145 737 6 0 174 573 6 806 888 753
E. N. Central .................. 0 221 498 9 3 230 704 20 0 228 564 9 728 957 801
W. N. Central ................. 3 267 659 13 10 319 712 31 3 287 705 12 941 1,072 1,007
South Atlantic ................ 137 768 1,163 338 138 654 1,348 255 125 648 1,159 231 2,407 2,396 2,163
E. S. Central .................. 23 581 1,021 99 42 536 1,256 131 29 526 1,064 69 1,724 1,965 1,688
W. S. Central ................. 50 853 1,570 267 122 835 1,599 325 94 909 1,535 205 2,740 2,880 2,743
Mountain ........................ 45 431 921 87 35 468 889 118 23 472 985 84 1,484 1,510 1,564
Pacific ............................ 52 227 674 121 36 228 592 75 32 201 592 76 1,074 931 900
U.S. Average ............. 46 435 875 134 54 411 966 125 45 417 871 97 1,490 1,556 1,429
Cooling Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average
New England ................. 0 85 420 1 0 81 420 1 0 81 434 1 506 502 516
Middle Atlantic ............... 0 168 557 5 0 168 549 5 0 169 567 6 731 722 742
E. N. Central .................. 3 234 545 6 3 229 528 6 3 234 543 8 787 766 788
W. N. Central ................. 7 282 683 9 7 279 674 9 7 281 673 12 981 969 973
South Atlantic ................ 110 636 1,158 210 114 661 1,148 222 117 666 1,168 228 2,114 2,145 2,178
E. S. Central .................. 33 526 1,053 52 32 541 1,038 56 33 545 1,057 66 1,663 1,668 1,700
W. S. Central ................. 94 883 1,519 184 90 890 1,518 191 90 876 1,528 204 2,679 2,689 2,698
Mountain ........................ 17 423 930 75 21 429 930 76 23 425 931 82 1,445 1,456 1,461
Pacific ............................ 26 170 601 65 29 180 612 72 30 181 608 74 863 892 893
U.S. Average ............. 40 396 850 84 42 404 845 89 43 406 858 93 1,370 1,380 1,399
Table 9c. U.S. Regional Weather Data
2015 2016 2017 Year
Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA).
Projections: Based on forecasts by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/pacdir/DDdir/NHOME3.shtml).
Notes: Regional degree days for each period are calculated by EIA as contemporaneous period population-weighted averages of
state degree day data published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
See Change in Regional and U.S. Degree-Day Calculations (http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2012_sp_04.pdf) for more information.
The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/) for a list of states in each region.

Appendix
Table a1. Summary of Estimated Petroleum and Other Liquids Quantities
October
2016
November
2016
October-November
2016 Average
October-November
2015 Average
2013 – 2015
Average
Global Petroleum and Other Liquids (million barrels per day)
Global Petroleum and Other Liquids Production (a) 96.8 97.5 97.2 96.5 93.4
Global Petroleum and Other Liquids Consumption (b) 96.2 96.0 96.1 94.0 92.7
Biofuels Production (c) 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.0
Biofuels Consumption (c) 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0
Iran Liquid Fuels Production 4.5 4.6 4.5 3.5 3.3
Iran Liquid Fuels Consumption 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9
Petroleum and Petroleum Products Produced and Consumed in Countries Other Than Iran (million barrels per day)
Production (d) 89.8 90.8 90.3 90.8 88.0
Consumption (d) 92.4 92.2 92.3 90.2 88.9
Production minus Consumption -2.6 -1.4 -2.0 0.6 -0.9
World Inventory Net Withdrawals Including Iran -0.6 -1.5 -1.0 -2.5 -0.7
Estimated OECD Inventory Level (e) (million barrels) 3,045 3,061 3,053 2,946 2,708
Surplus Production Capacity (million barrels per day)
OPEC Surplus Crude Oil Production Capacity (f) 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.9
Note: The term “petroleum and other liquids” encompasses crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas liquids, biofuels, coal-to-liquids, gas-to-liquids, and refinery
processing gains, which are important to consider in concert due to the inter-related supply, demand, and price dynamics of petroleum, petroleum products, and
related fuels.
(a) Production includes crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas liquids, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.
(b) Consumption of petroleum by the OECD countries is synonymous with “products supplied," defined in the glossary of the EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly,
DOE/EIA-0109. Consumption of petroleum by the non-OECD countries is "apparent consumption," which includes internal consumption, refinery fuel, and loss, and
bunkering.
(c) Biofuels production and consumption are based on EIA estimates as published in the International Energy Statistics. Biofuels production in the third quarter
tends to be at its highest level in the year as ethanol production in Brazil reaches its seasonal peak and is typically lowest in the first quarter as seasonal production
falls in the South/South-Central region of Brazil.
(d) Global production of petroleum and petroleum products outside of Iran is derived by subtracting biofuels production and Iran liquid fuels production from global
liquid fuels production. The same method is used to calculate global consumption outside of Iran.
(e) Estimated inventory level is for OECD countries only.
This appendix is prepared in fulfillment of section 1245(d)(4)(A) of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal
Year 2012, as amended. The law requires the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical
agency within the U.S. Department of Energy, to submit to Congress a report on the availability and price of petroleum and
petroleum products produced in countries other than Iran in the two-month period preceding the submission of the
report. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the U.S.
Government. The data in this appendix, therefore, should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department
of Energy or other federal agencies.
EIA consulted with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Department of State, and the intelligence community in
the process of developing the NDAA report, which was previously published as a stand-alone report. Detailed background
and contextual information not repeated here can be found in early editions of the NDAA report.

(f) EIA defines surplus oil production capacity as potential oil production that could be brought online within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days, consistent
with sound business practices. This does not include oil production increases that could not be sustained without degrading the future production capacity of a
field.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Table a2. Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Price Data
Item
October
2016
November
2016
October-November
2016 Average
October-November
2015 Average
2013 – 2015
Average
Brent Front Month Futures Price ($ per barrel) 51.39 47.08 49.24 47.69 87.25
WTI Front Month Futures Price ($ per barrel) 49.94 45.76 47.85 44.69 79.91
Dubai Front Month Futures Price ($ per barrel) 49.08 44.42 46.75 44.16 84.58
Brent 1st - 13th Month Futures Spread ($ per barrel) -4.19 -5.28 -4.74 -7.10 0.15
WTI 1st - 13th Month Futures Spread ($ per barrel) -3.84 -4.83 -4.34 -6.04 1.52
RBOB Front Month Futures Price ($ per gallon) 1.49 1.38 1.43 1.34 2.37
Heating Oil Front Month Futures Price ($ per gallon) 1.57 1.47 1.52 1.46 2.47
RBOB - Brent Futures Crack Spread ($ per gallon) 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.29
Heating Oil - Brent Futures Crack Spread ($ per gallon) 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.40
(a) Brent refers to Brent crude oil traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE).
(b) WTI refers to West Texas Intermediate crude oil traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), owned by Chicago Mercantile Exchange
(CME) Group.
(c) RBOB refers to reformulated blendstock for oxygenate blending traded on the NYMEX.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), and Dubai
Mercantile Exchange (DME).

US EIA's December 2016 Short-Term Energy Outlook

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